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E-grāmata: Hormones

Gerald Litwack (Emeritus Professor and Chair of Basic Sciences, The Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA 18503, USA)

Formāts: PDF+DRM
Izdošanas datums: 13-Jan-2022
Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780323984607

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Izdošanas datums: 13-Jan-2022
Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780323984607

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Hormones, Fourth Edition provides a report on the field of human hormones viewed in light of our current understanding of cellular and subcellular architecture, along with the molecular details of their modes of action. Comprehensive information about hormone action on canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways at cellular and subcellular level and effects on architecture and function of organ systems are discussed. All chapters in this new edition have been completely updated to cover advances in endocrinology research, which has expanded significantly in the last few years. Vast coverage of hormones not previously covered and newly discovered aspects of hormone action are also included.

This new fourth edition is intended to be used by advanced undergraduates and graduate students in the biological sciences. It will also provide useful background information for health professionals, clinicians and researchers in the field of endocrinology, metabolism and biochemistry.

Includes updates on all chapters
Covers sleep hormones, growth factors, intestinal hormones, calcium-sensing receptor of parathyroid, and others
Provides essential basics for advanced undergraduates, graduate students and researchers in the biological sciences, as well as clinical aspects and applications for clinicians
Presented in separate hormone systems, covering the subcellular mode of action of selected hormones and a detailed understanding of their human anatomy and physiology

About the author

xiii

Preface to the fourth edition

1 Hormones: an introduction

(28)

I Overview of hormones

(10)

A Introduction

(1)

B Review of animal cell structure

(4)

C Hormones and their communication systems

(1)

D Biosynthesis of peptide and protein hormones

(2)

E Regulation of hormone synthesis, secretion, and serum levels

(2)

II Hormone receptors

(7)

A Introduction

(1)

B Membrane receptors

(2)

C The nuclear receptor family

(3)

D Measurement of hormone-receptor interactions

(2)

III Mechanisms of hormone action

(6)

A Cell signaling by membrane receptors

(3)

B Regulation of gene transcription by steroid hormones

(2)

C Membrane-initiated actions by steroid hormones

(1)

IV Clinical aspects

(3)

Further reading

(2)

2 Steroid hormones: chemistry, biosynthesis, and metabolism

(28)

I Introduction

(1)

A General comments

(1)

B Historical perspective

(1)

C Radioactive steroids

(1)

D Molecular biology contributions

(1)

II Chemistry of steroids

(9)

A Basic ring structure

(1)

B Classes of steroids

(1)

C Structural modification

(2)

D Asymmetric carbons

(2)

E Conformational flexibility of steroids

(3)

F Other steroid structures

(1)

III Biosynthesis of steroids

(14)

A Introduction

(1)

B Properties steroidogenic enzymes

(10)

C Biosynthesis of pregnenolone and progestins

(1)

D Biosynthesis of adrenal cortex mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and some androgens

(1)

E Biosynthesis of androgens

(1)

F Biosynthesis of progesterone and estrogens

(1)

G Biosynthesis of vitamin D metabolites

(1)

H Biosynthesis of bile acids

(1)

IV Serum-binding proteins for steroid hormones

(1)

A Introduction

(1)

B Serum-binding proteins for steroid hormones

(1)

Further reading

(3)

3 The hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

(34)

I Introduction

(2)

A Overview and CNS control of the hypothalamus

(1)

B Hypothalamic control of the pituitary gland

(1)

C Pituitary control of distal endocrine glands

(1)

D Neuroendocrine axis feedback

(1)

II Anatomical relationships

(4)

A Hypothalamic-pituitary anatomy

(2)

B Hypothalamic neural connections

(1)

C Hypothalamic-pituitary circulatory system

(2)

III Structure, synthesis, secretion, and target cells of the hypothalamic releasing hormones

(9)

A Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

(1)

B Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

(2)

C Corticotropin-releasing hormone

(1)

D Hypothalamic control of growth hormone secretion

(3)

E Hypothalamic control of prolactin secretion

(1)

IV Chemistry of the anterior pituitary hormones

(5)

A Glycoprotein hormones

(2)

B Growth hormone

(1)

C Prolactin

(1)

D POMC derivatives: ACTH, α-MSH, β-lipotropin, endorphin

(2)

V Regulation and biological actions of growth hormone and prolactin

(8)

A Growth hormone

(5)

