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E-grāmata: Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Volume 5: Mammals

Edited by (Professor Emeritus, University of Colorado, USA), Edited by (University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado, USA)
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 04-May-2011
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080958040
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Hormones and Reproduction of Vertebrates, Volume 5: MammalsPalielināt
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 04-May-2011
  • Izdevniecība: Academic Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780080958040
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This series of volumes represents a comprehensive and integrated treatment of reproduction in vertebrates from fishes of all sorts through mammals. It is designed to provide a readable, coordinated description of reproductive basics in each group of vertebrates as well as an introduction to the latest trends in reproductive research and our understanding of reproductive events. Whereas each chapter and each volume is intended to stand alone as a review of that topic or vertebrate group, respectively, the volumes are prepared so as to provide a thorough topical treatment across the vertebrates. Terminology has been standardized across the volumes to reduce confusion where multiple names exist in the literature, and a comprehensive glossary of these terms and their alternative names is provided.

* A complete, essential and up to date reference for research scientists working on vertebrate hormones and reproduction - and on animlals as models in human reproductive research.
* Covers the endocrinology, neuroendocrinology, physiology, behaviour and anatomy of vertebrate reproduction.
* Structured coverage of the major themes for all five vertebrate groups allows a consistent treatment for all.
* Special chapters elaborate on features specific to individual vertebrate groups and to comparative aspects, similarities and differences between them.


Papildus informācija

An essential, one-stop reference for endocrinologists and those studying the biology and control of vertebrate reproductive biology in mammals
Series Preface xv
Volume Preface xvii
Contributors xix
1 Sexual Differentiation of the Mammalian Brain
1(24)
1 Introduction
1(1)
2 Historical Overview
2(1)
2.1 Phoenix, Goy, Gerall, and Young: 1959
2(1)
2.2 Modern Views---Where Science and Society Collide
2(1)
3 The Organizational/Activational Hypothesis of Sexual Differentiation
3(7)
3.1 Basic Principles of Hormone Action
3(2)
3.2 Sensitive Periods
5(1)
3.3 The Role of Aromatization
5(1)
3.4 Masculinization, Feminization, and Defeminization
6(1)
3.5 Brain vs. Behavior
6(2)
3.6 Challenges to the Dogma
8(2)
4 Advances in Mechanisms
10(6)
4.1 Cell Birth and Cell Death
10(1)
4.2 Old Players with New Roles
11(1)
4.3 New Players with Old Roles
12(2)
4.4 The Need for and Consequences of Cell-to-cell Communication
14(2)
5 Summary and Future Directions
16(9)
References
17(8)
2 Neuroendocrine Control of Gonadotropins in Mammals
25(20)
1 Introduction to Gonadotropins
25(2)
1.1 The Discovery of Hypothalamic Releasing Factors
25(1)
1.2 The Organization of the Mammalian Pituitary Gland
26(1)
2 Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)
27(7)
2.1 The Development of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) Neurons: Cell Fate Specification
28(1)
2.2 Development of Gonadotrophin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) Neurons: Neuronal Migration
29(1)
2.3 Development of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) Neurons: Axonal Targeting
30(1)
2.4 Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) Neurons are Anatomically Unique
30(1)
2.5 Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) is Structurally Conserved
31(2)
2.6 Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) Release is Pulsatile
33(1)
