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E-grāmata: Hormones and Brain Plasticity

(Cellular and Molecular Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Cajal Institute)
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The nervous system has a remarkable capacity for self-reorganization, and in this first systematic analysis of the interaction between hormones and brain plasticity, Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura proposes that hormones modulate metaplasticity in the brain. He covers a wide variety of hormones, brain regions, and neuroplastic events, and also provides a new theoretical background with which to interpret the interaction of hormones and brain remodeling throughout the entire life of the organism.

Garcia-Segura argues that hormones are indispensable for adequately adapting the endogenous neuroplastic activity of the brain to the incessant modifications in external and internal environments. Their regulation of neuroplastic events in a given moment predetermines new neuroplastic responses that will occur in the future, adapting brain reorganization to changing physiological and behavioral demands throughout the life of the organism. The cross-regulation of brain plasticity and hormones integrates information originated in multiple endocrine glands and body organs with information coming from the external world in conjunction with the previous history of the organism. Multiple hormonal signals act in concert to regulate the generation of morphological and functional changes in neural cells, as well as the replacement of neurons, glial, and endothelial cells in neural networks. Brain remodeling, in turn, is involved in controlling the activity of the endocrine glands and regulating hormonal secretions. This bidirectional adjustment of brain plasticity in response to hormonal inputs, and adjustment of hormonal concentrations in response to neuroplastic events are crucial for maintaining the stability of the inner milieu and for the generation of adequate behavioral responses in anticipation of--and in adaptation to--new social and environmental circumstances and life events, including pathological conditions.

Recenzijas

Hormones and Brain Plasticity is a sophisticated synthesis, integrating theoretical and historical background with state-of-the-art knowledge about just how profoundly, and with exquisite regional and temporal specificity, hormones can impact the entire nervous system throughout the lifespan, in health and disease. Destined to become a fundamental source book in this important field. * Lydia L. DonCarlos, Professor of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Loyola University Chicago * Garcia-Seguras book is a bold and unique undertaking. It places hormonal actions in the midst of one the most basic functions of the brainits ability to change and adapt. Hormones have long been associated with reproduction and emotion. This book shows that, on careful examination, hormones are involved with virtually everything that the brain does. * Janice M. Juraska, Professor of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois * Hormones and Brain Plasticity is certainly a book that every neuroscientist would want to have on the bookshelf. Indeed, this book provides in a clear and comprehensive manner the state of the art of this interesting research topic. Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura has done a great service to neuroscience and to the neuroendocrine community! * Roberto Cosimo Melcangi, Professor of Endocrinology, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milano, Italy * This monograph is a timely and durable treasure. It is a guidebook by an experienced observer who has been excavating the area for nearly three decades. The text is personal and readable. At the same time, it is exhaustive; even encyclopedic. This is a neat trick, easy reading and extensive detail, practiced by Garcia-Seguras predecessor, Ramon y Cajal. The subject of brain plasticity is fundamental to understanding the development, maintenance, function and aging of the bodys control tower. The role of hormones is a young, but vigorous and promising part of the story. The material is up-to-the-minute and has a translational point of view, with the last chapters summarizing the issues. Consequently, this is a book that should be known to all students of brain development, plasticity and aging, including clinical neuroscientists. * Frederick Naftolin, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Director, Reproductive Biology Research, New York University School of Medicine * The past decades have brought a deeper understanding of the tremendously complex effects that hormones exert on brain function. This book gives a comprehensive and complete overview of this expanding field of neurobiology, while remaining very readable and clear. The author, a prominent authority in the field, gives an excellent overview of the very early discoveries, connects these to the exciting new findings and discusses the far-reaching implications of the data presented. The result is a book relevant to a broad readership: both graduate students and experienced neuroscientist will equally benefit from its philosophical approach. * Įrpįd Pįrducz, Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Center, Szeged, Hungary *

