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E-grāmata: Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Volume 3: Reptiles

Edited by David O. Norris (Professor Emeritus, University of Colorado, USA), Edited by Kristin H. Lopez (University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado, USA)

Formāts: EPUB+DRM
Izdošanas datums: 04-May-2011
Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780080958071

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Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9780080958071

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This series of volumes represents a comprehensive and integrated treatment of reproduction in vertebrates from fishes of all sorts through mammals. It is designed to provide a readable, coordinated description of reproductive basics in each group of vertebrates as well as an introduction to the latest trends in reproductive research and our understanding of reproductive events. Whereas each chapter and each volume is intended to stand alone as a review of that topic or vertebrate group, respectively, the volumes are prepared so as to provide a thorough topical treatment across the vertebrates. Terminology has been standardized across the volumes to reduce confusion where multiple names exist in the literature, and a comprehensive glossary of these terms and their alternative names is provided.

* A complete, essential and up to date reference for research scientists working on vertebrate hormones and reproduction - and on animlals as models in human reproductive research.
* Covers the endocrinology, neuroendocrinology, physiology, behaviour and anatomy of vertebrate reproduction.
* Structured coverage of the major themes for all five vertebrate groups allows a consistent treatment for all.
* Special chapters elaborate on features specific to individual vertebrate groups and to comparative aspects, similarities and differences between them.

Papildus informācija

An essential, one-stop reference for endocrinologists and those studying the biology and control of vertebrate reproductive biology in reptiles

Series Preface

xiii

Volume Preface

List of Contributors

xvii

1 Sex Determination in Reptiles

1 Introduction

(1)

2 What Mechanisms Occur in Reptiles? Diversity of Sex-Determining Mechanisms (SDMs) and Patterns

(10)

2.1 Patterns of Genotypic Sex Determination

(6)

2.2 Patterns of Temperature-dependent Sex Determination

(2)

2.3 Sex-determining Mechanisms as a Dichotomy or a Continuum?

(2)

3 Who Exhibits Genotypic Sex Determination (GSD) and Temperature-dependent Sex Determination (TSD)? Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Distribution

(4)

3.1 Chelonian and Squamate Sex Determination

(3)

3.2 Transitions between Sex-determining Mechanisms (SDMs)

(1)

4 How is Sex Determined? Proximate Mechanisms

(4)

4.1 Gonadal Differentiation and Gene Expression

(2)

4.2 Physiological Mechanisms under Temperature-dependent Sex Determination (TSD)

(2)

5 When is Sex Determined? Timing of Embryonic Sexual Lability

(4)

5.1 Methods for Establishing the Thermosensitive Period (TSP)

(1)

5.2 Variation in the Thermosensitive Period (TSP) and its Ecological Implications

(3)

6 Why do Reptiles Exhibit a Diversity of Sex-determining Mechanisms (SDMS)? Ecology and Evolution

(6)

6.1 Ecological Relevance: Does Temperature-dependent Sex Determination (TSD) Occur in Nature?

(1)

6.2 Adaptive Significance of Sex-determining Mechanisms (SDMs)

(3)

6.3 Evolutionary Potential of Temperature-dependent Sex Determination (TSD)

(1)

6.4 Comments on the Coexistence of Temperature-dependent Sex Determination (TSD) and Sex Chromosomes

(1)

7 Where to go next: Future Research and Conclusions

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

Abbreviations

(1)

References

(8)

2 Neuroendocrinology of Reptilian Reproductive Behavior

1 Introduction

(1)

2 Behavioral Displays in Ecological Context

(3)

2.1 Anolis Lizards and the Ecology of Visual Reproductive Displays

(1)

2.2 Reproductive Communication in Other Reptilian Taxa

(1)

2.2.1 Differences between males and females

(1)

2.2.2 Variation within sexes: Alternative reproductive strategies

(1)

2.3 Summary

(1)

3 Hormonal Control of Reproductive Behaviors in Adulthood

(3)

3.1 Hormonal Control of Anole Reproduction

(1)

3.2 Hormonal Control in Species with Alternative Reproductive Strategies

(1)

3.3 Hormonal Control of Reproduction in Other Reptilian Taxa

(1)

3.4 Summary

(1)

4 Neural Control of Reproductive Behaviors

(4)

4.1 Neural and Muscular Control of Anole Reproduction

(3)

4.2 Neural Control of Whiptail Lizard Reproduction

(1)

4.3 Neural Control of Reproduction in Other Reptiles

(1)

4.4 Summary

(1)

5 Development of Reproductive Traits

(3)

5.1 Development of Sex Differences in Anoles and Whiptail Lizards

(1)