3 Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) Receptors
34(3)
3.1 Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) Receptor Regulation in Gonadotropes
35(1)
3.2 GnRH-I Receptor Signaling Pathways
36(1)
3.3 Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) Pulsatility Differentially Regulates Gonadotropins (GTHs)
36(1)
4 Conclusions
37(8)
References
38(7)
3 Endocrine and Paracrine Regulation of Mammalian Spermatogenesis
45(14)
1 Overview of Spermatogenesis
45(1)
2 Regulation of Stem Spermatogonia Via Growth Factors and Paracrine Interactions
46(3)
2.1 Characteristics of Stem Spermatogonia
46(1)
2.2 Replication and Differentiation of Stem Spermatogonia in their Niche
46(1)
2.3 Glial-derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) and Other Growth Factors in the Stem Spermatogonia Niche
47(1)
2.4 Regulation of Sertoli Cell Function by Differentiated Spermatogenetic Cells and the Implications of this Regulation for the function of the Stem Spermatogonial Niche
48(1)
3 Endocrine Regulation of Spermatogenesis
49(3)
3.1 Leydig Cells and Testosterone (T) Production
49(1)
3.2 Mechanism(s) by which Testosterone (T) Acts to Drive Spermatogenesis: The Role of Androgen Receptors (ARs)
49(1)
3.3 Androgen Receptor (AR) Expression is Stage-specific and Specific Stages of Spermatogenesis are Androgen-dependent
50(1)
3.4 Testosterone (T) and Spermatogenesis
51(1)
3.5 Male Hormonal Contraception
52(1)
3.6 Male Infertility
52(1)
4 Future Directions
52(7)
Acknowledgments
53(1)
References
53(6)
4 The Endocrinology of the Mammalian Ovary
59(14)
1 Introduction
59(1)
2 Embryogenesis of the Ovary
59(4)
2.1 Oogenesis
60(1)
2.2 Folliculogenesis
60(2)
2.2.1 Ovarian steroidogenesis
62(1)
2.3 Puberty
63(1)
3 The Ovarian Cycle
63(3)
3.1 The Follicular Phase of the Ovarian Cycle
64(1)
3.2 Ovulation
64(1)
3.3 The Luteal Phase of the Ovarian Cycle
65(1)
4 Ovarian Lifespan and Reproductive Aging
66(1)
5 Ovarian Events and Reproductive Cycles of Selected Mammals
66(3)
5.1 The Four-day-cycling Rat
67(1)
5.2 The Ewe
67(1)
5.3 Women
68(1)
5.4 The Elephant
69(1)
6 Future Research Needs
69(4)
References
70(3)
5 Hormones and Pregnancy in Eutherian Mammals
73(22)
1 Introduction
73(4)
1.1 Corpus Luteum (CL) Formation and Regression
73(1)
1.2 Pregnancy Recognition Signals for Maintenance of the Corpus Luteum (CL)
74(1)
1.3 Luteinzing Hormone (LH), Chorionic Gonadotropin (CG), and their Receptor (LHCGR)
74(1)
1.4 Progestrone (P4) and Progesterone Receptors (PRs)
75(1)
1.5 Relaxin (RLX)
76(1)
1.6 Chorionic Somatomammotropin Hormone (CSH1)
77(1)
2 The Menstrual Cycle, Luteolysis, and Pregnancy in Primates (Homo Sapiens and Macaca Mulatta)
77(4)
2.1 The Menstrual Cycle
77(1)
2.2 Pregnancy
77(4)
3 Estrous Cycles, Luteolysis, Pseudopregnancy, Delayed Implantation, and Pregnancy in Subprimate Mammals
81(9)
3.1 Rodents: Rat (Rattus norvegicus), Mouse (Mus musculus), Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)
81(1)
3.1.1 The estrous cycle and luteolysis
81(1)
3.1.2 Pseudopregnancy and pregnancy
81(1)
3.1.3 Rodent decidual prolactin (PRL)-like proteins and placental lactogens
82(1)
3.2 Ruminants
82(1)
3.2.1 The estrous cycle and luteolysis
82(1)
3.2.2 Pregnancy
83(1)
3.2.3 Cows
84(1)
3.2.4 Goats
84(1)
3.2.5 Sheep
84(1)
3.3 Swine (Sus domestica)
84(1)
3.3.1 The estrous cycle and luteolysis
84(1)
3.3.2 Pregnancy
85(2)
3.4 Horses (Equus ferus caballus)
87(1)
3.4.1 The estrous cycle and luteolysis
87(1)
3.4.2 Pregnancy
87(1)
3.5 Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
87(1)
3.5.1 The ovarian cycle and estrus
87(1)
3.5.2 Pregnancy
88(1)
3.6 Domestic Cats (Felis catus)
89(1)
3.6.1 The estrous cycle
89(1)
3.6.2 Pregnancy
89(1)
3.7 Domestic Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)
90(1)
3.7.1 The ovarian cycle and estrus
90(1)
3.7.2 Pregnancy
90(1)
4 Summary and Conclusions
90(1)
5 Future Research
91(4)
References
92(3)
6 The Comparative Physiology of Parturition in Mammals: Hormones and Parturition in Mammals
95(22)
1 Introduction
95(2)