B Prolactin

(3)

VI The hypothalamus and appetite regulation

(2)

VII Clinical aspects

(2)

A Hypothalamus

(1)

B Pituitary

(2)

Further reading

(2)

4 Posterior pituitary hormones

(10)

I Introduction

(1)

II Anatomy of the posterior pituitary

(1)

III Chemistry, biosynthesis, and secretion of the posterior pituitary hormones

(2)

A Structures of oxytocin and vasopressin

(1)

B Synthesis and secretion of vasopressin and oxytocin

(2)

IV Biological actions of AVP

(3)

A AVP receptors

(2)

B AVP regulation of water handling

(1)

C Cardiovascular effects of AVP

(1)

D Effects of AVP on glucose homeostasis

(1)

E Effects of AVP on ACTH secretion

(1)

F AVP and the brain

(1)

V Biological actions of oxytocin

(2)

A The oxytocin receptor

(1)

B Oxytocin and parturition

(1)

C Oxytocin and lactation

(1)

D Oxytocin and the brain

(1)

VI Clinical aspects

(1)

A Oxytocin

(1)

B Diabetes insipidus

(1)

Further reading

(2)

5 Thyroid hormones

101

(22)

I Introduction

101

(1)

A The thyroid gland and its hormones

101

(1)

B Iodine metabolism

101

(1)

II Anatomy of the thyroid gland

101

(2)

III Chemistry of the thyroid hormones

103

(1)

IV Synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

103

(8)

A The thyroid epithelial cell

103

(1)

B Thyroglobulin

104

(1)

C Iodide uptake: the Na+/l- symporter

105

(2)

D Thyroid peroxidase and DUOX: tyrosine iodination and coupling

107

(1)

E Thyroglobulin storage, endocytosis, and breakdown

107

(1)

F Secretion of T4 and T3 and recycling of I-

108

(1)

G Transport and metabolism of thyroid hormones

108

(3)

H Antithyroid drugs

111

(1)

V Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion

111

(2)

A The hypothalamic---pituitary---thyroid axis

111

(1)

B Autoregulation

112

(1)

C Effects of TSH on the thyroid epithelial cell

113

(1)

VI Biological actions of T3

113

(5)

A Thyroid hormone receptor

114

(1)

B Membrane-mediated actions of thyroid hormone

115

(1)

C Basal metabolic rate and thermogenesis

116

(1)

D Metabolic actions

117

(1)

E Neurodevelopment

118

(1)

VII Clinical aspects

118

(3)

A Clinical features of hyper- and hypothyroidism

118

(1)

B Hyperthyroidism: etiology and treatment

119

(1)

C Hypothyroidism: etiology and treatment

120

(1)

Further reading

121

(2)

6 Pancreatic hormones: insulin and glucagon

123

(36)

I Introduction

123

(5)

A Background information

123

(1)

B Regulation of blood glucose

123

(1)

C Nutritional and metabolic interrelationships

124

(4)

II Anatomical, morphological, and physiological relationships

128

(2)

A Anatomy of the hepatopancreatic complex

128

(2)

III Chemistry, biochemistry, and biological activities of the pancreatic hormones

130

(24)

A Insulin

130

(10)

B Glucagon and glucagon-like peptides

140

(3)

C Insulin and glucagon collaborations

143

(6)

D Leptin

149

(4)

E Other pancreatic hormones

153

(1)

IV Clinical aspects

154

(2)

A Diabetes mellitus

154

(2)

Further reading

156

(3)

7 Gastrointestinal hormones

159

(36)

I Introduction

159

(2)

A Background

159

(1)

B Resume of the gastrointestinal hormones

159

(1)

C Problems of food processing and digestion

159

(2)

II Anatomical and physiological relationships

161

(11)

A Castroenteropancreatic system

161

(1)

B Stomach

161

(4)

C Small intestine and colon

165

(1)

D Hormone-secreting cells: their distribution in the gastroenteropancreatic complex

166

(1)

E Pancreatic, biliary, and intestinal secretions

167

(2)

F Coordination of gastroenteropancreatic hormone release

169

(2)

G Motor functions of the intestinal tract

171

(1)

H Brain---gut axis

172

(1)

III Biochemical properties and molecular actions

172

(15)

A General relationships

172

(1)

B Cholecystokinin/gastrin family

173

(4)

