| Prefaces |
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xvii | |
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Section 1 Electrical Principles |
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1 | (352) |
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1 International System of Measurement |
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3 | (9) |
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1.1 The International System |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.3 Unit: of turning moment or torque |
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6 | (1) |
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1.4 Unit of work or energy |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (2) |
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Summary of important formulae |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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2 Introduction to Electrical Systems |
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12 | (18) |
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2.1 Electricity and the engineer |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (1) |
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2.4 Movement of electrons |
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15 | (1) |
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2.5 Current flow in a circuit |
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16 | (1) |
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2.6 Electromotive force and potential difference |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (3) |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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2.11 Conductors and insulators |
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25 | (1) |
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2.12 The electric circuit in practice |
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26 | (4) |
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Summary of important formulae |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (31) |
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31 | (5) |
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36 | (5) |
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3.3 Series circuits versus parallel networks |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (7) |
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49 | (3) |
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52 | (2) |
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3.7 Temperature coefficient of resistance |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (5) |
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Summary of important formulae |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (3) |
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61 | (35) |
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4.1 New circuit analysis techniques |
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62 | (1) |
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4.2 Kirchhoff's laws and network solution |
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62 | (8) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (3) |
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4.5 Superposition theorem |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (4) |
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4.7 The constant--current generator |
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81 | (3) |
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84 | (2) |
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4.9 Delta--star transformation |
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86 | (1) |
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4.10 Star--delta transformation |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (4) |
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4.12 Maximum power transfer |
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92 | (4) |
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Summary of important formulae |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (3) |
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5 Capacitance and Capacitors |
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96 | (40) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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5.5 Capacitors in parallel |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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5.7 Distribution of voltage across capacitors in series |
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101 | (1) |
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5.8 Capacitance and the capacitor |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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5.10 Electric field strength and electric flux density |
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103 | (2) |
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5.11 Relative permittivity |
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105 | (1) |
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5.12 Capacitance of a multi--plate capacitor |
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106 | (1) |
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5.13 Composite--dielectric capacitors |
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107 | (3) |
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5.14 Charging and discharging currents |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
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5.16 Analysis of growth and decay |
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113 | (3) |
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5.17 Discharge of a capacitor through a resistor |
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116 | (2) |
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5.18 Transients in CR networks |
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118 | (5) |
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5.19 Energy stored in a charged capacitor |
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123 | (1) |
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5.20 Force of attraction between oppositely charged plates |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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5.22 Leakage and conduction currents in capacitors |
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126 | (1) |
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5.23 Displacement current in a dielectric |
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127 | (1) |
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5.24 Types of capacitor and capacitance |
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127 | (9) |
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Summary of important formulae |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (5) |
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136 | (15) |
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137 | (1) |
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6.2 Direction of magnetic field |
