| Acknowledgments |
|
xi | |
| Conventions |
|
xiii | |
| Introduction |
|
xv | |
|
1 Helmholtz's Self-Described Principal Concerns |
|
|
1 | (20) |
|
The Impossibility of a Perpetuum Mobile |
|
|
1 | (3) |
|
Heat as a Form of Motion--Including a Molecular-Mechanical Ontology and a Reductionist Physiology |
|
|
4 | (4) |
|
The Source of Animal Heat |
|
|
8 | (4) |
|
The Illegitimacy of a Vital Force |
|
|
12 | (3) |
|
Rational Mechanics and the Conservation of Vis Viva |
|
|
15 | (1) |
|
Causality, Epistemology, and the Nature of Force |
|
|
16 | (5) |
|
|
|
21 | (74) |
|
Chemical and Physical Equivalents |
|
|
22 | (6) |
|
|
|
28 | (2) |
|
The Source of Animal Heat--and Motion |
|
|
30 | (6) |
|
The Role and Legitimacy of a Vital Force |
|
|
36 | (8) |
|
The Steam Engine as Metaphor |
|
|
44 | (2) |
|
Rational Mechanics and the Conservation of Vis Viva |
|
|
46 | (4) |
|
From Leibniz to Daniel Bernoulli |
|
|
50 | (7) |
|
From d'Alembert to Duhamel |
|
|
57 | (17) |
|
The Relationship of Mechanics to Physics |
|
|
74 | (2) |
|
The Impossibility (or Not) of Perpetual Motion and of the Indefinite Creation of Force |
|
|
76 | (8) |
|
Causality, Epistemology, and the Nature of Force |
|
|
84 | (4) |
|
The Changing Character of Physiology |
|
|
88 | (7) |
|
3 More Immediate Contexts: Johannes Muller and Justus Liebig |
|
|
95 | (10) |
|
4 The Problematic Introduction to On the Conservation of Force and the Question of Kantian Influence |
|
|
105 | (14) |
|
5 The Emergence of Helmholtzian Conservation of Force |
|
|
119 | (22) |
|
6 What Helmholtz Believed He Had Accomplished |
|
|
141 | (12) |
|
7 The Reception of On the Conservation of Force. The First Ten Years |
|
|
153 | (66) |
|
Immediate and Local Responses |
|
|
154 | (21) |
|
The Situation in Konigsberg |
|
|
175 | (5) |
|
German Physiologists' Responses |
|
|
180 | (7) |
|
Responses Farther Afield: Danish and Dutch Scientists |
|
|
187 | (8) |
|
Focused Responses for Broader German and Danish Audiences |
|
|
195 | (4) |
|
Helmholtz among the British |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Helmholtz and William Thomson |
|
|
199 | (6) |
|
Helmholtz and Macquorn Rankine |
|
|
205 | (3) |
|
Other British Connections and Mutual Influences |
|
|
208 | (11) |
|
8 Helmholtz and the Conservation of Force in Poggendorff's Annalen through 1865 and in the Fortschritte der Physik through 1867 |
|
|
219 | (16) |
|
9 Helmholtz's Place in the Acceptance of the Conservation of Energy |
|
|
235 | (194) |
|
Helmholtz's Terminology over Time |
|
|
235 | (9) |
|
Helmholtz's Presentation of the Conservation of Energy over Time |
|
|
244 | (24) |
|
Helmholtz's Low Public Profile in the Late 1850s |
|
|
268 | (14) |
|
Helmholtz Acquires a Place in the Popularization of the Conservation of Energy |
|
|
282 | (15) |
|
Citation, Engagement, and Implicit Influence, 1858-1860 |
|
|
297 | (5) |
|
The Conservation of Energy Becomes a Matter of Contention in Britain, 1862-1864--without Helmholtz |
|
|
302 | (14) |
|
The Status of the Conservation of Energy and Its Ascription to Helmholtz: Focused Critiques |
|
|
316 | (3) |
|
Some of Physicists' Principal Concerns, ca. 1870-1900 |
|
|
319 | (8) |
|
Arguments in Terms of the Impossibility of Constructing a Perpetuum Mobile |
|
|
327 | (6) |
|
The Relationship between the Conservation of Energy and the Conservation of Vis Viva |
|
|
333 | (4) |
|
The Conservation of Energy between Physics and Mechanics |
|
|
337 | (3) |
|
Ontological Considerations |
|
|
340 | (8) |
|
Methodological Considerations |
|
|
348 | (3) |
|
Causality and the Conservation of Energy |
|
|
351 | (8) |
|
Forging a Concept of Force-as-Energy |
|
|
359 | (2) |
|
Forces as Quantitatively Indestructible and Qualitatively Changeable |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (2) |
|
Forces as Substantial Entities |
|
|
364 | (3) |
|
Helmholtz's Place in the Adoption of the Conservation of Energy in Textbooks and Monographs |
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
|
368 | (22) |
|
|
|
390 | (18) |
|
|
|
408 | (21) |
|
10 Helmholtz's Relationship to Robert Mayer |
|
|
429 | (26) |
|
|
|
429 | (8) |
|
Methodological Issues: Mayer and Metaphysics |
|
|
437 | (11) |
|
Methodological Issues: Helmholtz and Mayer as Proxies |
|
|
448 | (7) |
|
11 Reflections, Assessment, and Conclusions |
|
|
455 | (46) |
|
Historiographical Excursus: How Others Have Interpreted Helmholtz's Achievement |
|
|
471 | (30) |
| Appendix: Magnus's Letter of 1858 to Alexander von Humboldt |
|
501 | (2) |
| Notes |
|
503 | (138) |
| Bibliography of Primary Sources |
|
641 | (70) |
| Bibliography of Secondary Sources |
|
711 | (8) |
| Index |
|
719 | |