2 What Determines Gestation Length?
97(3)
3 How are Fetal Maturation and Parturition Synchronized?
100(1)
4 How Does the Fetus Signal the Initiation of Labor?
101(3)
4.1 A More Complicated Case: The Corpus Luteum-dependent Species
101(1)
4.2 The Role of the Fetal Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) Axis in the Initiation of Parturition
102(2)
4.3 Signals from the Fetal Lungs
104(1)
5 How are the Uterotonic Mechanisms Activated?
104(7)
5.1 The Sex Steroids: Progesterone (P4) and Estrogens
104(4)
5.2 Inflammatory Mediators: Prostaglandins (PGs) and Cytokines
108(2)
5.3 Oxytocin (OXY)
110(1)
5.4 Electrical Conductivity of the Myometrium
110(1)
6 Conclusions
111(6)
References
112(5)
7 Stress and Reproduction in Mammals
117(22)
1 Introduction
117(2)
2 Effects of Food Restriction
119(2)
3 Effects of Stress on Immunity and Reproduction
121(3)
4 Effects of Other Stressors
124(2)
4.1 Females
124(1)
4.2 Males
125(1)
5 Role of HPA Activation (Glucocorticoids and CRH)
126(2)
6 Implications for Wildlife
128(1)
7 Conclusions
129(10)
Acknowledgements
130(1)
References
130(9)
8 Behavioral Neuroendocrinology of Reproduction in Mammals
139(36)
1 Introduction
139(1)
2 Description of Male and Female Sexual Behavior (MSB/FSB)
139(2)
3 The Role of Gonadal Steroids in Sexual Behavior
141(1)
4 Neural Circuitry Regulating Sexual Behavior
142(2)
4.1 Chemosensory Inputs to Male Sexual Behavior (MSB)
142(1)
4.2 Neural Circuitry Regulating Lordosis
142(2)
5 Steroid Receptors and Sexual Behavior
144(2)
5.1 Males
144(1)
5.2 Females
145(1)
6 Ligand-independent Activation of Steroid Receptors
146(1)
7 Relevant Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides
147(5)
7.1 Females
147(1)
7.1.1 Norepinephrine (NE)
148(1)
7.1.2 Acetylcholine (ACh)
149(1)
7.1.3 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
149(1)
7.1.4 Opiates
149(1)
7.2 Neurotransmitters that Act in Both Sexes
149(1)
7.2.1 Dopamine (DA)
150(1)
7.2.2 Serotonin (5-HT)
150(1)
7.2.3 Oxytocin (OXY)
151(1)
7.2.4 α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH, or melanotropin)
152(1)
8 Gonad-independent Sexual Behavior
152(1)
9 Genetics of Sexual Behavior
153(3)
10 Neuroendocrinology of Human Sexual Behavior
156(2)
10.1 Men
156(1)
10.2 Women
157(1)
11 Summary
158(17)
References
159(16)
9 Pheromones and Reproduction in Mammals
175(20)
1 Introduction
175(1)
1.1 Scope
175(1)
1.2 Pheromones
175(1)
1.3 Chemosensory Systems
176(1)
1.4 Organization
176(1)
2 Social Odors and Physiology
176(5)
2.1 Responses by Females
176(1)
2.1.1 Puberty acceleration
176(1)
2.1.2 Puberty delay
177(1)
2.1.3 Inhibition of ovarian cyclicity
178(1)
2.1.4 Facilitation of ovarian cyclicity
178(1)
2.1.5 Ovarian synchrony
179(1)
2.1.6 Pregnancy blockage
179(1)
2.2 Responses by Males
180(1)
2.2.1 Reproductive development
180(1)
2.2.2 Sperm allocation
180(1)
2.2.3 Hormone release
180(1)
3 Social Odors and Behavior
181(3)
3.1 Responses by Females
181(1)
3.1.1 Attraction and investigation
181(1)
3.1.2 Scent marking
182(1)
3.2 Responses by Males
182(1)
3.2.1 Attraction and investigation
182(1)
3.2.2 Vocalizations
183(1)
3.3 Copulatory Behavior
184(1)
4 Conclusions
184(11)
References