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137 | (1) |
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6.3 Characteristics of lines of magnetic flux |
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137 | (1) |
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6.4 Magnetic field due to an electric current |
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138 | (1) |
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6.5 Magnetic field of a solenoid |
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139 | (1) |
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6.6 Force on a current--carrying conductor |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (2) |
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6.8 Electromagnetic induction |
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144 | (1) |
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6.9 Direction of induced e.m.f. |
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144 | (1) |
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6.10 Magnitude of the generated or induced e.m.f. |
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145 | (2) |
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6.11 Magnitude of e.m.f. induced in a coil |
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147 | (4) |
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Summary of important formulae |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (2) |
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7 Simple Magnetic Circuits |
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151 | (15) |
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7.1 Introduction to magnetic circuits |
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152 | (1) |
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7.2 Magnetomotive force and magnetic field strength |
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152 | (1) |
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7.3 Permeability of free space or magnetic constant |
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153 | (2) |
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7.4 Relative permeability |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (1) |
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7.6 `Ohm's law for a magnetic circuit' |
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158 | (2) |
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7.7 Determination of the B/H characteristic |
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160 | (2) |
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7.8 Comparison of electromagnetic and electrostatic terms |
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162 | (4) |
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Summary of important formulae |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (3) |
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8 Inductance in a DC Circuit |
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166 | (35) |
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8.1 Inductive and non--inductive circuits |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (2) |
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8.3 Inductance in terms of flux--linkages per ampere |
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170 | (3) |
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8.4 Factors determining the inductance of a coil |
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173 | (2) |
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8.5 Ferromagnetic--cored inductor in a d.c. circuit |
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175 | (1) |
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8.6 Growth in an inductive circuit |
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176 | (3) |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (2) |
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8.9 Transients in LR networks |
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183 | (3) |
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8.10 Energy stored in an inductor |
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186 | (3) |
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189 | (3) |
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8.12 Coupling coefficient |
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192 | (1) |
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8.13 Coils connected in series |
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193 | (2) |
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8.14 Types of inductor and inductance |
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195 | (6) |
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Summary of important formulae |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (4) |
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9 Alternating Voltage and Current |
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201 | (25) |
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202 | (1) |
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9.2 Generation of an alternating e.m.f. |
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202 | (4) |
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9.3 Waveform terms and definitions |
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206 | (2) |
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9.4 Relationship between frequency, speed and number of pole pairs |
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208 | (1) |
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9.5 Average and r.m.s. values of an alternating current |
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208 | (2) |
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9.6 Average and r.m.s. values of sinusoidal currents and voltages |
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210 | (5) |
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9.7 Average and r.m.s. values of non--sinusoidal currents and voltages |
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215 | (1) |
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9.8 Representation of an alternating quantity by a phasor |
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216 | (2) |
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9.9 Addition and subtraction of sinusoidal alternating quantities |
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218 | (2) |
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9.10 Phasor diagrams drawn with r.m.s. values instead of maximum values |
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220 | (1) |
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9.11 Alternating system frequencies in practice |
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221 | (5) |
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Summary of important formulae |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (4) |
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10 Single-phase Series Circuits |
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226 | (21) |
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227 | (1) |