C Secretin family: secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide

177

(2)

D Pancreatic polypeptide family: peptide YY and neuropeptide Y

179

(1)

E Bombesin and related peptides: gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin C

179

(2)

F Tachykinin family: substance P and neurokinins A and B

181

(1)

G Neurotensin

181

(1)

H Calcitonin gene---related peptide family: amylin

181

(1)

I Enteroglucagon and oxyntomodulin

182

(1)

J Motilin

182

(1)

K Somatostatin

182

(1)

L Gastric acid secretion

183

(3)

M Ghrelin, leptin, and energy use

186

(1)

IV Clinical aspects

187

(5)

A Peptic ulcer disease

187

(4)

B Carcinoid syndrome

191

(1)

C Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

191

(1)

Further reading

192

(3)

8 Eicosanoids

195

(18)

I Introduction

195

(1)

II Structure and nomenclature of eicosanoids

196

(2)

III Synthesis and inactivation of eicosanoids

198

(7)

A Overview of eicosanoid synthesis

198

(1)

B Phospholipase A2

198

(3)

C Prostaglandin H synthase/cyclooxygenase

201

(1)

D Cyclooxygenase inhibitors

202

(1)

E Lipoxygenase

202

(1)

F Transport and inactivation of prostanoids

203

(2)

IV Eicosanoid receptors and signaling

205

(1)

V Examples of biological actions of prostaglandins

206

(4)

A Prostacyclin and thromboxane in the vasculature

206

(1)

B Prostaglandins in the kidney

207

(1)

C Prostaglandins and pain perception

208

(1)

D Prostaglandins in reproduction

208

(2)

VI Clinical aspects

210

(2)

A Prostaglandins and cancer

210

(1)

B Leukotrienes in human disease

211

(1)

Further reading

212

(1)

9 Calcium-regulating hormones: vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and fibroblast growth factor 23

213

(36)

I Introduction

213

(3)

A Background information

213

(2)

B Calcium and phosphorus homeostasis

215

(1)

II Anatomical and physiological relationships

216

(5)

A Intestine

216

(1)

B Bone

216

(4)

C Kidney

220

(1)

D Parathyroid gland

220

(1)

E Calcitonin-secreting cells

221

(1)

III Chemistry and biochemistry

221

(6)

A Vitamin D and 1α,25(OH)2D3

221

(2)

B Parathyroid hormone

223

(2)

C Parathyroid hormone---related protein

225

(1)

D Calcitonin

225

(2)

E Fibroblast growth factor 23

227

(1)

IV Biology and molecular actions

227

(16)

A Parathyroid hormone receptor and biological actions

227

(5)

B Parathyroid hormone---related protein receptor and biological actions

232

(1)

C Calcitonin receptor and biological actions

232

(1)

D Vitamin D receptor and biological actions

232

(9)

E Fibroblast growth factor 23

241

(1)

F Integrated actions of 1α,25(OH)2D3, PTH, calcitonin, and FGF23 on bone remodeling and calcium homeostasis

241

(2)

V Clinical aspects

243

(5)

A Vitamin D nutrition

243

(1)

B Osteoporosis

244

(1)

C Tuberculosis

245

(2)

D Parathyroid hormone

247

(1)

E Parathyroid hormone---related protein

247

(1)

F Calcitonin

247

(1)

G Fibroblast growth factor 23

248

(1)

Reference

248

(1)

Further reading

248

(1)

10 Adrenal corticoids

249

(20)

I Introduction

249

(1)

A Background

249

(1)

B Glucocorticoids

249

(1)

C Mineralocorticoids

249

(1)

II Anatomy

249

(2)

A Adrenal cortex

249

(2)

B Liver

251

(1)

III Biochemistry and biosynthesis of adrenal steroids and testosterone steroids

251

(2)

IV Biological and molecular actions of glucocorticoids

253

(10)

A Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

253

(1)

B Corticotropin-releasing hormone

253

(1)

C Transport of glucocorticoids in the blood (corticosteroid-binding globulin)

253

(3)

D ACTH modes of action

256

(1)

E Glucocorticoids and stress

257

(3)

F Immunosuppression and apoptosis induced by glucocorticoids

260

(1)

G Feedback effects of glucocorticoids

260

(1)

H The glucocorticoid receptor

260

(1)

I Dehydroepiandrosterone and zona reticularis

261

(2)

