| Contributors |
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xv | |
| Preface |
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xxi | |
| 1 Aging and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis |
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1 | (14) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 Search strategy and selection criteria |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 The field of geroscience and the thyroid |
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4 | (2) |
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5 HPT axis morphology in aging |
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6 | (1) |
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6 Hypothalamic and pituitary physiology and rhythmicity |
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6 | (2) |
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7 Thyroid diseases and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis |
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8 | (3) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (4) |
| 2 Hypothalamic aging and hormones |
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15 | (24) |
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16 | (1) |
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2 The senescent degeneration of reproductive system |
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17 | (3) |
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3 The special aging of skin and its causing SCN aging via SWS |
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20 | (2) |
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4 The peripheral aging under the regulation of the GH/IGF1 axis |
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22 | (2) |
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5 The peripheral aging under the regulation of PVN |
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24 | (3) |
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6 The aging later in brain and later off leptin |
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27 | (1) |
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7 The preliminary classification |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (8) |
| 3 Hypothalamic gene transfer of BDNF promotes healthy aging |
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39 | (28) |
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1 Metabolic problems of aging |
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40 | (3) |
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2 CNS energy regulation and the hypothalamic-sympathoneural-adipocyte axis |
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43 | (4) |
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3 Molecular therapy of obesity with an autoregulatory BDNF vector |
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47 | (2) |
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4 Hypothalamic gene transfer of BDNF promotes healthy aging |
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49 | (3) |
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5 Conclusions and future directions |
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52 | (5) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (10) |
| 4 Melatonin and healthy aging |
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67 | (22) |
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68 | (1) |
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2 Melatonin as a chronobiotic |
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69 | (5) |
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3 Use of melatonin in sleep aging |
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74 | (4) |
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4 Cytoprotection by melatonin in animal models of MS and AD |
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78 | (2) |
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5 Use of melatonin in MS and AD patients |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (6) |
| 5 Luteinizing hormone and the aging brain |
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89 | (16) |
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90 | (7) |
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2 Central LH synthesis in aging and CNS function as a unifying hypothesis |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (4) |
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103 | (2) |
| 6 Leptin regulation of hippocampal synaptic function in health and disease |
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105 | (24) |
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106 | (1) |
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2 Leptin receptor and its signaling pathways |
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107 | (2) |
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3 Leptin regulation of hippocampal synaptic function |
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109 | (4) |
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4 Leptin and the aging brain |
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113 | (3) |
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5 Leptin and Alzheimer's disease risk |
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116 | (1) |
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6 Neuroprotective actions of leptin |
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116 | (5) |
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7 Therapeutic potential of leptin |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (7) |
| 7 Endocannabinoids and aging-Inflammation, neuroplasticity, mood and pain |
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129 | (44) |
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130 | (5) |
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2 Neuroinflammation, disease, eCB and oxylipins |
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135 | (4) |
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3 Exercise effects on eCB: Differences and similarities in human and animal studies |
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139 | (8) |
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4 The role of N-3 PUFA in brain and aging |
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147 | (9) |
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156 | (2) |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (15) |
| 8 Parathyroid hormone levels and aging: Effect on balance |
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173 | (12) |
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1 Aging, frailty and sarcopenia |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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3 Aging and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels |
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175 | (1) |
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4 The biological effects of PTH on muscle |
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176 | (1) |
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5 What is known about the role of PTH in balance? |
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177 | (3) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (5) |
| 9 Insulin and aging |
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185 | (36) |
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Renato Chaves Souto Branco |
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186 | (1) |
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2 Insulin secretion and aging |
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186 | (6) |
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3 Insulin clearance and aging |
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192 | (5) |
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4 Insulin sensitivity and aging |
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197 | (9) |
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5 Insulin action in the healthy longevity |
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206 | (3) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (12) |
| 10 Sirtuins and the prevention of immunosenescence |
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221 | (44) |
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222 | (1) |
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2 Hematopoiesis in young and old age |
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223 | (3) |
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3 Innate immunosenescence |
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226 | (2) |
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4 Hormones and immunosenescence |
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228 | (5) |
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233 | (13) |
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6 Future directions and perspectives |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (18) |
| 11 Alterations in cyclic nucleotide signaling are implicated in healthy aging and age-related pathologies of the brain |
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265 | (52) |
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266 | (2) |
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268 | (8) |
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3 Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) |
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276 | (9) |
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285 | (3) |
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288 | (2) |
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6 Conclusions and future directions |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (26) |
| 12 Aging and FGF23-klotho system |
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317 | (16) |
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1 Discovery of the klotho gene |
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318 | (1) |
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2 Klotho protein function |
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319 | (1) |
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3 Structure of Klotho protein |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (3) |
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324 | (1) |
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6 FGF23 and chronic kidney disease |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (4) |
| 13 Aging and sex hormones in males |
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333 | (34) |
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334 | (1) |
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2 Influence of aging on testosterone and its metabolites: Findings from the literature |
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335 | (2) |
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3 Mechanisms underlying age-related testosterone decline |
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337 | (5) |
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4 Hormonal assays: Tips, tricks and pitfalls |
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342 | (3) |
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5 The clinical diagnosis of hypogonadism in aging men |
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345 | (7) |
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352 | (6) |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (9) |
| 14 Sexual dimorphism, aging and immunity |
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367 | (34) |
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368 | (1) |
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2 Epigenetics in sex-bias response |
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369 | (6) |
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3 Regulation of epigenetics by sex hormones |
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375 | (1) |
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4 Sex chromosome and dimorphic immune response |
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376 | (1) |
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5 Sex hormones and immunity |
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377 | (3) |
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6 Sex-hormones in autoimmunity |
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380 | (2) |