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10.2 Alternating current in a resistive circuit |
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227 | (1) |
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10.3 Alternating current in an inductive circuit |
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228 | (2) |
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10.4 Current and voltage in an inductive circuit |
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230 | (2) |
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10.5 Mechanical analogy of an inductive circuit |
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232 | (1) |
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10.6 Resistance and inductance in series |
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233 | (3) |
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10.7 Alternating current in a capacitive circuit |
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236 | (1) |
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10.8 Current and voltage in a capacitive circuit |
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237 | (1) |
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10.9 Analogies of a capacitance in an a.c. circuit |
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238 | (1) |
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10.10 Resistance and capacitance in series |
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238 | (2) |
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10.11 Alternating current in an RLC circuit |
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240 | (7) |
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Summary of important formulae |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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11 Single-phase Parallel Networks |
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247 | (16) |
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11.1 Bank a.c. parallel circuits |
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248 | (1) |
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11.2 Simple parallel circuits |
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248 | (4) |
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11.3 Parallel impedance circuits |
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252 | (4) |
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256 | (3) |
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259 | (4) |
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Summary of important formulae |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (22) |
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264 | (1) |
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12.2 Addition and subtraction of phasors |
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265 | (1) |
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12.3 Voltage, current and impedance |
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266 | (3) |
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12.4 Admittance, conductance and susceptance |
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269 | (1) |
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12.5 RL scries circuit admittance |
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270 | (1) |
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12.6 RC series circuit admittance |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (4) |
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12.8 Calculation of power using complex notation |
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275 | (1) |
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12.9 Power and voltamperes |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (8) |
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Summary of important formulae |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (3) |
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285 | (17) |
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13.1 The impossible power |
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286 | (1) |
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13.2 Power in a resistive circuit |
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286 | (1) |
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13.3 Power in a purely inductive circuit |
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287 | (2) |
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13.4 Power in a purely capacitive circuit |
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289 | (1) |
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13.5 Power in a circuit with resistance and reactance |
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290 | (2) |
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292 | (2) |
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13.7 Active and reactive currents |
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294 | (2) |
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13.8 The practical importance of power factor |
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296 | (1) |
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13.9 Power factor improvement or correction |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (4) |
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1.3.11 Measurement of power in a single--phase circuit |
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300 | (1) |
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Summary of important formulae |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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14 Resonance in AC Circuits |
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302 | (23) |
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303 | (1) |
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14.2 Frequency variation in a series RLC circuit |
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303 | (3) |
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14.3 The resonant frequency of a series RLC circuit |
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306 | (1) |
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14.4 The current in a series RLC circuit |
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306 | (1) |
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14.5 Voltages in a series RLC circuit |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (2) |
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14.7 Oscillation of energy at resonance |
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309 | (1) |
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14.8 Mechanical analogy of a resonant circuit |
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310 | (1) |
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14.9 Series resonance using complex notation |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (2) |
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313 | (3) |
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316 | (1) |
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14.13 Current magnification |
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317 | (1) |
