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E-grāmata: Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Volume 2: Amphibians

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Edited by (Professor Emeritus, University of Colorado, USA), Edited by (University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado, USA)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 11-Nov-2010
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080958088
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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 11-Nov-2010
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080958088
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This series of volumes represents a comprehensive and integrated treatment of reproduction in vertebrates from fishes of all sorts through mammals. It is designed to provide a readable, coordinated description of reproductive basics in each group of vertebrates as well as an introduction to the latest trends in reproductive research and our understanding of reproductive events. Whereas each chapter and each volume is intended to stand alone as a review of that topic or vertebrate group, respectively, the volumes are prepared so as to provide a thorough topical treatment across the vertebrates. Terminology has been standardized across the volumes to reduce confusion where multiple names exist in the literature, and a comprehensive glossary of these terms and their alternative names is provided.

* A complete, essential and up to date reference for research scientists working on vertebrate hormones and reproduction - and on animlals as models in human reproductive research.
* Covers the endocrinology, neuroendocrinology, physiology, behaviour and anatomy of vertebrate reproduction.
* Structured coverage of the major themes for all five vertebrate groups allows a consistent treatment for all.
* Special chapters elaborate on features specific to individual vertebrate groups and to comparative aspects, similarities and differences between them.


Papildus informācija

An essential, one-stop reference for endocrinologists and those studying all aspects of the biology and control of vertebrate reproductive biology in amphibians
Series Preface xiii
Volume Preface xv
List of Contributors
xvii
1 Sex Determination and Sexual Differentiation in Amphibians
1 Introduction
1(1)
2 Sex Determination
1(3)
2.1 Sex Chromosomes
2(1)
2.2 Evolution of Sex Chromosomes
3(1)
2.3 Markers of Sex Chromosomes
4(1)
3 Sex Differentiation
4(4)
3.1 Origin of Germ Cells
5(1)
3.2 The Undifferentiated Gonad
6(1)
3.3 From the Bipotential Gonad to the Testis or the Ovary
7(1)
3.4 Tractus Differentiation and Post-metamorphosis Events
7(1)
4 Sensitivity of Sex Determination/Differentiation to Epigenetic Factors
8(2)
4.1 Effect of Rearing Temperature
8(1)
4.2 Breeding Experiments
9(1)
5 The role of Steroid Hormones
10(1)
5.1 Treatment with Steroids
10(1)
5.2 Synthesizing Enzymes
10(1)
5.3 Steroid Hormone Receptors
11(1)
5.4 Inhibition of Steroid Action or Synthesis
11(1)
5.5 Steroids and Temperature
11(1)
6 Genes Involved in Gonadal Sex Differentiation
11(3)
7 Undifferentiated Races, Hermaphroditism, and Unisexuals
14(1)
8 Conclusion
14(1)
Abbreviations
15(1)
References
15(6)
2 Neuroendocrine Control of Reproduction in Amphibians
1 Introduction
21(1)
2 Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Systems
21(5)
2.1 An Overview of the Amphibian Hypothalamic-Pituitary System
21(1)
2.2 Ontogeny, Distribution, and Function of the GnRH System
22(2)
2.3 The Pattern of GnRH Release from the Amphibian Brain
24(1)
2.4 Structure and Function of GnRH Receptors in Amphibians
25(1)
3 Regulation of the GnRH-I System
26(4)
3.1 An Overview