5.2 Development in Reptiles with Alternative Reproductive Morphs

(1)

5.3 Development in Reptiles with Temperature-dependent Sex Determination (TSD)

(1)

5.4 Summary

(1)

6 Adult Plasticity

(2)

6.1 Effects of Season and Hormone Manipulation in Anoles

(1)

6.2 Effects of Season and Hormone Manipulation in Other Reptiles

(1)

6.3 Summary

(1)

7 Conclusions and Future Directions

(1)

Abbreviations

(1)

References

(7)

3 Hormonal Regulation of Testicular Functions in Reptiles

1 Introduction

(2)

2 Testicular Structure

(4)

2.1 Tubular Compartment of the Testis

(1)

2.2 Interstitual Compartment

(2)

3 Testicular Functions

(7)

3.1 Spermatogenesis

(5)

3.2 Steroidogenesis

(2)

4 Regulation of Testicular Functions

(4)

4.1 Environmental Factors

(1)

4.2 Extratesticular Factors

(1)

4.2.1 Hypothalamic hormones

(1)

4.2.2 Pituitary hormones

(1)

4.2.3 Other hormones

(1)

4.3 Intratesticular Factors

(1)

4.3.1 Androgens

(1)

4.3.2 Estrogens

(1)

4.3.3 Other paracrine factors

(1)

4.3.3.1 Sertoli cell-secreted factors

(1)

4.3.3.2 Testicular macrophage-secreted factor

(1)

4.3.3.3 Histamine

(1)

4.3.3.4 Leyding cell-secreted factors

(1)

5 Regulation of Testicular Immune Functions

(1)

6 Maintenance of Male Accessory Sex Organs and Courtship Behavior

(1)

6.1 Accessory Sex Organs

(1)

6.2 Courtship Behavior

(1)

7 Conclusions

(2)

Abbreviations

(1)

References

(5)

4 Hormonal Regulation of Ovarian Function in Reptiles

1 Introduction

(3)

1.1 Ovarian Structure

(1)

1.2 Ovarian Development

(2)

1.2.1 Hormonal control of ovarian development

(1)

1.3 Major Ovarian Hormones

(1)

1.4 Hypophysial Regulation of Ovarian Function

(1)

2 Ovarian Steroids

(6)

2.1 Steroid Synthesis

(1)

2.2 Tissue Receptors

(1)

2.3 Steroid-binding Proteins in Plasma

(1)

2.4 Peripheral Metabolism of Steroids

(1)

3 Follicular Development

(6)

3.1 Recruitment

(1)

3.2 Follicular Development

(2)

3.2.1 Roles of hormones in recruitment and folliculogenesis

100

(1)

3.2.2 Determinants of clutch size

100

(1)

3.2.3 Follicular atresia

101

(1)

3.3 Vitellogenesis

101

(1)

3.3.1 Mechanisms of Vitellogenesis

102

(1)

3.3.2 Hormones and vitellogenesis

102

(2)

3.3.3 Yolk steroids

104

(1)

4 Ovulation

104

(2)

4.1 Mechanisms of Ovulation in Reptiles

104

(1)

4.2 Hormonal Control of Ovulation

105

(1)

4.3 Oocyte Maturation

105

(1)

5 The Post-ovulatory Ovary: The Corpus Luteum

106

(2)

5.1 Morphological Changes in the Reptilian Corpus Luteum

106

(1)

5.2 Steroid Production by the Corpus Luteum

107

(1)

5.3 Relaxin

107

(1)

5.4 Hormones and Luteolysis

108

(1)

6 Future Directions: Application of Reproductive Endocrinology to Conservation

108

(1)

Abbreviations

109

(1)

References

109

(8)

5 Hormones and the Sex Ducts and Sex Accessory Structures of Reptiles

1 Introduction

117

(1)

2 Oviparity

117

(1)

3 Reproductive Cycles and Sex Hormones

118

(1)

4 The Male

118

(9)

4.1 Efferent Ductules

118

(2)

4.2 Ductus Epididymis

120

(1)

4.3 Ductus Deferens

121

(1)

4.4 Reproductive Cycles and Hormonal Dependence

122

(1)

4.5 Epididymis

122

(3)

4.6 Renal Sex Segment

125

(1)

4.7 Femoral Glands

126

(1)

4.8 Unresolved Questions

126

(1)

5 The Female

127

(6)

5.1 Infundibulum

127

(1)

5.2 Uterine Tube

128

(2)

5.3 Isthmus

130

(1)

5.4 Uterus

130

(1)

5.5 Vagina

130

(1)

5.6 Reproductive Cycles and Hormonal Dependence

131

(1)