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14.14 Parallel and series equivalents |
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318 | (1) |
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14.15 The two--branch parallel resonant circuit |
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319 | (6) |
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Summary of important formulae |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (3) |
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15 Network Theorems Applied to AC Networks |
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325 | (28) |
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326 | (1) |
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15.2 Kirchhoff's laws and network solution |
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326 | (7) |
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15.3 Nodal analysis (Node Voltage method) |
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333 | (1) |
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15.4 Superposition theorem |
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333 | (2) |
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335 | (5) |
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340 | (4) |
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15.7 Star--delta transformation |
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344 | (1) |
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15.8 Delta--star transformation |
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345 | (2) |
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15.9 Maximum power transfer |
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347 | (6) |
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348 | (5) |
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Section 2 Electronic Engineering |
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353 | (270) |
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355 | (7) |
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16.1 Introduction to systems |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (3) |
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360 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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16.6 Layout of block diagrams |
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361 | (1) |
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Summary of important formulae |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (37) |
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363 | (1) |
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363 | (2) |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (3) |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (3) |
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17.7 The low--pass or lag circuit |
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372 | (4) |
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17.8 The high--pass or lead circuit |
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376 | (3) |
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17.9 Passband (or bandpass) filler |
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379 | (3) |
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17.10 Stopband (or bandstop) filters |
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382 | (1) |
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382 | (6) |
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388 | (11) |
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Summary of important formulae |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (2) |
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18 Amplifier Equivalent Networks |
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399 | (20) |
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18.1 Amplifier constant--voltage equivalent networks |
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400 | (2) |
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18.2 Amplifier constant--current equivalent networks |
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402 | (2) |
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404 | (3) |
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407 | (2) |
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409 | (4) |
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18.6 Effect of feedback on input and output resistances |
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413 | (2) |
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18.7 Effect of feedback on bandwidth |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (4) |
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Summary of important formulae |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (3) |
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19 Semiconductor Materials |
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419 | (12) |
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420 | (1) |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (2) |
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19.4 An n--type semiconductor |
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423 | (1) |
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19.5 A p--type semiconductor |
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424 | (1) |
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425 | (3) |
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19.7 Construction and static characteristics of a junction diode |
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428 | (3) |
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430 | (1) |
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20 Rectifiers and Amplifier Circuits |
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431 | (67) |
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432 | (1) |
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20.2 Half--wave rectifier |
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432 | (3) |
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20.3 Full--wave rectifier network |
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435 | (2) |
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20.4 Bridge rectifier network |
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437 | (2) |
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439 | (3) |
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442 | (1) |
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20.7 Bipolar junction transistor |
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442 | (2) |
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20.8 Construction of bipolar transistor |
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444 | (1) |
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20.9 Common-base and common--emitter circuits |
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444 | (1) |
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20.10 Static characteristics for a common-base circuit |
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445 | (1) |
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20.11 Static characteristics for a common--emitter circuit |
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446 | (1) |
