Preface |
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vii | |
Editors |
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ix | |
Contributors |
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xi | |
1 Sensor Networks in Healthcare: A New Paradigm for Improving Future Global Health |
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1 | (3) |
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Applications of Healthcare Sensor Networks |
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4 | (2) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Engineering and Technical Challenges |
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6 | (7) |
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7 | (2) |
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Sensor Fusion Algorithms and Models |
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9 | (1) |
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Network Architectures and Telecommunications |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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Commercialization Challenges: Barriers to Successful Implementation |
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15 | (2) |
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Future Work and Future Directions |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (2) |
2 Healthcare and Accelerometry: Applications for Activity Monitoring, Recognition, and Functional Assessment |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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Estimation of Body Inclination, Balance Control, and Postural Transitions |
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25 | (4) |
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The Sit-to-Stand Postural Transition |
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28 | (1) |
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Temporal and Spatial Parameters of Gait |
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29 | (1) |
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Walking Speed and Incline Estimation |
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29 | (1) |
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PDA Assessment and EE Estimation |
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30 | (3) |
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Human Activity Classification |
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33 | (4) |
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Features for Movement Classification |
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34 | (2) |
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Classification Methodologies |
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36 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications of Accelerometers |
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37 | (2) |
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Monitoring of Motor Fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease |
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38 | (1) |
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Objective Skill Evaluation for Rehabilitation |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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Conclusions and Future Trends |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (10) |
3 Intrabody Communication Using Contact Electrodes in Low-Frequency Bands |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (8) |
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Intrabody Communication Using Contact Electrodes |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (2) |
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Electric Field Distribution Including an Off-Body Device |
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57 | (2) |
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Intrabody Communication Using Capacitive Coupling |
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59 | (1) |
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Comments on Carrier Frequency |
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59 | (1) |
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Configuration and Size of Electrodes |
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60 | (12) |
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Configuration of Electrodes |
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60 | (6) |
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Spacing between Two Contact Electrodes |
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66 | (1) |
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Distance between the Human Body and a Circuit Board |
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67 | (1) |
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Transmission Characteristics of On-Body Devices |
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67 | (1) |
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Impedance Matching of Electrodes |
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68 | (4) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (4) |
4 The Prospect of Energy-Harvesting Technologies for Healthcare Wireless Sensor Networks |
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76 | (4) |
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Motivation for Healthcare WSNs |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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The Protocol Stack of a WSN |
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78 | (1) |
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The Wireless Sensor Nodes of the WSN |
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79 | (1) |
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Problems in Powering Wireless Sensor Nodes |
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80 | (4) |
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High Power Consumption of Sensor Nodes |
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81 | (1) |
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Limits on Energy Sources for Sensor Nodes |
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82 | (2) |
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Energy-Harvesting Solutions for Wireless Sensor Nodes |
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84 | (12) |
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Overview of Energy Harvesting |
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85 | (2) |
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Review of Past Works on EH Systems |
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87 | (10) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (3) |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (2) |
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Prospect of EH Technologies for Healthcare WSNs |
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96 | (1) |
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Case Study: TEH from Human Warmth for WBANs in a Medical Healthcare System (Hoang, Tan, Chng, and Panda 2009) |
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97 | (9) |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
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Experimental Test Results |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (6) |
5 Addressing Security, Privacy and Efficiency Issues in Healthcare Systems |
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Vallipuram Muthukkumarasamy |
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112 | (3) |
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Healthcare Sensor Systems |
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115 | (5) |
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Compatibility Issues between Different Environments |
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117 | (1) |
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Limitations with Power and Security |
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118 | (2) |
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Information Assurance, Security and Privacy Threats |
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120 | (3) |
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Impersonation of the User |
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120 | (1) |
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Impersonation of the Service |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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Disclosure of Sensitive Data |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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Difficulty in Using Complex Technology |
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122 | (1) |
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Inability to Keep Track of Changing Technology |
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122 | (1) |
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Lack of Trust in the System |
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122 | (1) |
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Expectation of Reliability |
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123 | (1) |
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Expectation of Real-Time Communication |
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123 | (1) |
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Countermeasures to the Threats |
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123 | (9) |
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124 | (1) |
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Mapping the Countermeasures |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (2) |
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Pairwise Key Establishment |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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Using Physiological Data to Establish Keys |