5.7 Oviduct

131

(1)

5.8 Oviposition

132

(1)

5.9 Unresolved Questions

132

(1)

6 Sperm Storage

133

(1)

6.1 Unresolved Questions

134

(1)

Abbreviations

134

(1)

References

135

(6)

6 Pheromones and Reproduction in Reptiles

1 Introduction

141

(1)

1.1 Pheromones of Vertebrates

141

(1)

1.2 Chemosensory Abilities of Reptiles: The Vomeronasal System

141

(1)

1.3 Pheromones and Reproduction in Reptiles

142

(1)

2 Testudines/Turtles

142

(2)

2.1 Testudinidae

143

(1)

2.2 Emydidae

143

(1)

2.3 Cheloniidae

144

(1)

3 Rhynchocephalia

144

(1)

4 Crocodilia

145

(1)

5 Squamata

145

(14)

5.1 Amphisbaenians

145

(1)

5.2 Lizards

146

(1)

5.2.1 Secretory glands and potential pheromones

146

(1)

5.2.1.1 Skin

146

(1)

5.2.1.2 Femoral, precloacal, and preanal glands

146

(2)

5.2.1.2.1 Iguania

148

(1)

5.2.1.2.2 Scleroglossa

148

(1)

5.2.1.3 Cloacal and urodeal glands

149

(1)

5.2.1.4 Feces

149

(1)

5.2.2 Chemosensory recognition

150

(1)

5.2.2.1 Sex and individual recognition

150

(2)

5.2.2.2 Trailing

152

(1)

5.2.2.3 Kin recognition

152

(1)

5.2.3 Evolution of pheromonal mate choice

152

(2)

5.2.3.1 Evolutionary mechanisms

154

(1)

5.2.4 Evolution of male social dominance based on pheromones

155

(2)

5.3 Snakes

157

(1)

5.3.1 Secretory glands and potential pheromones

157

(1)

5.3.1.1 Skin

157

(1)

5.3.1.2 Cloacal scent glands

157

(1)

5.3.1.3 Nasal glands

157

(1)

5.3.2 Chemosensory recognition

158

(1)

5.3.2.1 Sex discrimination and trailing

158

(1)

5.3.2.2 Mate assessment

158

(1)

5.3.2.3 Pheromonal female mimicry

159

(1)

6 Suggestions for Future Research

159

(2)

Acknowledgments

161

(1)

Abbreviations

161

(1)

References

161

(8)

7 Stress and Reproduction in Reptiles

1 Introduction

169

(3)

1.1 Objectives

169

(1)

1.2 Definitions

169

(2)

1.3 Importance of Studying Reptiles

171

(1)

1.4 Relationship of Stress to Reproduction in Reptilian Life Histories

171

(1)

2 Mechanisms Mediating Stress Response

172

(3)

2.1 Brain

172

(1)

2.2 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis

173

(1)

2.3 Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis

174

(1)

3 Effects of Stress on Reproductive Function

175

(13)

3.1 Neurotransmitters

175

(1)

3.2 Reproductive Hormones

175

(4)

3.3 Gonads

179

(1)

3.3.1 Ovarian function

179

(3)

3.3.2 Testicular function

182

(1)

3.4 Behavior

183

(5)

4 Seasonal Changes in Circulating Corticosterone (CORT) Levels

188

(4)

4.1 Baseline and Stress Levels

188

(1)

4.2 Pre-breeding, Breeding, and Post-breeding periods

188

(4)

5 Modulation of Stress Response During Reproduction

192

(6)

5.1 Evidence

192

(5)

5.2 Mechanisms

197

(1)

6 Fitness Effects of Stress During Reproduction

198

(4)

6.1 Adults

198

(1)

6.2 Mothers and Offspring

199

(1)

6.3 Offspring

200

(2)

7 Conclusions and Research Directions

202

(2)

7.1 Conclusions

202

(1)

7.2 Future Research Directions

203

(1)

Abbreviations

204

(1)

References

204

(11)

8 Hormones and Behavior of Reptiles

1 Introduction

215

(8)

1.1 Organization and Other Developmental Effects of Reptilian Hormones on Behavior

216

(4)

1.2 Endocrine Effects on Behavior in Viviparous Species

220

(1)

1.3 Activational Events

221

(1)

1.4 Endocrine Network Theory and the Regulation of Behaviors

222

(1)

2 The Form of Natural, Sexual, and Social Selection

223

(10)

2.1 Hormone Modulation of Male Reproductive Behaviors

227

(1)

2.2 Sexual Selection, Life History, and Correlated Selection---Hormones, Behavior, and Fitness

227

(1)