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20.12 Relationship between α and β |
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447 | (1) |
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20.13 Load line for a transistor |
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448 | (1) |
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20.14 Transistor as an amplifier |
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449 | (7) |
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20.15 Circuit component selection |
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456 | (1) |
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20.16 Equivalent circuits of a transistor |
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457 | (4) |
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461 | (1) |
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20.18 Limitations to the bipolar junction transistor |
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462 | (1) |
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20.19 Stabilizing voltages supplies |
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463 | (4) |
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20.20 Transistor as a switch |
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467 | (1) |
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20.21 Field effect transistor (FET) |
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467 | (1) |
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467 | (3) |
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470 | (2) |
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20.24 Static characteristics of a FET |
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472 | (1) |
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20.25 Equivalent circuit of a LET |
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472 | (1) |
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20.26 The LET as a switch |
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473 | (1) |
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20.27 Cascaded amplifiers |
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474 | (5) |
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20.28 Integrated circuits |
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479 | (1) |
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20.29 Operational amplifiers |
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480 | (1) |
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20.30 The inverting operational amplifier |
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481 | (2) |
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20.31 The summing amplifier |
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483 | (1) |
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20.32 The non--inverting amplifier |
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484 | (1) |
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20.33 Differential amplifiers |
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485 | (2) |
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20.34 Common mode rejection ratio |
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487 | (11) |
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Summary of important formulae |
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487 | (2) |
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489 | (9) |
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21 Interfacing Digital and Analogue Systems |
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498 | (18) |
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21.1 The need for conversion |
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499 | (1) |
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21.2 Digital--to--analogue conversion |
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499 | (3) |
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21.3 D/A converter hardware |
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502 | (2) |
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21.4 D/A converters in practice |
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504 | (2) |
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21.5 R/2R ladder D/A converter |
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506 | (1) |
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21.6 Analogue--to--digital conversion |
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507 | (2) |
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509 | (1) |
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510 | (2) |
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21.9 Converters in action |
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512 | (4) |
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513 | (3) |
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516 | (15) |
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517 | (1) |
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517 | (1) |
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22.3 Decimal to binary conversion |
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518 | (1) |
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519 | (1) |
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520 | (1) |
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22.6 Binary multiplication |
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520 | (1) |
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521 | (2) |
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22.8 Negative binary numbers |
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523 | (1) |
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22.9 Signed binary addition |
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524 | (1) |
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22.10 Signed binary subtraction |
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525 | (1) |
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22.11 Signed binary multiplication |
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526 | (1) |
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22.12 Signed binary division |
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527 | (1) |
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528 | (1) |
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22.14 Hexadecimal numbers |
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529 | (2) |
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530 | (1) |
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531 | (38) |
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23.1 Introduction to logic |
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532 | (1) |
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23.2 Basic logic statements or functions |
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532 | (1) |
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532 | (1) |
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533 | (1) |
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23.5 The EXCLUSIVE-OR function |
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533 | (1) |
