Preface and Acknowledgment |
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xiii | |
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Hormones and the Mutable Brain |
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3 | (18) |
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Introduction: Endocrine Glands, Brain Plasticity, Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Homeodynamics |
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3 | (5) |
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The Nervous System is in a Constant State of Remodeling: Cellular Plasticity and Cellular Replacement |
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8 | (8) |
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The Classic Concept of Brain Plasticity: Cajal's Heritage |
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11 | (4) |
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Cellular Replacement: A New Concept |
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15 | (1) |
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Role of Hormones on Brain Mutability: Plasticity and Metaplasticity |
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16 | (5) |
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Brain Plasticity Regulates Hormonal Homeodynamics |
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21 | (22) |
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Introduction: Brain Plasticity Regulates the Activity of Endocrine Glands |
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21 | (2) |
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Neuroglial Remodeling Associated with Hormonal Secretion by Hypothalamic Magnocellular Neurons |
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23 | (6) |
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Neuroglial Remodeling in the Neurohypophysis |
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29 | (1) |
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Neuroglial Remodeling Associated with Parvocellular Hypothalamic Neurons |
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30 | (4) |
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Neuroglial Remodeling in the Median Eminence |
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34 | (7) |
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Brain Plasticity and the Control of Hormonal Homeodynamics: A Recapitulation |
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41 | (2) |
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Hormonal Influences on Brain Plasticity: I. Melatonin, Thyroid Hormones and Corticosteroids |
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43 | (22) |
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Introduction: A Large Variety of Hormones Regulate Brain Plasticity |
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43 | (4) |
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Hormones or Paracrine Factors? |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (3) |
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51 | (2) |
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Stress, Corticosteroids, and Brain Plasticity |
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53 | (12) |
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Hormonal Influences on Brain Plasticity: II. Sex Hormones |
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65 | (40) |
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Introduction: Sex Hormones and Brain Remodeling |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (4) |
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Regulation by Estradiol and Progesterone of Synaptic and Glial Remodeling in the Arcuate Nucleus |
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69 | (9) |
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Regulation by Estradiol and Progesterone of Synaptic Remodeling in the Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus |
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78 | (1) |
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Regulation by Estradiol and Progesterone of Synaptic Remodeling in the Hippocampus |
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79 | (7) |
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Regulation by Estradiol and Progesterone of Glial Remodeling in the Hippocampus |
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86 | (2) |
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Regulation by Estradiol and Progesterone of Adult Neurogenesis |
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88 | (3) |
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Role of Brain Estradiol Synthesis in the Regulation of Synaptic Plasticity and Neuronal Replacement |
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91 | (5) |
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Androgens, Synaptic Plasticity, and Cellular Replacement in the Song System of Songbirds |
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96 | (2) |
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Androgens and Synaptic Plasticity in Motoneurons |
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98 | (1) |
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Androgens, Synaptic plasticity, and Cellular Replacement in the Mammalian Brain |
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99 | (6) |
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Hormonal Influences on Brain Plasticity: III. Peptide Hormones |
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105 | (36) |
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Introduction: Peptide Hormones as Regulators of Brain Remodeling |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (2) |
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Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Urocortins |
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108 | (3) |
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111 | (1) |
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Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (5) |
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Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I |
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118 | (13) |
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Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and Synaptic Plasticity |
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120 | (2) |
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Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Adult Neurogenesis |
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122 | (3) |
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Interactions of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Estradiol in the Regulation of Brain Plasticity |
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125 | (6) |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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Feeding Hormones: Leptin, Ghrelin and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 |
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134 | (5) |
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Hormonal Influences on Brain Plasticity: Recapitulation of the Chapters3, 4 and 5 1 |
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139 | (2) |
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Life Stages, Hormones, and Brain Remodeling: Early Hormonal Influences on Brain Mutability |
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141 | (36) |
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Introduction: Hormonal Imprinting of the Nervous System |
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141 | (4) |
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Hormonal Orchestration of Neural Development during Prenatal Life |
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145 | (11) |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (4) |