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7 Sex-bias in mucosal immunity |
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382 | (3) |
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8 Infections, aging and sex-bias |
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385 | (2) |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (12) |
| 15 Hormones and bone loss across the menopause transition |
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401 | (18) |
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1 Osteoporosis and the menopause transition |
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401 | (4) |
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2 Sex hormones changes over the menopause transition |
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405 | (1) |
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3 Sex hormones and onset of rapid bone loss |
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405 | (5) |
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4 Bone resorption markers and the rapid phase of bone loss |
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410 | (1) |
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5 Summary and future directions |
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411 | (2) |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (6) |
| 16 Relaxin abrogates genomic remodeling of the aged heart |
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419 | (30) |
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420 | (1) |
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2 Biochemistry of the aging heart |
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421 | (3) |
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3 Structural changes in the aging heart |
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424 | (1) |
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425 | (2) |
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427 | (3) |
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6 Effects of relaxin in the aged heart |
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430 | (2) |
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432 | (2) |
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434 | (1) |
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9 Mechanistic aspects of the effects of RLX in the heart |
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435 | (3) |
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438 | (1) |
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439 | (1) |
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439 | (1) |
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439 | (10) |
| 17 Role of FoxO transcription factors in aging-associated cardiovascular diseases |
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449 | (28) |
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Nagalingam Ravi Sundaresan |
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450 | (1) |
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2 Role of FoxO in cardiac remodeling |
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451 | (6) |
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3 Role of FoxO transcription factors in vascular remodeling and dysfunction |
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457 | (5) |
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4 Role of FoxO in myocardial ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion injury |
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462 | (2) |
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5 Role of FoxO in regulating metabolic homeostasis of heart |
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464 | (1) |
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6 Role of FoxO in regulating diet-induced alterations in heart |
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465 | (1) |
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7 Role of FoxO in modulating autophagy and proteasomal degradation |
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466 | (2) |
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8 Role of FoxO in regulating age-dependent cardiac functions in flies |
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468 | (1) |
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469 | (1) |
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469 | (8) |
| 18 Ghrelin and adipokines: An overview of their physiological role, antimicrobial activity and impact on cardiovascular conditions |
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477 | (34) |
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478 | (2) |
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2 Ghrelin, the "hunger hormone" |
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480 | (1) |
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481 | (13) |
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4 Antibacterial activity of ghrelin and adipokines |
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494 | (2) |
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5 The role of ghrelin and its impact on cardiovascular systems and conditions |
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496 | (2) |
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6 Role of adipokines in cardiovascular diseases |
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498 | (3) |
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501 | (1) |
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502 | (1) |
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502 | (1) |
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502 | (9) |
| 19 Sex hormones and cognition in aging |
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511 | (24) |
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512 | (1) |
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2 Sex hormones and their associations with cognition |
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512 | (1) |
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3 Endogenous hormones and cognition in women of reproductive age |
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513 | (2) |
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4 Sex hormones and cognition during healthy aging |
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515 | (1) |
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5 Sex hormones and cognitive changes in menopause |
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516 | (2) |
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6 Sex hormones and their role in neurodegenerative disorders |
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518 | (3) |
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7 Hormone therapy and cognition |
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521 | (3) |
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524 | (1) |
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525 | (10) |
| 20 Role of hormones in sarcopenia |
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535 | (36) |
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536 | (3) |
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539 | (3) |
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3 Insulin resistance and glucose regulation |
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542 | (2) |
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544 | (2) |
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546 | (3) |
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549 | (4) |
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553 | (1) |
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554 | (1) |
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555 | (1) |
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556 | (1) |
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557 | (14) |
| 21 Sources of lumbar back pain during aging and potential therapeutic targets |
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571 | (14) |
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572 | (1) |
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2 Paravertebral muscles and ligaments stabilize the FSU |
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572 | (1) |
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3 Pathophysiology of lumbar back pain |
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573 | (2) |
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4 Facet joint degeneration as a source of pain |
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575 | (1) |
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5 Intervertebral disc disruption as a source of pain |
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575 | (1) |
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6 Vertebral endplate degeneration as a source of pain |
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576 | (1) |
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7 Roles of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in maintaining the homeostasis of the FSU |
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577 | (1) |
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578 | (1) |
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578 | (1) |
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579 | (6) |
| 22 Leydig cell aging: Molecular mechanisms and treatments |
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585 | (26) |
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1 Introduction: Testosterone production and the aging testis |
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586 | (3) |
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2 Cell biology of Leydig cell steroidogenesis |
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589 | (3) |
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3 Steroidogenic cholesterol: Sources, trafficking and targeting to CYP11A1 |
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592 | (2) |
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4 SITE proteins in cholesterol import machinery and steroidogenesis |
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594 | (3) |
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5 Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance and reductions in testosterone production |
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597 | (2) |
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6 Existing treatments to increase serum T levels |
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599 | (1) |
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7 Targeting critical protein-protein interactions to reverse LOH |
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599 | (2) |
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8 Conclusions and future directions |
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601 | (1) |
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602 | (1) |
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602 | (9) |
| 23 Adiponectin/AdipoRs signaling as a key player in testicular aging and associated metabolic disorders |
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612 | (1) |
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2 Regulatory nexus between aging, obesity hormones, and male reproduction |
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613 | (1) |
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3 Essential role of adipokines in regulating male reproductive physiology |
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614 | (1) |
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4 Adiponectin/AdipoRs: History, structure, and metabolic role |
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615 | (4) |
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5 Adiponectin/AdipoRs as a regulator of male reproductive physiology |
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619 | (4) |
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6 Impact of aging on male reproduction |
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623 | (1) |
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7 Adiponectin/AdipoRs in testicular aging |
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624 | (4) |
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628 | (1) |
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629 | |
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