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534 | (1) |
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534 | (1) |
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535 | (1) |
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535 | (1) |
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536 | (1) |
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23.11 Combinational logic |
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537 | (3) |
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23.12 Gate standardization |
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540 | (3) |
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23.13 Karnaugh maps for simplifying combinational logic |
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543 | (7) |
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|
550 | (1) |
|
23.15 Combinational and sequential logic circuits |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
23.16 Synchronous and asynchronous sequential circuits |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
23.17 Basic storage elements |
|
|
552 | (8) |
|
23.18 Integrated circuit logic gates |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
23.19 Programmable logic and hardware description languages |
|
|
561 | (8) |
|
Summary of important formulae |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
|
565 | (4) |
|
|
|
569 | (19) |
|
24.1 Classification of signals |
|
|
570 | (6) |
|
24.2 Representation of a signal by a continuum of impulses |
|
|
576 | (2) |
|
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
24.4 Convolution sum for discrete--time systems |
|
|
578 | (3) |
|
24.5 Convolution integral for continuous--lime systems |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
24.7 Relation between impulse response and unit step response |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
24.8 Step and impulse responses of discrete--time systems |
|
|
584 | (4) |
|
Summary of important formulae |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
|
|
586 | (2) |
|
25 Data Transmission and Signals |
|
|
588 | (12) |
|
25.1 Transmission of information |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
|
590 | (2) |
|
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
|
|
593 | (2) |
|
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
25.9 Digital or analogue? |
|
|
598 | (2) |
|
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
|
600 | (13) |
|
|
|
601 | (2) |
|
26.2 Information theory for source coding |
|
|
603 | (2) |
|
26.3 Data communication systems |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
26.4 Coding for efficient transmission |
|
|
606 | (3) |
|
|
|
609 | (4) |
|
Summary of important formulae |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
|
611 | (2) |
|
|
|
613 | (10) |
|
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
|
615 | (2) |
|
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
27.8 Optical fibre systems |
|
|
620 | (3) |
|
Summary of important formulae |
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
Section 3 Power Engineering |
|
|
623 | (294) |
|
|
|
625 | (21) |
|
28.1 Disadvantages of the single--phase system |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
28.2 Generation of three--phase e.m.f.s. |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
28.3 Delia connection of three--phase windings |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
28.4 Star connection of three--phase windings |
|
|
628 | (3) |
|
28.5 Voltages and currents in a star-connected system |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
28.6 Voltages and currents in a delta--connected system |
|
|
632 | (3) |
|
28.7 Power in a three--phase system with a balanced load |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
28.8 Measurement of active power in a three--phase, three--wire system |
|
|
636 | (2) |
|
28.9 Power factor measurement by means of two wattmeters |
|
|
638 | (3) |
|
|
|
641 | (5) |
|
Summary of important formulae |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
|
643 | (3) |
|
|
|
646 | (34) |
|
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
29.3 Principle of action of a transformer |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
29.4 EMF equation of a transformer |
|
|
649 | (2) |
|
29.5 Phasor diagram for a transformer on no load |
|
|
651 | (2) |
|
29.6 Phasor diagram for an ideal loaded transformer |
|
|
653 | (2) |
|
29.7 Useful and leakage fluxes in a transformer |
|
|
655 | (2) |
|
29.8 Leakage flux responsible for the inductive reactance of a transformer |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
29.9 Methods of reducing leakage flux |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
29.10 Equivalent circuit of a transformer |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
29.11 Phasor diagram for a transformer on load |
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
29.12 Approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
29.13 Simplification of the approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
29.14 Voltage regulation of a transformer |
|
|
662 | (4) |
|
29.15 Efficiency of a transformer |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
29.16 Condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer |
|
|
667 | (2) |
|
29.17 Open--circuit and short--circuit tests on a transformer |
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
29.18 Calculation of efficiency from the open--circuit and short--circuit tests |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
29.19 Calculation of the voltage regulation from the short--circuit test |
|
|
670 | (2) |
|
29.20 Three--phase core--type transformers |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
29.22 Current transformers |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
29.23 Waveform of the magnetizing current of a transformer |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
29.24 Air--corcd transformer |
|
|
675 | (5) |
|
Summary of important formulae |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
|
|
676 | (4) |
|
30 Introduction to Machine Theory |
|
|
680 | (22) |
|
30.1 The role of the electrical machine |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
30.2 Conversion process in a machine |
|
|
681 | (2) |
|
30.3 Methods of analysis of machine performance |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
30.4 Magnetic field energy |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
30.5 Simple analysis of force of alignment |
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
|
|
686 | (3) |
|
30.7 Division of converted energy and power |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
30.8 Force of alignment between parallel magnetized surfaces |
|
|
690 | (3) |
|
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
|
|
694 | (2) |
|
30.11 Doubly excited rotating machines |
|
|
696 | (6) |
|
Summary of important formulae |
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
|
|
698 | (4) |
|
31 AC Synchronous Machine Windings |
|
|
702 | (13) |
|
31.1 General arrangement of synchronous machines |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
31.2 Types of rotor construction |
|
|
703 | (2) |
|
|
|
705 | (3) |
|