186(9)
10 Reproductive Endocrinology of Prototherians and Metatherians
195(20)
1 The Prototherians and Metatherians: The `Other' Mammals
195(1)
1.1 The Prototherians: Monotremes
195(1)
1.2 Metatherians: Marsupials
196(1)
2 Endocrine Control of Sexual Differentiation in Monotremes and Marsupials
196(1)
2.1 Monotremes
196(1)
2.2 Marsupials
196(1)
3 The Ovarian Cycle in Monotremes and Marsupials
197(4)
3.1 Monotremes
197(1)
3.2 Marsupials
197(2)
3.2.1 Type 1: Short gestation, long luteal phase
199(1)
3.2.2 Type 2: Short gestation, prolonged luteal phase
199(1)
3.2.3 Type 3: Long gestation, delayed luteal phase
199(2)
4 Control of Ovarian Cycles in Monotremes and Marsupials
201(1)
4.1 Monotremes
201(1)
4.2 Marsupials
201(1)
5 Hormonal Regulation of Birth in Monotremes and Marsupials
202(1)
5.1 Monotremes
202(1)
5.2 Marsupials
202(1)
6 Embryonic Diapause and Gestational Developmental Arrest
203(1)
6.1 Embryonic Diapause
203(1)
6.2 Gestational Developmental Arrest
203(1)
7 Regulation of the Testicular Cycle in Monotremes and Marsupials
204(4)
7.1 Monotremes
204(1)
7.2 Marsupials
204(1)
7.2.1 Type 1: Seasonal reproductive cycle followed by complete spermatogenetic collapse
204(3)
7.2.2 Type 2: Seasonal reproductive cycle with testicular involution
207(1)
7.2.3 Type 3: Seasonal reproductive cycle with continuous spermatogenetic activity
207(1)
8 Control of Testicular Function in Monotremes and Marsupials
208(1)
8.1 Monotremes
208(1)
8.2 Marsupials
208(1)
9 Summary and Conclusions
208(7)
References
208(7)
11 Hormones and Reproductive Cycles in Rodents
215(26)
1 Introduction
215(1)
2 Food Availability
215(2)
2.1 Neuroendocrine Mechanisms Regulating the Reproductive Response to Food Availability
216(1)
2.1.1 Developmental effects of food availability
217(1)
2.1.2 Hibernation
217(1)
3 Photoperiod
217(5)
3.1 Seasonal Breeding
217(1)
3.2 Neural Mechanisms for Photoperiodic Information
218(1)
3.3 Kisspeptin
219(1)
3.4 RFamide-related Peptide (RFRP)
219(1)
3.5 Thyroid Hormones
219(1)
3.6 Pubertal Timing
220(1)
3.7 Intraspecies Variation in Photoperiod Responsiveness
220(1)
3.8 Spontaneous Recrudescence
221(1)
3.9 Female Reproduction and Sex Differences in Response to Photoperiod
221(1)
3.10 Unmasking Techniques and Non-photoresponsive Species
221(1)
4 Water Availability
222(1)
5 Temperature
223(1)
6 Social Cues
223(7)
6.1 Reproductive Suppression in Social Mole-rats
223(1)
6.1.1 Naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber)
224(1)
6.1.2 Damaraland mole-rats (Cryptomys damarensis)
224(1)
6.1.3 Mashona mole-rats (Cryptomys darlingi)
225(1)
6.1.4 Ansells mole-rats (Fukomys anselli)
225(1)
6.1.5 Common mole-rats (Cryptomys hottentotus hottentotus)
225(1)
6.1.6 Highveld mole-rats (Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae)
226(1)
6.2 Reproductive Suppression in Solitary Mole-rats
226(1)
6.2.1 Cape dune mole-rats (Bathyergus suillus)
226(1)
6.2.2 Cape mole-rats (Georychus capensis)
226(1)
6.3 Reproductive Suppression and Kin Recognition in Other Rodent Species
226(1)
6.3.1 Cactus mice (Peromyscus eremicus)
226(1)
6.3.2 Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)
226(1)
6.3.3 Pine voles (Microtus pinetorum)
