Preface |
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iii | |
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ix | |
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xi | |
Summary |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxvii | |
Abbreviations |
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xxix | |
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1 | (8) |
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Potential Contribution of Hedge Funds to Systemic Risk |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Organization of This Report |
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6 | (3) |
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Chapter Two Background on the Hedge Fund Industry |
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9 | (22) |
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Overview of the Hedge Fund Industry |
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9 | (19) |
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Legal Structure and Role in the Financial System |
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9 | (3) |
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Number of Hedge Funds and Assets Under Management |
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12 | (3) |
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Restrictions on Investor Withdrawals from Hedge Funds |
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15 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Hedge Fund Investors |
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16 | (1) |
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Distribution of Funds in the Industry, by Size and Characteristics of Hedge Fund Advisers |
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17 | (4) |
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Hedge Fund Returns and Investment Strategies |
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21 | (7) |
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Attributes of Hedge Funds That Amplify and Mitigate Their Potential Contribution to Systemic Risk |
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28 | (3) |
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Chapter Three The Collapse of Long-Term Capital Management |
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31 | (8) |
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Factors Leading to the Collapse of Long-Term Capital Management |
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31 | (2) |
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The Rescue of Long-Term Capital Management |
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33 | (1) |
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The Aftermath of the Collapse of Long-Term Capital Management |
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34 | (3) |
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Lessons from the Collapse of Long-Term Capital Management |
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37 | (2) |
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Chapter Four Hedge Funds and the Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 |
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39 | (24) |
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Factors Underlying the Financial Crisis |
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39 | (2) |
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Hedge Fund Contribution to the Financial Crisis Through the Credit Channel |
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41 | (4) |
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Impact of Hedge Fund Losses on Creditors |
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41 | (2) |
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The Failure of the Bear Stearns Hedge Funds |
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43 | (2) |
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Hedge Fund Contribution to the Financial Crisis Through the Market Channel |
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45 | (16) |
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Hedge Fund Contribution to the Buildup of the Housing Bubble |
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45 | (5) |
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50 | (5) |
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55 | (4) |
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Hedge Fund Runs on Investment Banks |
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59 | (2) |
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Assessment of Hedge Fund Contributions to the Financial Crisis |
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61 | (2) |
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Chapter Five Potential Hedge Fund Threats to Financial Stability and Reforms to Address Them |
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63 | (36) |
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Potential Hedge Fund Threats to Financial Stability |
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63 | (5) |
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Lack of Information on Hedge Funds |
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63 | (1) |
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Lack of Appropriate Margin in Derivatives Trades |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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Compromised Risk-Management Incentives |
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65 | (1) |
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Lack of Portfolio Liquidity and Excessive Leverage |
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66 | (2) |
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Financial Reforms That Address Hedge Fund Contributions to Systemic Risk |
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68 | (28) |
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Reforms That Address Lack of Information on Hedge Funds |
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68 | (6) |
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Reforms That Address Lack of Appropriate Margin in Derivatives Trades |
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74 | (3) |
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Reforms That Address Hedge Fund Runs on Prime Brokers |
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77 | (2) |
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Reforms That Address Short Selling |
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79 | (3) |
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Reforms That Address Risk-Management Incentives |
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82 | (4) |
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Reforms That Address the Liquidity and Leverage of Hedge Fund Portfolios |
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86 | (10) |
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96 | (3) |
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99 | (4) |
Appendix Regulatory Reforms That Address Potential Systemic Risks Posed by Hedge Funds |
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103 | (4) |
References |
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107 | |