Preface and Acknowledgment xiii
Hormones and the Mutable Brain
3(18)
Introduction: Endocrine Glands, Brain Plasticity, Homeostasis, Allostasis, and Homeodynamics
3(5)
The Nervous System is in a Constant State of Remodeling: Cellular Plasticity and Cellular Replacement
8(8)
The Classic Concept of Brain Plasticity: Cajal's Heritage
11(4)
Cellular Replacement: A New Concept
15(1)
Role of Hormones on Brain Mutability: Plasticity and Metaplasticity
16(5)
Brain Plasticity Regulates Hormonal Homeodynamics
21(22)
Introduction: Brain Plasticity Regulates the Activity of Endocrine Glands
21(2)
Neuroglial Remodeling Associated with Hormonal Secretion by Hypothalamic Magnocellular Neurons
23(6)
Neuroglial Remodeling in the Neurohypophysis
29(1)
Neuroglial Remodeling Associated with Parvocellular Hypothalamic Neurons
30(4)
Neuroglial Remodeling in the Median Eminence
34(7)
Brain Plasticity and the Control of Hormonal Homeodynamics: A Recapitulation
41(2)
Hormonal Influences on Brain Plasticity: I. Melatonin, Thyroid Hormones and Corticosteroids
43(22)
Introduction: A Large Variety of Hormones Regulate Brain Plasticity
43(4)
Hormones or Paracrine Factors?
47(1)
Melatonin
48(3)
Thyroid Hormones
51(2)
Stress, Corticosteroids, and Brain Plasticity
53(12)
Hormonal Influences on Brain Plasticity: II. Sex Hormones
65(40)
Introduction: Sex Hormones and Brain Remodeling
65(1)
The First Evidences
65(4)
Regulation by Estradiol and Progesterone of Synaptic and Glial Remodeling in the Arcuate Nucleus
69(9)
Regulation by Estradiol and Progesterone of Synaptic Remodeling in the Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus
78(1)
Regulation by Estradiol and Progesterone of Synaptic Remodeling in the Hippocampus
79(7)
Regulation by Estradiol and Progesterone of Glial Remodeling in the Hippocampus
86(2)
Regulation by Estradiol and Progesterone of Adult Neurogenesis
88(3)
Role of Brain Estradiol Synthesis in the Regulation of Synaptic Plasticity and Neuronal Replacement
91(5)
Androgens, Synaptic Plasticity, and Cellular Replacement in the Song System of Songbirds
96(2)
Androgens and Synaptic Plasticity in Motoneurons
98(1)
Androgens, Synaptic plasticity, and Cellular Replacement in the Mammalian Brain
99(6)
Hormonal Influences on Brain Plasticity: III. Peptide Hormones
105(36)
Introduction: Peptide Hormones as Regulators of Brain Remodeling
105(1)
Vasopressin and Oxytocin
106(2)
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Urocortins
108(3)
Prolactin
111(1)
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
112(1)
Insulin
113(5)
Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I
118(13)
Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and Synaptic Plasticity
120(2)
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Adult Neurogenesis
122(3)
Interactions of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Estradiol in the Regulation of Brain Plasticity
125(6)
Erythropoietin
131(2)
Angiotensin
133(1)
Feeding Hormones: Leptin, Ghrelin and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1
134(5)
Hormonal Influences on Brain Plasticity: Recapitulation of the
Chapters3, 4 and 5 1
139(2)
Life Stages, Hormones, and Brain Remodeling: Early Hormonal Influences on Brain Mutability
141(36)
Introduction: Hormonal Imprinting of the Nervous System
141(4)
Hormonal Orchestration of Neural Development during Prenatal Life
145(11)
Thyroid Hormones
145(2)
Sex Hormones
147(4)
Enduring Effects of Prenatal Stress
151(3)
Peptide Hormones
154(2)
Hormonal Regulation of Brain Mutability during Early Postnatal Life