227(1)
6.3.4 Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)
227(1)
6.3.5 Alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) and field studies of other species
227(1)
6.4 Spontaneous vs. Induced (Reflex) Ovulators
227(1)
6.5 Postpartum and Lactational Estrus
228(2)
7 Small Rodent Population Cycles
230(1)
8 Other Ecological Factors Affecting Reproduction
230(1)
8.1 Personality and Individual Differences
230(1)
8.2 Parasite Load
230(1)
8.3 Compounds Available in Green Plants
230(1)
9 Conclusions
230(11)
9.1 Species Differences
230(1)
9.2 Sex Differences
231(1)
9.3 Individual Differences
231(1)
9.4 Field vs. Laboratory Studies
231(1)
References
231(10)
12 Hormones and Reproductive Cycles in Bats
241(50)
1 Introduction
241(1)
1.1 The Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) Axis in Bats
241(1)
2 Bat Reproductive Cycles
242(2)
2.1 Patterns of Reproductive Cycles
242(1)
2.1.1 Reproduction in temperate-zone bats
242(1)
2.1.1.1 Reproductive pattern type I
242(1)
2.1.1.2 Reproductive pattern type II
242(1)
2.1.2 Reproduction in tropical bats
243(1)
2.1.2.1 Seasonal monoestry
243(1)
2.1.2.2 Bimodal polyestry
244(1)
2.1.2.3 Seasonal polyestry
244(1)
2.1.2.4 Aseasonal polyestry
244(1)
3 Reproductive Delays in Bats
244(5)
3.1 Delayed Ovulation
244(1)
3.2 Delayed Fertilization
245(2)
3.3 Delayed Implantation
247(1)
3.4 Delayed Development
248(1)
4 Hormones and Reproduction in Bats
249(4)
4.1 Hypothalamic Regulation of Pituitary Function
250(1)
4.2 Seasonal Dynamics of the Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) Neuronal System
250(1)
4.3 Gonadotropins
251(2)
4.4 Prolactin (PRL)
253(1)
5 Hormones and Reproduction in Male Bats
253(4)
5.1 Reproductive Patterns in Male Bats
254(1)
5.1.1 Temperate-zone male bats
254(1)
5.1.1.1 Reproductive pattern subtype I
254(1)
5.1.1.2 Reproductive pattern subtype II
254(1)
5.1.2 Tropical/subtropical-zone bats
254(1)
5.1.2.1 Single restricted seasonal breeding (seasonal monoestry in females)
255(1)
5.1.2.2 Single extended seasonal breeding
255(1)
5.1.2.3 Single extended asynchronized breeding
255(1)
5.1.2.4 Single seasonal breeding with sperm stored throughout the year
255(1)
5.1.2.5 Seasonal bimodal breeding
255(1)
5.1.2.6 Seasonal bimodal breeding with sperm stored throughout the year
255(1)
5.1.2.7 Multiple seasonal breeding (seasonal female polyestry)
255(1)
5.1.2.8 Continuous breeding throughout the year (aseasonal polyestry)
255(1)
5.2 Morphological Changes in Male Reproductive Tissue
255(1)
5.3 Spermatogenesis and its Regulation
256(1)
5.4 Hormonal Changes in Males
257(1)
6 Hormones and Reproduction of Female Bats
257(9)
6.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive Tract
259(1)
6.1.1 Reproductive asymmetry
259(1)
6.1.1.1 Alternating dominance
259(1)
6.1.1.2 Dextral dominance
259(1)
6.1.1.3 Sinistral dominance
260(1)
6.1.1.4 Contralateral dominance
260(1)
6.1.1.5 Symmetric dominance
260(1)
6.1.2 Unilateral endometrial involvement
260(1)
6.1.3 Menstruation
261(1)
6.2 Ovarian Morphology
261(1)
6.2.1 Follicular development
261(1)
6.2.1.1 Pattern I: Prolonged survival of Graafian follicles
261(1)