V Clinical aspects

263

(5)

A Cushing's disease

263

(1)

B Addison's disease

263

(3)

C Congenital adrenal hyperplasia and others

266

(1)

D Mifepristone (RU-486)

266

(2)

Further reading

268

(1)

11 Hormones of the adrenal medulla

269

(18)

I Introduction

269

(1)

II Anatomical and physiological relationships

269

(4)

A The adrenal gland

269

(1)

B The adrenal medulla and the sympathetic nervous system

269

(1)

C Chromaffin cells of the adrenal

270

(3)

III Chemistry and biochemistry of the catecholamines

273

(6)

A Biosynthesis and secretion of catecholamines

273

(1)

B Regulation of catecholamine synthesis and secretion

273

(4)

C Catabolism of catecholamines

277

(1)

D Pharmacology of catecholamines

278

(1)

IV Biological actions of catecholamines

279

(4)

A Adrenergic receptors

279

(1)

B Biological responses to epinephrine

280

(3)

V Clinical aspects

283

(1)

A Pheochromocytoma

283

(1)

B Chronic stress

284

(1)

Further reading

284

(3)

12 Androgens

287

(26)

I Introduction

287

(1)

II Anatomy of the male reproductive system

287

(3)

A Testes, ducts, and accessory structures

287

(2)

B Seminiferous tubules

289

(1)

C Leydig/interstitial cells

290

(1)

III Chemistry and metabolism of androgens

290

(5)

A Androgens and related molecules

290

(2)

B Androgen biosynthesis

292

(1)

C Modification of testosterone in target tissues

293

(1)

D Sex hormone---binding globulin

294

(1)

E Catabolism of androgens

295

(1)

IV Regulation of androgen production

295

(7)

A Hypothalamic---pituitary---testes axis: hormonal control of the testis

295

(6)

B Hypothalamic---pituitary---testis axis: feedback control

301

(1)

C Prolactin

302

(1)

V Biological responses to androgens

302

(7)

A The androgen receptor

302

(2)

B Sexual differentiation

304

(2)

C Puberty

306

(1)

D Spermatogenesis

307

(2)

E Estrogens in males

309

(1)

F Androgens in females

309

(1)

VI Clinical aspects

309

(1)

A 5α-Reductase deficiency

309

(1)

B Androgen insensitivity syndrome

309

(1)

C Androgen abuse

310

(1)

D Prostate cancer

310

(1)

Further reading

310

(3)

13 Estrogens and progestins

313

(24)

I Introduction

313

(1)

II Anatomy of the female reproductive system

313

(4)

A Components of the female reproductive system

313

(2)

B The ovarian follicle and corpus luteum

315

(2)

III Chemistry and metabolism of female steroid hormones

317

(4)

A Female steroid hormones

317

(3)

B Synthesis of progesterone and estrogens

320

(1)

C Catabolism of progesterone and estrogens

321

(1)

IV Hypothalamic---pituitary---ovary axis

321

(6)

A Introduction

321

(1)

B Control of the ovary by the hypothalamus and pituitary

322

(1)

C Feedback effects on the hypothalamus and pituitary

323

(1)

D The human menstrual cycle

324

(2)

E Menopause

326

(1)

V Biological responses to female sex steroids

327

(5)

A Estrogen and progesterone receptors

327

(3)

B Uterine effects of estrogen and progesterone

330

(1)

C Effects of estrogen on bone

330

(1)

D Estrogen and the cardiovascular system

331

(1)

VI Clinical aspects

332

(2)

A Hormonal contraception

332

(1)

B Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy

332

(2)

C Polycystic ovary syndrome

334

(1)

Further reading

334

(3)

14 Hormones of pregnancy, parturition, and lactation

337

(24)

I Introduction

337

(1)

II Anatomical relationships and the beginning of pregnancy

337

(4)

A Fertilization

338

(1)

B Implantation

338

(1)

C Placental development

339

(1)

D Mammary glands

340

(1)

III Chemistry, biochemistry, and activity of the hormones of pregnancy

341

(6)

A Human chorionic gonadotrophin

341

(2)

B Placental lactogen and placental growth hormone

343

(1)

C Other peptide hormones

344

(1)

D Steroid hormones

345

(1)

E Maternal adaptations to pregnancy

346

(1)

IV Parturition

347

(4)

A Introduction

347

(1)