2.3 Testosterone (T) and Signals---Colors and Badges

228

(1)

2.4 Aggression and Territoriality

228

(2)

2.5 Testosterone (T) and Courtship/Copulations

230

(1)

2.6 Integration---Hormones, Performance, Behavior, and Fitness

230

(1)

2.7 Modulation of Aggressive and Courtship Behavior: Arginine Vasotocin (AVT)

230

(3)

2.8 Interactions with CNS Neuroendocrine Hormones

233

(1)

2.9 Parental Care---Crocodilians as Model Organisms

233

(1)

3 Social Networks and Endocrine Networks

233

(7)

3.1 Social Groups, Monogamy, Filiative Behaviors, and the Suppression of `Aggression'

236

(1)

3.2 The Potential Role of Prolactin as the Master Regulator of Reptilian Behaviors

237

(3)

Abbreviations

240

(1)

References

240

(7)

9 Viviparity in Reptiles: Evolution and Reproductive Endocrinology

1 Introduction

247

(1)

2 Defining Reproductive Mode

247

(1)

3 Evolution of Viviparity within Squamates

248

(1)

4 Selective Forces for the Evolution of Viviparity

248

(2)

5 Reproductive Morphology and Physiology: Requirements or Refinements of Viviparity?

250

(1)

6 Egg Retention and the Lengthening of Gestation

250

(5)

7 The Reduction of the Eggshell

255

(4)

8 Emergence of the Placenta

259

(3)

9 Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy

262

(2)

10 Conclusions

264

(1)

11 Research Questions & Future Directions

265

(3)

Abbreviations

268

(1)

References

268

(9)

10 Hormones and Reproductive Cycles in Turtles

1 Introduction

277

(1)

2 Methodologies

278

(2)

2.1 Gonadal Cycles

278

(2)

2.2 Hormonal Cycles

280

(1)

3 Different Types of Cycles and Timing of Reproduction in Turtles

280

(5)

3.1 Cyclicity

280

(1)

3.1.1 Prenuptial and postnuptial reproductive cycles

280

(1)

3.1.2 Sexual maturation

281

(1)

3.1.3 Nesting cyclicity

282

(3)

3.1.4 Variation in the number of clutches

285

(1)

3.2 Timing of Reproduction

285

(1)

4 Hormonal and Gonadal Reproductive Cycles

285

(11)

4.1 Cryptodira

285

(1)

4.1.1 Freshwater turtles

285

(3)

4.1.2 Sea turtles

288

(2)

4.1.3 Terrestrial turtles (tortoises)

290

(3)

4.2 Pleurodira

293

(1)

4.2.1 Chelidae

293

(2)

4.2.2 Podocnemididae

295

(1)

4.2.3 Pelomedusidae

295

(1)

5 Other Hormonal Cycles

296

(2)

5.1 Metabolic and Stress Hormones

296

(1)

5.1.1 Thyroid hormones and their possible role in reproduction

296

(1)

5.1.2 Corticosterone (CORT)

297

(1)

5.1.3 Catecholamines

297

(1)

5.2 Pineal Hormones and Annual Cycles

297

(1)

6 Conclusions

298

(1)

Abbreviations

299

(1)

References

299

(6)

11 Hormones and Reproductive Cycles in Crocodilians

1 Introduction

305

(1)

2 Development

306

(3)

2.1 Sexual Differentiation

307

(1)

2.1.1 Gonadal development

307

(1)

2.1.2 Secondary sex characteristics

308

(1)

2.2 Juvenile Growth and Peripubertal Seasonality

309

(1)

3 Reproductive Cycles

309

(6)

3.1 Seasonality

309

(2)

3.2 Male Reproductive Cycles

311

(1)

3.3 Female Reproductive Cycles

312

(1)

3.3.1 Vitellogenesis and oocyte maturation

312

(1)

3.3.2 Ovulation, gravidity, and oviposition

312

(3)

4 Current and Future Research Directions

315

(1)

4.1 Molecular Endocrinology in Crocodilians

315

(1)

4.1.1 Steroidogenesis and steroid metabolism

315

(1)

4.1.2 Peptide hormones and hormone receptors

315

(1)

4.2 Research Gaps

316

(1)

Abbreviations

316

(1)

References

316

(5)

12 Hormones and Reproductive Cycles in Lizards

1 Introduction

321

(5)

1.1 Why Study Lizards?

321

(1)

1.1.1 Practical considerations

321

(1)

1.1.2 Evolutionary considerations

322

(3)

1.1.3 Environmental and conservation considerations

325

(1)

1.2 Overview for Remainder of
Chapter

326

(1)

2 Reproductive Cycles

326

(17)