6.2.1.2 Pattern II: Unilateral follicular development and ovulation
262(1)
6.3 Ovarian Steroidogenesis and Peripheral Hormone Concentrations
262(2)
6.4 The Corpus Luteum (CL)
264(1)
6.5 Induced Ovulation
265(1)
7 Environmental Factors and Additional Hormones Affecting Reproduction in Bats
266(9)
7.1 The Roles of Hibernation, Fat Accumulation, and Leptin
266(2)
7.2 Environmental Factors Regulating Reproduction
268(3)
7.3 Non-Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) Hormones Affecting Reproduction in Bats
271(1)
7.3.1 The pineal gland
271(1)
7.3.2 The thyroid
272(1)
7.3.3 The adrenal cortex
273(2)
7.3.4 The pancreas
275(1)
8 Conclusions and Future Directions
275(16)
References
277(14)
13 Hormones and Reproductive Cycles in Primates
291(38)
1 Overview of the Primates
291(1)
2 Testicular Function and its Neuroendocrine Control
291(7)
2.1 The Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) Axis and Androgen Secretion in Males
292(1)
2.2 Spermatogenesis
293(5)
3 Ovarian Function and its Neuroendocrine Control
298(6)
3.1 Overview
298(1)
3.2 Cyclical Changes in the Ovaries
299(1)
3.2.1 Folliculogenesis
299(2)
3.2.2 Ovulation
301(1)
3.2.3 Corpus luteum formation, function, and regression
301(1)
3.3 Cyclical Changes in the Uterus
301(2)
3.4 Cyclical Changes in the Oviducts
303(1)
3.5 Cyclical Changes in the Cervix
303(1)
3.6 Cyclical Changes in the Vagina
303(1)
3.7 Cyclical Changes in the External Genitalia and Sexual Skin
303(1)
3.8 Neuroendocrine Control of the Ovarian Cycle
304(1)
4 Puberty
304(3)
4.1 Adrenarche
304(1)
4.2 Gonadarche
305(1)
4.3 Neural Control of Gonadarche
305(1)
4.4 Timing of Puberty
306(1)
5 Pregnancy
307(3)
5.1 Overview
307(1)
5.2 Steroids
308(1)
5.3 Chorionic Gonadotropin (CG)
308(1)
5.4 Chorionic Somatomammotropins (CSs)
309(1)
5.5 Corticotropin-releasing Hormone (CRH)
309(1)
5.6 Leptin
309(1)
6 Lactation
310(1)
7 Reproductive Aging
310(1)
8 Sexual Behavior
311(2)
8.1 Description
311(1)
8.2 Hormonal Influences on Sexual Behavior
312(1)
9 Environmental Influences on Reproduction
313(5)
9.1 Reproductive Seasonality
313(1)
9.2 Social Influences on Reproduction
314(1)
9.2.1 Males
314(1)
9.2.1.1 Social influences on reproductive maturation in males
314(1)
9.2.1.2 Social influences on reproduction in adult males
315(1)
9.2.2 Females
315(1)
9.2.2.1 Social influences on reproductive maturation in females
315(1)
9.2.2.2 Social influences on reproduction in adult females
316(1)
9.3 Energetics of Reproduction
316(1)
9.3.1 Introduction
316(1)
9.3.2 Energetics of hypothalamic-pituitary function
317(1)
9.3.3 Energetics of gonadal function
317(1)
9.3.4 Energetics of pregnancy
317(1)
9.3.5 Energetics of lactation
318(1)
10 Conclusions and Future Directions
318(11)
References
319(10)
14 Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) in Mammals
329(44)
1 Introduction
329(2)
2 Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals that Affect Reproduction
331(6)
3 Mechanisms of Endocrine-disrupting Chemical (EDC) Action
337(4)
3.1 Binding to Members of the Nuclear Receptor Superfamily
337(1)
3.1.1 Genomic estrogen receptors (ERs)
338(1)
3.1.2 Nongenomic actions of estrogens
338(1)
3.1.3 The androgen receptor (AR)