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130 | (2) |
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Efficiency Issues and Experimental Evaluations |
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132 | (3) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (4) |
6 Flexible and Wearable Chemical Sensors for Noninvasive Biomonitoring |
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139 | (1) |
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Flexible Devices for Healthcare Networks |
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140 | (2) |
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Biomonitoring for Information Systems |
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140 | (1) |
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Flexible Devices for Biomonitoring |
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140 | (2) |
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Flexible Oxygen Sensors for Transcutaneous Oxygen Monitoring |
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142 | (6) |
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Transcutaneous Gas at Body Surfaces |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Transcutaneous Oxygen Monitoring with a Flexible Oxygen Sensor |
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144 | (1) |
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Transcutaneous Oxygen Monitoring at the Conjunctiva |
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145 | (3) |
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148 | (6) |
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Continuous Glucose Monitoring |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (3) |
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Tear Glucose Monitoring at the Eye |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (5) |
7 Monitoring Walking in Health and Disease |
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159 | (6) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (1) |
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Health Conditions Affecting Walking |
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162 | (3) |
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What Aspects of Health Conditions Might We Be Interested In? |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (8) |
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The International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) |
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165 | (2) |
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Gait Analysis and Monitoring Walking |
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167 | (6) |
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Gait Analysis: Technology |
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167 | (2) |
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Gait Analysis: The Clinical Paradigm |
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169 | (2) |
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Gait Analysis and Monitoring Walking |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (3) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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Gyroscopes, Magnetometers and Integrated Sensors |
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175 | (1) |
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Global Positioning System and Other Position Sensors |
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176 | (1) |
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Conclusion: Using Sensors to Monitor Walking |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (6) |
8 Motion Sensors in Osteoarthritis: Prospects and Issues |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (5) |
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Laboratory-Based Motion Measures in OA |
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185 | (3) |
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Net External Knee Adduction Moment |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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Prospective Motion Sensor Technologies for Knee OA |
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189 | (9) |
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191 | (7) |
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Precedents and Prospects for the Use of Motion Sensors in OA |
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198 | (7) |
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Field-Based Motion Measures Not Derived from Laboratory Measures |
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205 | (3) |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (12) |
9 The Challenges of Monitoring Physical Activity in Children with Wearable Sensor Technologies |
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222 | (2) |
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Why Sensor Monitoring for PA in Children? |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (6) |
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Hardware and Software Challenges |
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225 | (1) |
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Data Interpretation Challenges |
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226 | (2) |
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228 | (2) |
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Case Study on Ambulatory Gait Monitoring in Idiopathic Toe Walking Children |
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230 | (13) |
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230 | (1) |
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Gait Monitoring in ITW Children |
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231 | (7) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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Gait Assessment in ITW Children |
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232 | (1) |
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Lack of an Objective Method for Ambulatory Monitoring in ITW |
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233 | (1) |
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Challenges in Ambulatory Monitoring of the Gait in ITW Children |
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233 | (4) |
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Differences in Gait Features in Toe Walking and Normal Stride |
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237 | (1) |
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Experiments, Algorithm Development and Statistical Analysis |
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238 | (1) |
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Acceleration Measurement Methods |
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238 | (1) |
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Algorithm Development for Identifying Strides |
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239 | (1) |
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Development of a Miniature System Using Sensors to Monitor and Assess the Gait in ITW Children Remotely |
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239 | (3) |
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241 | (1) |
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Analogue Output Connector |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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S232 | |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (5) |
10 Ambulatory and Remote Monitoring of Parkinson's Disease Motor Symptoms |
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Introduction to Parkinson's Disease |
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248 | (5) |
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Clinically Driven Design Input Specifications |
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253 | (5) |
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253 | (3) |
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Clinician Characteristics |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (8) |
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Finger-Worn Motion Sensor Unit |
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259 | (2) |
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Wrist-Worn Command Module |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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System Validation to Clinical Standards |
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266 | (10) |
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Automated Tremor Assessment Compared to the Clinical Standard |
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267 | (5) |
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Automated Bradykinesia Assessment Compared to the Clinical Standard |
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272 | (2) |
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Quantitative and Independent Bradykinesia Feature Extraction |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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Challenges to Widespread Clinical Use |
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276 | (3) |
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Support and Acknowledgements |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (4) |
11 Nocturnal Sensing and Intervention for Assisted Living of People with Dementia |
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283 | (1) |
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Overview of Sensing in Healthcare |
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284 | (4) |
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Peculiarities of Nocturnal Sensing and Interventions |
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288 | (3) |
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NOCTURNAL Sensing/Intervention Platform |