156(18)
Metamorphosis in Vertebrates
156(2)
Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Postnatal Brain Development in Non-Metamorphic Vertebrates
158(1)
Gonadal Hormones
159(10)
Stress Hormones
169(2)
Peptide Hormones
171(3)
Early Hormonal Influences on Brain Mutability: Recapitulation
174(3)
Life Stages, Hormones, and Brain Remodeling: The Transition from Childhood to Adulthood
177(16)
Introduction: Prepubertal Maturation, Puberty, and Adolescence
177(1)
Brain Remodeling during the Transition from Childhood to Adulthoodmo
178(4)
Hormones as Regulators of Brain Plasticity during Prepubertal Maturation, Puberty, and Adolescence
182(4)
Brain Remodeling as a Cause of Hormonal Changes during Puberty
186(4)
Chapter Summary
190(3)
Life Stages, Hormones, and Brain Remodeling: Adult Reproductive Life
193(38)
Introduction: Hormonal Regulation of Brain Plasticity during Adult Life
193(4)
Hormones and Circadian Brain Plasticity
197(3)
Hormones and Seasonal Brain Plasticity
200(3)
Seasonal Brain Plasticity in the Song System of Songbirds
203(4)
Extreme Seasonal Brain Plasticity in Mammals: Hibernation
207(5)
Brain Plasticity and the Control of Hormonal Homeodynamics in Seasonal Breeders
212(1)
Brain Plasticity and Reproductive Cycles in Nonseasonal Breeders
213(9)
Brain Structures Controlling GnRH Neurons
213(7)
The Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus
220(1)
The Hippocampus
221(1)
Hormones and Brain Remodeling during Motherhood
222(4)
Social Interactions, Hormones, and Brain Plasticity
226(2)
Traumatic Experiences, Hormones, and Brain Plasticity
228(2)
Chapter Summary
230(1)
Life Stages, Hormones, and Brain Remodeling: Disease and Neuroprotection
231(44)
Introduction: Altered Cross Talk between Endocrine Glands and the Brain under Pathological Conditions
231(1)
Pathological Brain Remodeling Affects Hormonal Secretions
232(3)
Pathological Alterations in Hormonal Levels or Hormonal Signaling Affect Brain Plasticity
235(4)
Hormones Regulate Plasticity and Exert Neuroprotective Actions in the Injured Brain
239(35)
Peptide Hormones
240(4)
Melatonin and Thyroid Hormones
244(1)
Steroid Hormones
245(1)
Glucocorticoid
245(1)
Dehydroepiandrosterone
246(1)
Sex Steroid
247(1)
Progesterone
248(3)
Estradiol and Estrogens
251(13)
Testosterone
264(5)
Neurosteroids
269(5)
Chapter Summary
274(1)
Life Stages, Hormones, and Brain Remodeling: Aging
275(32)
Introduction: Changes in Brain Plasticity and Endocrine Function with Aging
275(8)
Biological Significance of Endocrine Function Changes with Aging
283(1)
Brain Mutability Regulates Aging-Associated Changes in Endocrine Function
284(1)
Hormones Regulate Aging-Associated Changes in Brain Mutability
285(3)
A Paradox: Unexpected Relations between Brain Aging, Hormones, and Longevity
288(4)
Hormone Therapy and Healthy Brain Aging
292(4)
Does Aging Affects Brain Responsiveness to Hormones?
296(3)
Does the Brain Have Mechanisms to Counterbalance Hormonal Changes with Aging?
299(3)
Opportunities for Therapeutic Intervention: Hormone Therapies and Beyond
302(2)
Hormones and Brain Aging: Summary
304(3)
Concluding Summary 307(2)
Bibliography 309(136)
Author Index 445(18)
Subject Index 463
Luis M. Garcia-Segura is Research Professor and head of the department of functional and systems neurobiology at the Cajal Institute of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) in Madrid. He is internationally recognized by his pioneering studies on the actions of hormones in the regulation of brain plasticity.