338(1)
3.1.4 Progesterone receptors (PRs)
339(1)
3.1.5 Glucocorticoid receptor (GR)
339(1)
3.1.6 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)
339(1)
3.1.7 Pregnane X receptor (PXR)
339(1)
3.1.8 The constitutive active receptor (CAR)
340(1)
3.1.9 Thyroid hormone receptors (TRs)
340(1)
3.2 Other Mechanisms of Endocrinedisrupting Chemical (EDC) Action
340(1)
3.2.1 Chemicals that alter steroid hormone synthesis
340(1)
3.2.2 Chemicals that alter steroid hormone metabolism
340(1)
3.2.3 Small molecule enhancers of steroid receptor activity
340(1)
3.2.4 Combined mechanisms of action
341(1)
4 Adult vs. Developmental Effects
341(2)
4.1 Hormone Action in Adulthood
341(1)
4.2 Hormone Action During Development
341(1)
4.3 Developmental Endocrine-disrupting Chemical (EDC) Exposure Programs Adult Gene Expression
342(1)
5 Levels of Xenoestrogens Relative to Endogenous Estrogens in Utero
343(1)
6 Endpoints
344(15)
6.1 Puberty
344(1)
6.1.1 Effects on puberty onset in humans
345(1)
6.2 Behavior
345(1)
6.2.1 Effects on human behavior
346(1)
6.3 Fertility
346(1)
6.3.1 Decreased fertility in animal models
346(1)
6.3.1.1 Pesticides
346(1)
6.3.1.2 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
347(1)
6.3.1.3 Phthalates
347(1)
6.3.1.4 Bisphenol A (BPA)
347(1)
6.3.1.5 Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
347(1)
6.3.1.6 Phytoestrogens
347(1)
6.3.2 Effects on fertility in humans
347(2)
6.4 Lesions of the Female Reproductive Tract
349(1)
6.4.1 Effects on female reproductive tract lesions in humans
350(1)
6.5 Endometriosis
350(1)
6.6 Mammary Cancer
351(1)
6.6.1 Effects on mammary cancer in humans
352(1)
6.7 Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome (TDS)
353(1)
6.8 Testicular Cancer
353(1)
6.8.1 Effects on testicular cancer in humans
354(1)
6.9 Cryptorchidism
354(2)
6.9.1 Effects on cryptorchidism in humans
356(1)
6.10 Hypospadias
356(1)
6.10.1 Effects on hypospadias in humans
357(1)
6.11 Prostate Cancer
358(1)
6.11.1 Effects on prostate cancer in humans
358(1)
7 Conclusion
359(14)
References
360(13)
Species Index 373(2)
Subject Index 375
Color plates
David O. Norris is Professor Emeritus at the University of Colorado. He obtained his BS from the Baldwin-Wallace University and his PhD from the University of Washington. His broad research areas include environmental endocrinology and forensic botany. In the area of environmental endocrinology, his studies have focused on the neuroendocrine control of thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive functions with special interest in the role of environmental factors that alter the activities of these neuroendocrine systems. Kristin H. Lopez obtained her MA and PhD at the University of Colorado Boulder. Her research interests include morphological and physiological aspects of vertebrate reproduction and development, especially sex differentiation and ovarian function in reptiles and amphibians. She has enthusiastically supported the development of young scientists through teaching, textbook development, outreach, and programs to increase diverse representation in STEM.
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