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1 | (28) |
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Historical Background of High Temperature Air Combustion |
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1 | (5) |
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Environment and Energy Conservation |
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1 | (1) |
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Reduction of Pollutant Emissions and Energy Crisis |
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2 | (2) |
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Panorama of High Temperature Air Combustion Technology |
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4 | (2) |
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Innovation of High Temperature Air Combusion |
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6 | (23) |
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Fundamentals of Combustion |
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6 | (1) |
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Heat Recirculating Combustion |
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6 | (4) |
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Definition of High Temperature Air |
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10 | (1) |
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Heat Recirculation and Exhaust Gas Recirculation |
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10 | (3) |
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Principle of Combustion Control for CO2 and NOx Reduction |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (2) |
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Heat Transfer in High Temperature Air Combustion |
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17 | (1) |
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Convection Heat Transfer of High Temperature Air Combustion |
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18 | (2) |
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Radiant Heat Transfer of High Temperature Air Combustion |
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20 | (1) |
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Effect of Wall as Wavelength Conversion Body in High Temperature Air Combustion |
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21 | (2) |
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Thermodynamics of High Temperature Air Combustion |
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23 | (5) |
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28 | (1) |
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Combustion Phenomena of High Temperature Air Combustion |
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29 | (142) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (30) |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (2) |
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Influence on NOx Emissions |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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350 kW-Scale Combustion Test |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (1) |
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Flame Structure, Radicals, and Species |
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39 | (1) |
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Experimental Furnace for Optical Measuring |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (3) |
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Optical Measurement Results |
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42 | (6) |
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48 | (1) |
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Flame with Heat and Combustion Products Recirculation |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Heat and Combustion Product Recirculation |
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49 | (1) |
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Heat Balance in the System |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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Effect of Gas Recirculation |
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53 | (1) |
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Heat and Gas Recirculation |
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54 | (3) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (3) |
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60 | (1) |
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Fundamentals of Gaseous Fuel Flames |
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60 | (47) |
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Extinction Limit and Nox in Laminar Diffusion Flame |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Velocity Field and Temperature Field |
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62 | (2) |
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Extinction and Re-ignition Temperatures of Laminar Diffusion Flame |
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64 | (2) |
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Distributions of Temperature and Concentrations of Species |
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66 | (2) |
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Effect of Flame Temperature on NOx Formation |
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68 | (1) |
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Relationship between Flame Temperature and the Critical Velocity Gradient |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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Simulation Results and Discussion |
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72 | (1) |
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Preheated but Not Diluted Premixed Flames |
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72 | (1) |
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Preheated and Diluted Premixed Flames |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (3) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (4) |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (4) |
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Pollutant Formation and Emission |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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Ignition of Ø = 5 Mixture |
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91 | (7) |
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Ignition of Ø = 2 Mixture |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (7) |
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Fundamentals of Liquid Fuel Flames |
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107 | (11) |
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Liquid Fuel Flame Characteristics and Stability |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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Flame Form and Flame Color |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Changes in Flame Form and Flame Color |
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115 | (2) |
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Spray Combustion in the High Temperature Preheated Diluted Air |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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Emissions in Liquid Fuel Flame |
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117 | (1) |
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Emissions on Liquid Fuel Combustion |
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117 | (1) |
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Fundamentals of Solid Fuel Flames |
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118 | (53) |
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Solid Fuel Flame Characteristics |
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118 | (3) |
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Combustion Process of Coal |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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Combustion Phenomena around Particles |
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123 | (3) |
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Combustion Phenomena inside a Particle |
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126 | (1) |
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Final Stage of Combustion |
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126 | (1) |
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Combustion Behavior of Coal at Synthetic Air Condition of High Temperature |
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127 | (3) |
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130 | (1) |
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Emissions in Solid Fuel Flames |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (2) |
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Fuel Properties (Natural Gas/Coal) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (3) |
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Total Radiative Heat Flux |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (2) |
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Input/Output Measurements |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (2) |