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Enduring Effects of Prenatal Stress |
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151 | (3) |
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154 | (2) |
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Hormonal Regulation of Brain Mutability during Early Postnatal Life |
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156 | (18) |
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Metamorphosis in Vertebrates |
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156 | (2) |
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Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Postnatal Brain Development in Non-Metamorphic Vertebrates |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (10) |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (3) |
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Early Hormonal Influences on Brain Mutability: Recapitulation |
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174 | (3) |
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Life Stages, Hormones, and Brain Remodeling: The Transition from Childhood to Adulthood |
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177 | (16) |
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Introduction: Prepubertal Maturation, Puberty, and Adolescence |
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177 | (1) |
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Brain Remodeling during the Transition from Childhood to Adulthoodmo |
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178 | (4) |
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Hormones as Regulators of Brain Plasticity during Prepubertal Maturation, Puberty, and Adolescence |
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182 | (4) |
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Brain Remodeling as a Cause of Hormonal Changes during Puberty |
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186 | (4) |
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190 | (3) |
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Life Stages, Hormones, and Brain Remodeling: Adult Reproductive Life |
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193 | (38) |
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Introduction: Hormonal Regulation of Brain Plasticity during Adult Life |
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193 | (4) |
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Hormones and Circadian Brain Plasticity |
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197 | (3) |
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Hormones and Seasonal Brain Plasticity |
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200 | (3) |
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Seasonal Brain Plasticity in the Song System of Songbirds |
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203 | (4) |
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Extreme Seasonal Brain Plasticity in Mammals: Hibernation |
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207 | (5) |
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Brain Plasticity and the Control of Hormonal Homeodynamics in Seasonal Breeders |
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212 | (1) |
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Brain Plasticity and Reproductive Cycles in Nonseasonal Breeders |
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213 | (9) |
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Brain Structures Controlling GnRH Neurons |
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213 | (7) |
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The Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Hormones and Brain Remodeling during Motherhood |
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222 | (4) |
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Social Interactions, Hormones, and Brain Plasticity |
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226 | (2) |
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Traumatic Experiences, Hormones, and Brain Plasticity |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (1) |
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Life Stages, Hormones, and Brain Remodeling: Disease and Neuroprotection |
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231 | (44) |
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Introduction: Altered Cross Talk between Endocrine Glands and the Brain under Pathological Conditions |
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231 | (1) |
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Pathological Brain Remodeling Affects Hormonal Secretions |
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232 | (3) |
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Pathological Alterations in Hormonal Levels or Hormonal Signaling Affect Brain Plasticity |
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235 | (4) |
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Hormones Regulate Plasticity and Exert Neuroprotective Actions in the Injured Brain |
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239 | (35) |
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240 | (4) |
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Melatonin and Thyroid Hormones |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (3) |
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251 | (13) |
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264 | (5) |
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269 | (5) |
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274 | (1) |
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Life Stages, Hormones, and Brain Remodeling: Aging |
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275 | (32) |
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Introduction: Changes in Brain Plasticity and Endocrine Function with Aging |
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275 | (8) |
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Biological Significance of Endocrine Function Changes with Aging |
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283 | (1) |
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Brain Mutability Regulates Aging-Associated Changes in Endocrine Function |
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284 | (1) |
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Hormones Regulate Aging-Associated Changes in Brain Mutability |
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285 | (3) |
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A Paradox: Unexpected Relations between Brain Aging, Hormones, and Longevity |
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288 | (4) |
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Hormone Therapy and Healthy Brain Aging |
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292 | (4) |
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Does Aging Affects Brain Responsiveness to Hormones? |
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296 | (3) |
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Does the Brain Have Mechanisms to Counterbalance Hormonal Changes with Aging? |
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299 | (3) |
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Opportunities for Therapeutic Intervention: Hormone Therapies and Beyond |
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302 | (2) |
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Hormones and Brain Aging: Summary |
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304 | (3) |
Concluding Summary |
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307 | (2) |
Bibliography |
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309 | (136) |
Author Index |
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445 | (18) |
Subject Index |
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463 | |