2.1 Seasonality of Reproduction

326

(2)

2.2 Types of Reproductive Cycle

328

(2)

2.3 Endocrine Regulation

330

(1)

2.3.1 Overview of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis regulation of reproductive cycles

330

(1)

2.3.1.1 Iguanidae

331

(4)

2.3.1.2 Amphisbaenidae, Trogonophidae, Bipedidae, Blanidae, Cadeidae, and Rhineuridae

335

(1)

2.3.1.3 Lacertidae

335

(1)

2.3.1.4 Teiidae

336

(1)

2.3.1.5 Gymnophthalmidae

336

(1)

2.3.1.6 Anguidae, Anniellidae, and Diploglossidae

336

(1)

2.3.1.7 Helodermatidae

337

(1)

2.3.1.8 Xenosauridae

337

(1)

2.3.1.9 Lanthanotidae

337

(1)

2.3.1.10 Varanidae

337

(1)

2.3.1.11 Shinisauridae

337

(1)

2.3.1.12 Chamaeleonidae

338

(1)

2.3.1.13 Agamidae

338

(1)

2.3.1.14 Scincidae

339

(1)

2.3.1.15 Xantusiidae

340

(1)

2.3.1.16 Gerrhosauridae

340

(1)

2.3.1.17 Cordylidae

340

(1)

2.3.1.18 Sphaerodactylidae, Gekkonnidae, Phyllodactylidae, Eublepharidae, Diplodactylidae, Carphodactylidae, Pygopodidae

340

(1)

2.3.1.19 Dibamidae

341

(1)

2.3.2 Other aspects of endocrine regulation of reproductive cycles

341

(1)

2.3.2.1 Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

341

(1)

2.3.2.2 Endogenous rhythms

342

(1)

3 Conclusions and Future Directions

343

(1)

Abbreviations

344

(1)

References

344

(11)

13 Hormones and Reproductive Cycles in Snakes

1 Introduction

355

(1)

2 Hormones and Reproductive Cycles in Snakes

356

(6)

2.1 Steroids and Reproduction in Snakes other than Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis

357

(1)

2.1.1 Females

357

(1)

2.1.2 Males

358

(1)

2.2 Steroids and Reproduction in Red-sided Garter Snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis)

359

(1)

2.2.1 Females

359

(1)

2.2.2 Males

359

(1)

2.3 Hypothalamic Hormones, Gonadotropins, Hormone Receptors, and Binding Globulins in Snakes

360

(1)

2.4 The Neuroendocrinology of Reproduction in Snakes

361

(1)

3 Influences on the Reproductive Cycle

362

(3)

3.1 Environmental Influences

362

(2)

3.2 Social Influences

364

(1)

3.3 Physiological Influences

364

(1)

3.4 Embryonic Influences

365

(1)

4 Future Directions to Augment Existing Knowledge

365

(2)

Acknowledgments

367

(1)

Abbreviations

367

(1)

References

367

(6)

14 Endocrine Disruption of Reproduction in Reptiles

1 Introduction

373

(3)

2 Reptiles as Models of EDC Exposure

376

(1)

3 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) and Reptilian Reproduction

376

(10)

3.1 Tissue Concentrations of Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) in Reptiles

377

(1)

3.2 Sex Steroid Hormone Alterations

378

(4)

3.3 Reproductive Organ Abnormalities

382

(2)

3.4 Sex Determination

384

(2)

4 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) and Reptilian Thyroid Function

386

(4)

4.1 Hatching and Neonatal Growth

386

(1)

4.2 Growth, Metabolism, and Effects on Reproduction

387

(2)

4.3 Thyroidal-Gonadal Axes and Effects on Reproduction

389

(1)

5 Conclusions

390

(1)

Abbreviations

390

(1)

References

391

(6)

Species Index

397

(4)

Subject Index

401

(1)

Color Plates

401

David O. Norris is Professor Emeritus at the University of Colorado. He obtained his BS from the Baldwin-Wallace University and his PhD from the University of Washington. His broad research areas include environmental endocrinology and forensic botany. In the area of environmental endocrinology, his studies have focused on the neuroendocrine control of thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive functions with special interest in the role of environmental factors that alter the activities of these neuroendocrine systems. Kristin H. Lopez obtained her MA and PhD at the University of Colorado Boulder. Her research interests include morphological and physiological aspects of vertebrate reproduction and development, especially sex differentiation and ovarian function in reptiles and amphibians. She has enthusiastically supported the development of young scientists through teaching, textbook development, outreach, and programs to increase diverse representation in STEM.

Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām

Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/97800809580716e.html

E-grāmata: Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Volume 3: Reptiles

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