26(1)
3.2 Modulation of the GnRH-I System by Gonadal Steroid Hormones
27(1)
3.3 Modulation of the GnRH-I System by Dopamine (DA)
28(1)
3.4 Modulation of the GnRH-I System by Endocannabinoids
28(1)
3.5 Modulation of the GnRH-I System by RFamides
28(1)
3.6 Modulation of the GnRH-I System by Mesotocin/Opsin-positive Neurons
29(1)
3.7 Modulation of the GnRH-I System by Social and Environmental Cues
29(1)
4 The Roles of Peripheral GnRH in Reproduction
30(1)
4.1 Overview
30(1)
4.2 GnRH-I and Chemosensory Function
30(1)
4.3 Peripheral GnRH in Gonadal Regulation
30(1)
5 Nonapeptides and Neurosteroids
31(1)
6 Future Directions
31(1)
Abbreviations
32(1)
References
32(7)
3 Testicular Structure and Control of Sperm Development in Amphibians
1 Introduction
39(1)
2 Urodeles
39(5)
2.1 Testicular Structure
39(1)
2.1.1 General gross anatomical structure
39(1)
2.1.2 Histomorphic structure and sperm development
40(1)
2.2 Regulation of Testicular Activity
41(1)
2.2.1 Endocrine and molecular events associated with spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis
41(1)
2.2.2 Control of spermiation
42(1)
2.2.3 Control of the interstitial compartment
42(2)
3 Anurans
44(4)
3.1 Testicular Structure
44(1)
3.1.1 General gross anatomical Structure
44(1)
3.1.2 Histomorphic structure and sperm development
44(1)
3.2 Regulation of Testicular Activity
45(1)
3.2.1 Endocrine and molecular events associated with spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis
45(2)
3.2.2 Control of spermiation
47(1)
3.2.3 Control of the interstitial compartment
47(1)
4 Gymnophiona
48(1)
4.1 Testicular Structure
48(1)
4.1.1 General gross anatomical structure
48(1)
4.1.2 Histomorphic structure and sperm development
48(1)
4.2 Regulation of Testicular Activity
49(1)
4.2.1 Endocrine and molecular events associated with spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis
49(1)
5 Summary
49(1)
Abbreviations
50(1)
References
50(5)
4 Hormones and the Female Reproductive System of Amphibians
1 Introduction
55(1)
2 Ovarian Structure
56(1)
3 Oogenesis
57(13)
3.1 Oogonia
59(1)
3.2 Folliculogenesis
60(1)
3.3 Primary Growth
60(2)
3.4 Secondary Growth
62(4)
3.5 Oocyte Maturation
66(1)
3.6 Oogenesis Stages
66(2)
3.6.1 Primary growth: stage 1
68(1)
3.6.2 Primary growth: stage 2
68(1)
3.6.3 Primary growth: stage 3
68(1)
3.6.4 Secondary growth: stage 4
68(1)
3.6.5 Secondary growth: stage 5
68(1)
3.6.6 Secondary growth; full-grown: stage 6
68(1)
3.6.7 Oocyte maturation: stage 7
68(1)
3.7 Corpus Luteum
69(1)
3.8 Follicular Atresia
69(1)
4 Oviductal Structure
70(8)
4.1 Infundibulum
72(1)
4.2 Pars Recta or Atrium
73(1)
4.3 Pars Convoluta or Ampulla
74(2)
4.4 Ovisac
76(2)
Acknowledgements
78(1)
Abbreviations
78(1)
References
78(5)
5 Hormones, Sex Accessory Structures, and Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Amphibians
1 Introduction
83(1)
2 Sex Accessory Structures
83(4)
2.1 Wolffian Ducts/Vas Deferens
83(1)
2.2 Mullerian Ducts
84(1)
2.2.1 Oviduct of Ascaphus
85(1)
2.2.2 Uterus of viviparous anurans
85(1)
2.2.3 Uterus of Salamandra
85(1)
2.2.4 Uterus of caecilians
86(1)
2.3 Penis of Ascaphus
86(1)
2.4 Cloacal Glands of Salamanders
86(1)
2.5 Phallodeum of Caecilians
87(1)
3 Secondary Sexual Characteristics
87(6)
3.1 Amphibian Skin
88(1)
3.2 Anuran Breeding Glands
88(1)
3.2.1 Adhesive glands
88(1)
3.3 Nuptial Excrescences of Anurans
89(1)
3.4 Tusks/Spines
89(1)
3.5 Tail Fin and Nuptial Pads of Newts
89(1)
3.6 Teeth of Plethodontids
90(1)
3.7 Muscles
90(1)
3.8 Vomeronasal Organ
91(1)
3.9 Color
91(1)
3.10 Salamander Courtship Glands
91(1)
3.10.1 Caudal glands in the middorsal tail base
91(1)
3.10.2 Caudal glands in the midventral tail base
92(1)
3.10.3 Cloacal glands that secrete onto epidermal areas
92(1)