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291 | (4) |
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Addressing User Acceptance |
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295 | (2) |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (6) |
12 Experiences in Developing a Wearable Gait Assistant for Parkinson's Disease Patients |
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304 | (5) |
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304 | (1) |
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Limitations of Pharmacological FOG Treatment |
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305 | (1) |
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The State of the Art in FOG Treatment |
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305 | (1) |
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Personal Health Assistant |
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306 | (1) |
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Initial Insight and Our Contribution |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (3) |
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Identification of Potential Sensor Modalities |
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309 | (2) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (6) |
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313 | (1) |
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Context Sensors and Annotation |
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314 | (1) |
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Prototyping of Context-Aware Applications |
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315 | (1) |
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Platform Adaptation for an FOG Assistant |
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316 | (2) |
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Sensor Selection, Configuration and Placement |
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318 | (1) |
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Online Context Recognition of Freeze |
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318 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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Controlled Clinical Proof-of-Concept Study |
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318 | (8) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (2) |
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Technical Validation Results |
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323 | (1) |
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Subjective Validation Results |
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324 | (2) |
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Lessons Learned and Future Steps |
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326 | (6) |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (5) |
13 Designing a Low-Cost ECG Sensor and Monitor: Practical Considerations and Measures |
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339 | (2) |
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ECG Signals and Diagnosis |
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341 | (3) |
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Design and Construction of ECG Electrodes |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (2) |
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The ECG Amplifier: How It Works |
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347 | (2) |
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The Need for an Instrumentation Amplifier |
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349 | (2) |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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USB Configuration and Communication |
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357 | (2) |
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USB Interface Hardware and Device Detection |
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359 | (2) |
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361 | (1) |
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Displaying the ECG Signals on an PDA or Mobile Phone |
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362 | (5) |
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Discussion and Conclusion |
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367 | (2) |
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369 | (6) |
14 Sensors, Monitoring and Model-Based Data Analysis in Sports, Exercise and Rehabilitation |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (5) |
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Position-Detection Sensors and Devices |
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376 | (1) |
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Motion-Detection Sensors and Devices |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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Physiological Sensors and Devices |
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379 | (1) |
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Sensor Networks for Monitoring Physical Activity |
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379 | (2) |
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381 | (3) |
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Neural Network-Based Process Analysis |
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384 | (10) |
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Neural Network-Based Motor Analysis |
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385 | (6) |
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Neural Network-Based Analysis of Game Tactics |
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391 | (3) |
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Net-Based Analysis of Rehabilitation Processes |
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394 | (7) |
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396 | (5) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (6) |
15 Robust Monitoring of Sport and Exercise |
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408 | (1) |
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Current Sports Monitoring Systems: The Systems, Their Users, Their Outputs and Issues |
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409 | (3) |
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Current Monitoring Systems |
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409 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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Issues for Monitoring Systems |
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411 | (1) |
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Sports Monitoring Research: The Purpose and Example Projects |
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412 | (4) |
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Purpose of Research Monitoring |
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412 | (1) |
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Examples of Research Monitoring Projects |
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413 | (3) |
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Sensors for Sports Monitoring: The Sensors, Their Outputs, Their Limitations and Their Uses |
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416 | (6) |
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416 | (1) |
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Using MEMS Sensor Outputs for Monitoring Sport and Exercise |
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417 | (1) |
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Useful Outputs from Accelerometers |
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417 | (1) |
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Useful Outputs from Gyroscopes |
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418 | (1) |
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Limitations of MEMS Accelerometers and Rate Gyroscopes |
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418 | (2) |
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419 | (1) |
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Utilizing Accelerometer Outputs in Sport Monitoring |
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420 | (2) |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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Consistent Repetitive Action |
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421 | (1) |
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Other Useful Outputs of MEMS Inertial Sensors |
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422 | (1) |
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Signal Processing for Sports Monitoring: Tools and Techniques for Extracting Information from Sensor Outputs |
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422 | (5) |
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422 | (4) |
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Kalman Filters and Neural Networks |
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426 | (1) |
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Sensor Hardware, Synchronization, Networking and Mounting: Putting It All Together |
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427 | (4) |
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427 | (1) |
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428 | (1) |
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429 | (1) |
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430 | (1) |
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Current and Future Research |
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431 | (1) |
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432 | (1) |
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433 | (4) |
Index |
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437 | |