31.4 Expression for the e.m.f. of a stater winding |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
31.5 Production of rotating magnetic flux by three--phase currents |
|
|
708 | (2) |
|
31.6 Analysis of the resultant flux due to three--phase currents |
|
|
710 | (2) |
|
31.7 Reversal of direction of rotation of the magnetic flux |
|
|
712 | (3) |
|
Summary of important formulae |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
|
|
713 | (2) |
|
32 Characteristics of AC Synchronous Machines |
|
|
715 | (11) |
|
32.1 Armature reaction in a three--phase synchronous generator |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
32.2 Voltage regulation of a synchronous generator |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
32.3 Synchronous impedance |
|
|
718 | (3) |
|
32.4 Parallel operation of synchronous generators |
|
|
721 | (2) |
|
32.5 Three--phase synchronous motor: principle of action |
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
32.6 Advantages and disadvantages of the synchronous motor |
|
|
723 | (3) |
|
|
|
724 | (2) |
|
|
|
726 | (31) |
|
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
33.2 Frequency of rotor e.m.f. and current |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
33.3 The equivalent circuit of the three--phase induction motor |
|
|
729 | (6) |
|
33.4 Mechanical power and torque |
|
|
735 | (4) |
|
33.5 The torque/speed curve and effect of rotor resistance |
|
|
739 | (2) |
|
33.6 Experimental tests to obtain motor equivalent circuit parameters |
|
|
741 | (5) |
|
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
33.8 Starting of a three--phase induction motor fitted with a cage rotor |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
33.9 Comparison of cage and slip--ring rotors |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
33.11 Single--phase induction motors |
|
|
749 | (2) |
|
33.12 Capacitor--run induction motors |
|
|
751 | (1) |
|
33.13 Split--phase motors |
|
|
752 | (1) |
|
33.14 Shaded--pole motors |
|
|
752 | (1) |
|
33.15 Variable speed operation of induction motors |
|
|
753 | (4) |
|
Summary of important formulae |
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
|
|
754 | (3) |
|
34 Electrical Energy Systems |
|
|
757 | (49) |
|
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
34.3 Energy conversion and quality of energy |
|
|
759 | (3) |
|
34.4 Demand for electricity and the National Grid |
|
|
762 | (4) |
|
|
|
766 | (6) |
|
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
|
|
773 | (24) |
|
34.8 Distributed/Embedded generation |
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
|
|
798 | (4) |
|
34.10 The cost of generating electricity |
|
|
802 | (4) |
|
Summary of important formulae |
|
|
803 | (1) |
|
|
|
804 | (2) |
|
|
|
806 | (34) |
|
35.1 System representation |
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
35.2 Power system analysis |
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
35.3 Voltage--drop calculations |
|
|
809 | (3) |
|
35.4 The medium--length line |
|
|
812 | (5) |
|
35.5 The per--unit method |
|
|
817 | (1) |
|
|
|
818 | (1) |
|
35.7 Base power -- SB or MV AB |
|
|
819 | (4) |
|
35.8 Faults in a power system |
|
|
823 | (3) |
|
35.9 Representation of a grid connection |
|
|
826 | (1) |
|
35.10 Transmission Fine effects |
|
|
827 | (13) |
|
Summary of important formulae |
|
|
835 | (1) |
|
|
|
836 | (4) |
|
36 Direct-current Machines |
|
|
840 | (14) |
|
36.1 General arrangement of a d.c. machine |
|
|
841 | (1) |
|
56.2 Double--layer drum windings |
|
|
842 | (3) |
|
36.3 Calculation of e.m.f. generated in an armature winding |
|
|
845 | (1) |
|
|
|
846 | (3) |
|
36.5 Armature reaction in a d.c. motor |
|
|
849 | (1) |
|
|
|
850 | (4) |
|
Summary of important formulae |
|
|
852 | (1) |
|
|
|
852 | (2) |
|
|
|
854 | (17) |
|
37.1 Armature and field connections |
|
|
855 | (1) |
|
37.2 A d.c. machine as generator or motor |
|
|
855 | |
|
|
|
857 | (21) |
|
37.4 Torque of an electric motor |
|
|
858 | (2) |
|
37.5 Speed characteristics of electric motors |
|
|
860 | (1) |
|
37.6 Torque characteristics of electric motors |
|
|
861 | (1) |
|
37.7 Speed control of d.c. motors |
|
|
862 | (9) |
|
Summary of important formulae |
|
|
868 | (1) |
|
|
|
868 | (3) |
|
|
|
871 | (9) |
|
|
|
872 | (1) |
|
38.2 Motors for regulators |
|
|
872 | (1) |
|
38.3 RPC system requirements |
|
|
873 | (1) |
|
|
|
874 | (1) |
|
38.5 The stepping (or stepper) motor |
|
|
874 | (1) |
|
38.6 The variable--reluctance motor |
|
|
875 | (1) |
|
38.7 The hybrid stepping motor |
|
|
876 | (2) |
|
|
|
878 | (2) |
|
|
|
879 | (1) |
|
39 Motor Selection and Efficiency |
|
|
880 | (19) |
|
|
|
881 | (1) |
|
|
|
881 | (1) |
|
39.3 Power rating and duty cycles |
|
|
882 | (1) |
|
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
39.5 The motor and its environment |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
|
|
886 | (1) |
|
39.8 Current--ring theory of magnetism |
|
|
886 | (2) |
|
|
|
888 | (3) |
|
39.10 Losses in motors and generators |
|
|
891 | (2) |
|
39.11 Efficiency of a d.c. motor |
|
|
893 | (1) |
|
39.12 Approximate condition for maximum efficiency |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
39.13 Determination of efficiency |
|
|
894 | (5) |
|
|
|
897 | (2) |
|
|
|
899 | (18) |
|
|
|
900 | (1) |
|
|
|
900 | (2) |
|
40.3 Some thyristor circuits |
|
|
902 | (2) |
|
40.4 Limitations to thyristor operation |
|
|
904 | (1) |
|
40.5 The thyristor in practice |
|
|
904 | (1) |
|
40.6 The fully controlled a.c./d.c. converter |
|
|
904 | (1) |
|
|
|
905 | (3) |
|
40.8 Switching devices in inverters |
|
|
908 | (1) |
|
40.9 Three-phase rectifier networks |
|
|
909 | (2) |
|
40.10 The three--phase fully controlled converter |
|
|
911 | (1) |
|
40.11 Inverter--fed induction motors |
|
|
911 | (1) |
|
40.12 Soft--starting induction motors |
|
|
912 | (1) |
|
40.13 DC to DC conversion switched--mode power supplies |
|
|
913 | (4) |
|
Summary of important formulae |
|
|
915 | (1) |
|
|
|
916 | (1) |
|
Section 4 Measurements, Sensing and Actuation |
|
|
917 | (40) |
|
41 Control Systems, Sensors and Actuators |
|
|
919 | (16) |
|
|
|
920 | (1) |
|
41.2 Open--loop and closed--loop systems |
|
|
921 | (1) |
|
|
|
922 | (2) |
|
41.4 Components of a control system |
|
|
924 | (1) |
|
|
|
925 | (1) |
|
41.6 Regulators and servomechanisms |
|
|
926 | (2) |
|
|
|
928 | (1) |
|
|
|
929 | (3) |
|
|
|
932 | (3) |
|
|
|
933 | (2) |
|
42 Electronic Measuring Instruments and Devices |
|
|
935 | (22) |
|
42.1 Introduction to analogue and electronic instruments |
|
|
936 | (1) |
|
42.2 Digital electronic voltmeters |
|
|
937 | (2) |
|
42.3 Digital electronic ammeters and wattmeters |
|
|
939 | (1) |
|
42.4 Graphical display devices |
|
|
939 | (1) |
|
|
|
940 | (1) |
|
|
|
941 | (1) |
|
42.7 Modern applications of vacuum--tube technology |
|
|
942 | (5) |
|
|
|
947 | (1) |
|
42.9 Deflecting systems of a cathode--ray tube |
|
|
948 | (1) |
|
42.10 Cathode--ray oscilloscope |
|
|
948 | (2) |
|
42.11 Digital oscilloscope |
|
|
950 | (1) |
|
42.12 Use of the oscilloscope in waveform measurement |
|
|
951 | (1) |
|
42.13 Oscilloscope connection |
|
|
952 | (5) |
|
|
|
955 | (2) |
| Appendix: Symbols, Abbreviations, Definitions and Diagrammatic Symbols |
|
957 | (5) |
| Answers to Exercises |
|
962 | (10) |
| Index |
|
972 | |