3.10.4 Genial glands
92(1)
3.10.5 Mental glands
92(1)
3.10.6 Nasolabial glands (cirri)
93(1)
3.10.7 Skin glands of Taricha
93(1)
4 Future Work
93(1)
Abbreviations
94(1)
References
94(5)
6 Stress and Reproduction in Amphibians
1 Introduction
99(1)
2 Definitions of Stress
99(2)
3 The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis in Amphibians
101(2)
3.1 Regulation of the Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Axis
102(1)
4 Neuronal Circuits Mediating Endocrine Response to Stressors
103(1)
5 Response of the Amphibian Endocrine System to Stressors
103(3)
5.1 Effects of Water Quality and Water-borne Contaminants on the Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
105(1)
5.2 Multiple Stressor Effects on the Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Axis as a Result of Decreased Habitat Quality
105(1)
5.3 Contribution of Multiple Stressors to Allostatic Load and Overload
106(1)
6 Inhibitory Effects of Stress and the HPA axis on Reproduction
106(3)
6.1 Effects of Stressors and Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Axis Hormones on Plasma Sex Steroid Levels
106(1)
6.2 Effects of Stres and Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Axis Hormones on Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Gonadotropins, and Sex Steroid Synthesis
107(1)
6.3 Effects of Stress and the Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Axis on Gametogenesis
108(1)
6.4 Effects of Stress and Hypothalamus-Pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Axis Hormones on Reproductive Behavior
108(1)
6.5 Multiple Stressor and Habitat Quality Effects on Reproduction
109(1)
7 Role of Glucocorticoids in Meeting Energy Demands during Reproduction
109(1)
8 Adaptive Significance of Stress-Induced Inhibition of Reproduction
110(1)
Abbreviations
111(1)
References
112(5)
7 Maternal Adaptations to Reproductive Modes in Amphibians
1 Topics and Terminology
117(1)
2 Oviductal Incubation
118(10)
2.1 Urodela
119(1)
2.1.1 The oviduct and its changes during gestation
119(2)
2.1.2 Gestation time and endocrinological aspects
121(1)
2.1.3 Mother-offspring interactions
122(1)
2.1.3.1 Respiration and gas exchange
122(1)
2.1.3.2 Osmoregulation and excretion
122(1)
2.1.3.3 Immunology
122(1)
2.1.3.4 Allocation of food
122(1)
2.1.3.5 Parturition
123(1)
2.2 Gymnophiona
123(1)
2.2.1 The oviduct and its changes during reproduction
123(2)
2.2.2 Gestation time and endocrinological aspects
125(1)
2.2.3 Mother-offspring interactions
125(1)
2.2.3.1 Respiration and gas exchange
125(1)
2.2.3.2 Osmoregulation and excretion
126(1)
2.2.3.3 Immunology
126(1)
2.2.3.4 Allocation of food
126(1)
2.2.3.5 Parturition
126(1)
2.3 Anura
127(1)
2.3.1 The oviduct and its changes during reproduction
127(1)
2.3.2 Gestation time and endocrinological aspects
127(1)
2.3.3 Mother-offspring interactions
128(1)
2.3.3.1 Respiration and gas exchange
128(1)
2.3.3.2 Osmoregulation and excretion
128(1)
2.3.3.3 Immunology
128(1)
2.3.3.4 Allocation of food
128(1)
2.3.3.5 Parturition
128(1)
3 Skin Incubation
128(6)
3.1 Skin incubation in the Pipidae
129(1)
3.1.1 The Skin and its changes during reproduction
129(2)
3.1.2 Gestation time and endocrinological aspects
131(1)
3.1.3 Mother-offspring interactions
131(1)
3.1.3.1 Respiration and gas exchange
131(1)
3.1.3.2 Osmoregulation and excretion
131(1)
3.1.3.3 Immunology
131(1)
3.1.3.4 Allocation of food
131(1)
3.1.3.5 Parturition
131(1)
3.2 Skin incubation in the Hemiphractidae, Cryptobatrachidae, and Amphignathodontidae
131(2)
3.2.1 The Skin and its changes during reproduction
133(1)
3.2.2 Gestation time and endocrinological aspects
133(1)
3.2.3 Mother-offspring interactions
134(1)
3.2.3.1 Respiration and gas exchange
134(1)
3.2.3.2 Osmoregulation and excretion