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Coal Transport Air Mass Flow |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Combustion Rate of Solid Carbon |
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157 | (1) |
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Combustion Field and Solid Carbon Specimens |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Combustion Rate in Room Temperature Airflow |
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159 | (1) |
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Combustion Rate in High Temperature Airflow |
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160 | (1) |
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Dynamic Analysis of Reactive Gas |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (2) |
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Lower Limit of Oxygen Concentration |
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163 | (3) |
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Surface Temperature When a CO Flame Is Formed |
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166 | (1) |
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Combustion Rate in High Temperature Airflow |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (3) |
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Simulation Models for High Temperature Air Combustion |
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171 | (40) |
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Present State of Combustion Simulation in Furnaces |
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171 | (5) |
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171 | (1) |
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Problems of Existing Combustion Models |
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172 | (1) |
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Arrhenius Type One-Step Global Reaction Model |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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Problems in Temperature Calculation |
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176 | (1) |
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Combustion Model for High Temperature Air Combustion |
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176 | (14) |
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Characteristics of High Temperature Air Combustion |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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Temperature Correction for Thermal Dissociation |
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178 | (4) |
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Reaction Model for High Temperature Air Combustion |
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182 | (1) |
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One-Step Global Reaction Model (Coffee) |
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182 | (1) |
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Four-Step Reaction Model (Jones and Lindstedt) |
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183 | (1) |
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Four-Step Reaction Model (Srivatsa) |
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184 | (1) |
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Compariso of Reaction Models |
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185 | (1) |
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Comparison of Flame Lifted Height by Different Reaction Models |
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186 | (2) |
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Comparison of Maximum Flame Temperature by Different Reaction Models |
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188 | (1) |
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Influence of Jet Velocity on Flame Lift Height |
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188 | (2) |
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Heat Transfer Model for High Temperature Air Combustion |
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190 | (7) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (2) |
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Weighted-Sum-of-Gray-Gases Model |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (1) |
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Radiative Heat Transfer Using Nongray Property of Radiation |
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195 | (2) |
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Examples of Practical Application |
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197 | (14) |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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NO Reduction Mechanism (Reburning) |
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199 | (2) |
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201 | (1) |
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Transient Behavior of Furnaces |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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Radiation Heat Transfer Model |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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Temperature Distribution during Fuel Changeover |
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205 | (1) |
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Comparison with Measured Temperatures by Suction Pyrometer |
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206 | (1) |
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Calculation on Wide Regenerative Furnace |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (3) |
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Practical Combustion Methods Used in Industries |
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211 | (32) |
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Historical Transition of Industrial Furnace Technologies |
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211 | (19) |
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Energy Technologies Discussed at COP3 |
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211 | (4) |
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Conventional Technologies of Energy Saving and Combustion Control for Industrial Furnaces |
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215 | (4) |
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Development of High Performance Industrial Furnaces |
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219 | (11) |
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230 | (5) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (5) |
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235 | (8) |
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Basic Concept of Low NOx Combustion |
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235 | (2) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (3) |
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241 | (2) |
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Design Guidelines for High Performance industrial Furnaces |
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243 | (98) |
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Flowchart on General Design |
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243 | (20) |
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Design Concept of a High Performance Industrial Furnace |
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243 | (1) |
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Optimal Design for Furnace Length and Height |
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243 | (5) |
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Optimal Design for Other Furnace Configuration |
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248 | (1) |
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Pitch and Capacity of Burner |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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Analytical Study of the Effect of a Partition Wall |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (11) |
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Furnace Width and Maximum Combustion Capacity |
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262 | (1) |
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Heat Balance and Performance Estimation with Simulation Program |
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263 | (17) |
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Outline of Simulation Program |
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263 | (2) |
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Basic Functions of the Simulator |
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265 | (1) |
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Estimation Method of Fuel Flow Volume and Exhaust Gas Temperatures Using Heat Balance |
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266 | (1) |
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Calculation Method of the Internal Temperature of the Semifinished Steel |
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266 | (3) |
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Calculation of Preheated Air Temperatures and Exhaust Gas Temperatures after Heat Exchange |