B Progesterone and estrogen

348

(1)

C The fetal adrenal, placenta, and posterior pituitary

349

(2)

V Lactation

351

(2)

A Mammogenesis

351

(1)

B Lactogenesis

351

(1)

C Suckling

352

(1)

VI Clinical aspects

353

(6)

A Assisted reproductive technology

353

(4)

B Breast cancer

357

(2)

Further reading

359

(2)

15 Hormones related to the kidney and cardiovascular system

361

(30)

I Introduction

361

(1)

A Background

361

(1)

II Anatomical, morphological, and physiological relationships

361

(6)

A The kidney

361

(6)

B Cardiovascular system

367

(1)

III Homeostasis of fluid, electrolytes, and blood pressure

367

(16)

A Introduction

367

(2)

B Renin---angiotensin II

369

(1)

C Angiotensins I and II

370

(1)

D Aldosterone biosynthesis and actions in renal tubular reabsorption

371

(1)

E Atrial natriuretic protein (ANP) system

371

(4)

F Endothelins

375

(4)

G Nitric oxide system

379

(2)

H Kallikreins and kinins

381

(1)

I Adrenomedullin

381

(2)

J Summary

383

(1)

IV Hormones and blood cell production

383

(4)

A Introduction

383

(1)

B Process of erythropoiesis

384

(1)

C Erythropoietin (the protein)

384

(2)

D Hemoglobin

386

(1)

V Clinical aspects

387

(2)

A Anemia

387

(1)

B Cardiovascular events in hypertension

387

(2)

Further reading

389

(2)

16 The pineal gland

391

(12)

I Introduction

391

(1)

II Anatomical features of the pineal gland

391

(1)

A Anatomical location and cellular composition

391

(1)

B Connection with the visual system

391

(1)

III Synthesis and secretion of melatonin

392

(3)

A Melatonin biosynthetic pathway: catabolism

392

(1)

B Patterns and regulation of melatonin secretion

392

(3)

IV Biological actions of melatonin

395

(6)

A The melatonin receptors

395

(3)

B Sleep and jet lag

398

(1)

C Adrenal cortex

398

(2)

D Reproduction

400

(1)

E Cancer

400

(1)

F Melatonin as an antioxidant

401

(1)

V Clinical aspects

401

(1)

Further reading

401

(2)

17 Growth factors

403

(18)

I Introduction

403

(1)

II Epidermal growth factor

403

(2)

A Structure and synthesis

403

(1)

B EGF receptors and signaling

403

(2)

III Fibroblast growth factor family

405

(6)

A Members of the FGF family

405

(1)

B The FGF receptors and signaling

406

(5)

IV Platelet-derived growth factors

411

(2)

A Structure of PDGFs

411

(1)

B PDGF receptors and signaling

411

(2)

V Insulin-like growth factors

413

(3)

A Structure of insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor 2

413

(1)

B Insulin and IGF receptors and signaling

413

(2)

C IGF-binding proteins

415

(1)

VI Transforming growth factor β

416

(2)

A Structure and secretion of TGFβ

416

(1)

B TGFβ receptors and signaling

417

(1)

VII Clinical aspects

418

(2)

Further reading

420

(1)

Appendix 1 Compilation of many known hormones in higher mammals and humans

421

(8)

Appendix 2 Human blood concentrations of major hormones

429

(4)

Appendix 3 Clinically relevant endocrine disorders

433

(4)

Appendix 4 The genetic code

437

(2)

Appendix 5 Amino acid abbreviations

439

(2)

Appendix 6 Units of measurement in biological systems

441

(2)

Index

443

Dr. Litwack is an accomplished and prolific author and editor at Elsevier. Spanning over 25 years, he has been the editor of over 55 volumes of Vitamins and Hormones, co-author of Hormones, editor of 14 volumes of Biochemical Actions of Hormones, co-editor of Actions of Hormones on Molecular Processes, author of Human Biochemistry and Disease, and Human Biochemistry. He is the author of almost 300 journal articles and has been on the editorial boards of numerous journals, including Endocrinology, Cancer Research, Oncology Reports, Journal of Molecular Biochemistry, Apoptosis, and Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression. Dr. Litwack is Emeritus Professor and Chair of Basic Sciences, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, and is formerly Professor of Molecular and Cellular Medicine and Associate Director at the Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center.

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