134(1)
3.2.3.3 Immunology
134(1)
3.2.3.4 Allocation of food
134(1)
3.2.3.5 Parturition
134(1)
4 Other Sites of Incubation
134(2)
4.1 Gastric Incubation in the Myobatrachidae
134(1)
4.1.1 The stomach and its changes during reproduction
134(1)
4.1.2 Gestation time
134(1)
4.1.3 Mother-offspring interactions
134(1)
4.1.3.1 Respiration and gas exchange
135(1)
4.1.3.2 Immunology
135(1)
4.1.3.3 Osmoregulation and excretion
135(1)
4.1.3.4 Allocation of food
135(1)
4.1.3.5 Parturition
135(1)
4.2 Vocal Sac Incubation in the Cycloramphidae
135(1)
4.2.1 The vocal sac and its changes during reproduction
135(1)
4.2.2 Gestation time and endocrinological aspects
135(1)
4.2.3 Father---offspring interactions
135(1)
4.2.3.1 Respiration and gas exchange
135(1)
4.2.3.2 Osmoregulation and excretion
135(1)
4.2.3.3 Immunology
135(1)
4.2.3.4 Allocation of food
135(1)
4.2.3.5 Parturition
136(1)
5 Conclusions
136(1)
Acknowledgements
136(1)
Abbreviations
137(1)
References
137(6)
8 Hormones and Reproductive Behavior in Amphibians
1 Introduction
143(1)
2 Approaches
143(1)
3 Background to Reproductive Behaviors
144(1)
3.1 Mating
144(1)
3.2 Male Advertisement and Female Attraction
144(1)
3.3 Mate Searching
145(1)
4 Male Mating Behaviors
145(9)
4.1 Androgens
145(1)
4.1.1 Andrognes maintain expression of salamander mating behavior
145(1)
4.1.2 Androgens activate male mating behavior in some but not all anurans
146(1)
4.1.3 Sex steroid hormone brain receptors and mating
147(1)
4.1.4 Conclusions and future directions
147(1)
4.2 Arginine Vasotocin (AVT)
147(1)
4.2.1 Arginine vasotocin (AVT) promotes expression of male sexual behavior in the rough-skinned newt
147(1)
4.2.2 Arginine vasotocin (AVT) neurons and receptors in the urodele brain
148(1)
4.2.3 Mechanisms of arginine vasotocin (AVT) action in rough-skinned newts
148(2)
4.2.4 Conclusions and future directions
150(1)
4.3 Corticosterone (CORT)
150(1)
4.3.1 Corticosterone (CORT) rapidly suppresses amplectic clasping
150(1)
4.3.2 Context modulates the effects of corticosterone (CORT) on amplectic clasping
151(1)
4.3.3 Corticosterone (CORT) modulates excitability of clasp-controlling neural circuits
151(1)
4.3.4 Corticosterone (CORT) and endocannabinoid signaling
152(1)
4.3.5 Conclusions and future directions
152(1)
4.4 Prolactin (PRL)
153(1)
4.4.1 Prolactin promotes male mating behavior in salamanders
153(1)
4.4.2 Conclusions and future directions
154(1)
4.5 Other Factors
154(1)
4.5.1 Nitric oxide
154(1)
4.5.2 Gonadotropins
154(1)
5 Male Advertisement Behavior
154(5)
5.1 Androgens and Auditory Advertisement
154(1)
5.1.1 Seasonal activation of calling
154(1)
5.1.2 Sex steroid hormone receptors in vocal and auditory brain areas
155(1)
5.1.3 Development of the vocal system
155(1)
5.1.4 Conclusions
155(1)
5.2 Gonadotropins (GTHs) and Auditory Advertisement
156(1)
5.3 Arginine Vasotocin (AVT) and Auditory Advertisement
156(1)
5.3.1 Behavioral effects of arginine vasotocin (AVT)
156(1)
5.3.2 Distribution of arginine vasotocin (AVT) cells, fibers, and receptors in the anuran brain
156(1)
5.4 Corticosterone and Auditory Advertisement
157(1)
5.4.1 The energetics-hormone-vocalization model
157(1)
5.4.2 Testing the energetics-hormone-vocalization model in explosive-breeding toads
157(1)
5.4.3 Conclusions and future directions
158(1)
5.5 Hormones and Olfactory Advertisement
158(1)
6 Male Mate-Searching Behaviors
159(1)
6.1 Habitat Preferences
159(1)
6.2 Locomotion
159(1)
6.3 Chemo-investigation
159(1)
6.4 Sensitivity to Sensory Information
160(1)
7 Female Reproductive Behaviors
160(2)
7.1 Female Receptive Behaviors
160(1)
7.1.1 Salamander mating behavior
160(1)
7.1.2 Anuran mating behavior
160(1)
7.2 Attraction to male Social Signals
161(1)