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269 | (1) |
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Radiation Heat from the Furnace Body and Heat Loss by Cooling Water |
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269 | (2) |
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Outlines of System Operation Method and Simulation Result |
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271 | (1) |
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Comparison of Calculation and Measurement |
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271 | (1) |
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Effect of Fuel Calorific Value on the Fuel Consumption of Reheating Furnaces |
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272 | (8) |
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Combustion Control System |
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280 | (16) |
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Basic Combustion Control System for Stable Operation |
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284 | (3) |
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287 | (5) |
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Disturbance Suppression Control of Door Open and Close |
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292 | (3) |
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Future Trends of Combustion Control Technology Using High Temperature Air Combustion |
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295 | (1) |
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Application Design of High Performance Furnace |
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296 | (31) |
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296 | (1) |
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Specifications and Performance of Facility |
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297 | (4) |
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Detailed Specifications of Facility |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (3) |
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305 | (2) |
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307 | (1) |
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Heat Balance and Evaluation Method of Furnace Performance |
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308 | (4) |
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Furnace Scale-Up for Commercial Production |
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312 | (2) |
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Test Design of Heat Treatment Furnace |
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314 | (6) |
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320 | (1) |
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Energy Savings and Exhaust Gas Regulation |
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320 | (2) |
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322 | (2) |
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Method of Improving the Heat Transfer Efficiency inside the Furnace |
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324 | (1) |
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A Design Example of High Performance Aluminum-Melting Furnace |
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325 | (2) |
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Field Trials and Experiences Obtained through Field Test Demonstration Project |
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327 | (14) |
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Outline of the Field Test Project |
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328 | (1) |
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Applications for the Field Test in Fiscal Years 1998 and 1999 |
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328 | (5) |
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Characteristic Aspects of the 1998 Field Test Project |
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333 | (1) |
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Effects of Modifications in the Field Tests |
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334 | (3) |
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337 | (2) |
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339 | (2) |
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Potential Applications of High Temperature Air Combustion Technology to Other Systems |
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341 | (20) |
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341 | (3) |
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Combustion of Wastes and Solid Fuels |
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344 | (9) |
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Formation of Dioxins and Furans |
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350 | (1) |
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Refuse (or Waste) Derived Fuel |
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350 | (1) |
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Applied Technology for RDF |
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351 | (1) |
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Changes in the Calorific Value of Municipal Wastes |
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351 | (1) |
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Problems with Waste Derived Fuel Production and Combustion |
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352 | (1) |
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Burning of Coals and Lowgrade Coals |
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353 | (1) |
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Volatile Organic Compounds |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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Gas Turbine Combustion, Micro Gas Turbines, and Independent Power Production |
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355 | (1) |
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Paints, Oily Wastes, and Heavy Fuel Oils |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (2) |
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357 | (1) |
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High Temperature Air Combustion Using Pure Oxygen |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (2) |
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359 | (2) |
Appendix A Results of Investigations on the Current State of Japanese Industrial Furnaces |
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361 | (18) |
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361 | (1) |
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A.2 Items and Methods of Investigation |
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361 | (1) |
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A.3 Results of Investigation |
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362 | (6) |
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A.3.1 Results of the Questionnaire with Users |
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362 | (1) |
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A.3.2 Results of Interview with Users |
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362 | (2) |
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A.3.3 Results of Estimate of Number of Installed Industrial Furnaces and Energy Consumption |
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364 | (4) |
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A.4 Evaluation Based on Results of Investigation |
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368 | (5) |
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A.4.1 Evaluation of Estimated Number of Industrial Furnaces |
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368 | (3) |
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A.4.2 Evaluation of the presumed Values of Energy Consumption of Industrial Furnaces |
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371 | (1) |
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A.4.3 Consideration of the Results of Interviews --- Efficiency of Industrial Furnaces |
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372 | (1) |
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A.5 Effect of Energy Saving by Development of High Performance Industrial Furnaces |
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373 | (4) |
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A.5.1 Assumptions of Calculations |
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373 | (3) |
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A.5.2 Results of the Calculation |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (2) |
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378 | (1) |
Appendix B Constants and Conversion Factors |
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379 | (8) |
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B.1 Universal Constants and Conversion Factors |
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379 | (2) |
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B.2 Nondimensional Parameters |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (5) |
Index |
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387 | |