7.2.1 Sensitivity of the Salamander vomeronasal sensory epithelium
161(1)
7.2.2 Anuran Phonotaxis
161(1)
7.2.3 Salamander chemo-investigation
161(1)
7.3 Other Female Reproductive Behaviors
161(1)
7.3.1 Salamander egg-laying Behavior
161(1)
7.3.2 Anuran mating vocalizations of Females
162(1)
7.4 Conclusions and Future Directions
162(1)
8 Final Conclusions
162(1)
Abbreviations
162(1)
References
162(9)
9 Hormones and Reproductive Cycles in Anuran Amphibians
1 Introduction
171(1)
2 Reproductive Strategies
172(1)
2.1 Seasonality
172(1)
2.2 Oviparity/Viviparity
172(1)
2.3 Oviposition/Nesting Site
172(1)
2.4 Mating Systems
173(1)
2.5 Clutch Size
173(1)
3 Male Reproductive Cycle
173(3)
3.1 Testicular Cycles
173(2)
3.2 Hormones
175(1)
4 Female Reproductive Cycle
176(2)
4.1 Ovarian Cycles
176(1)
4.2 Hormones
176(2)
5 Environmental Control
178(3)
5.1 Temperature
178(1)
5.2 Rainfall and Humidity
179(1)
5.3 Photoperiod
180(1)
5.4 Nutrition
180(1)
6 Bioregulatory Mechanisms (Molecular Machinery)
181(1)
7 Concluding Remarks
182(1)
Abbreviations
182(1)
References
183(4)
10 Hormones and Reproductive Patterns in Urodele and Gymnophionid Amphibians
1 Introduction
187(1)
2 Life-History Patterns in Urodele Amphibians
187(2)
2.1 Biphasic Life Cycle
188(1)
2.2 Paedomorphic Life Cycle
188(1)
2.3 Direct Development in Fully Terrestrial Species without a Larval Stage
189(1)
2.4 Viviparity
189(1)
3 Ecological Factors Affecting the timing of Reproduction
189(2)
3.1 Roles for Hormones in Reproduction of Urodeles
190(1)
3.2 Hormonal Regulation in Male Urodeles
190(1)
3.3 Hormonal Regulation in Female Urodeles
190(1)
3.4 Hormonal Control of Courtship and Mating in Urodeles
191(1)
4 Fertilization
191(1)
5 Representative Urodele Reproductive Cycles
192(4)
5.1 The Eastern Newt, Notophthalmus Viridescens
192(1)
5.2 Pacific Newts, Taricha species
193(1)
5.3 The Tiger Salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum
193(3)
6 Gymnophiona (Caecilians)
196(1)
7 Future Directions
197(1)
Acknowledgements
198(1)
Abbreviations
199(1)
References
199(4)
11 Endocrine Disruption of Reproduction in Amphibians
1 Introduction
203(1)
2 Sources of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs)
204(1)
3 Amphibians as Targets for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) and Other Emerging Contaminants (ECs)
204(1)
4 Amphibian Hormones Related to Metamorphosis and Reproduction
205(1)
5 Amphibians as Models for Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical (EDC) Studies
206(1)
6 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical (EDC) Effects in Amphibians
206(2)
7 Future Studies
208(1)
Abbreviations
208(1)
References
209(4)
Species Index 213(2)
Subject Index 215
David O. Norris is Professor Emeritus at the University of Colorado. He obtained his BS from the Baldwin-Wallace University and his PhD from the University of Washington. His broad research areas include environmental endocrinology and forensic botany. In the area of environmental endocrinology, his studies have focused on the neuroendocrine control of thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive functions with special interest in the role of environmental factors that alter the activities of these neuroendocrine systems. Kristin H. Lopez obtained her MA and PhD at the University of Colorado Boulder. Her research interests include morphological and physiological aspects of vertebrate reproduction and development, especially sex differentiation and ovarian function in reptiles and amphibians. She has enthusiastically supported the development of young scientists through teaching, textbook development, outreach, and programs to increase diverse representation in STEM.
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/97800809580882e.html