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Human Biological Diversity [Mīkstie vāki]

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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 360 pages, height x width x depth: 205x253x18 mm, weight: 740 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 20-Jan-2010
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 0130455717
  • ISBN-13: 9780130455710
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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 360 pages, height x width x depth: 205x253x18 mm, weight: 740 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 20-Jan-2010
  • Izdevniecība: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 0130455717
  • ISBN-13: 9780130455710
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
This text is intended for the sophomore level course in human variation/human biology taught in anthropology departments. In addition to covering the standard topics for the course, it features contemporary topics in human biology such as the Human Genome Project, genetic engineering, the effects of stress, obesity, disability and pollution. An excellent resource and reference work for readers interested in or involved with in-depth studies of Biological Anthropology.
Preface xiii
Introduction
1(6)
Chapter Summary
6(1)
Concepts of Evolution
7(19)
A Brief History of Evolutionary Ideas
7(2)
Ideas About Time
7(2)
The Great Chain of Being
9(1)
Scientific Approaches to Evolution
9(4)
Lamarck's Theory of Evolution
10(1)
Darwin's Theory of Evolution
11(2)
Types of Evidence for Evolution
13(11)
Creationists vs. Evolutionists
13(2)
Adaptation
15(4)
Paleontology
19(1)
Biogeography
19(1)
Comparative Anatomy
20(3)
Comparative Embryology
23(1)
Artificial Selection
23(1)
Other Evidence for Evolution
23(1)
Chapter Summary
24(2)
Genetics and Microevolution
26(22)
The Chemical Basis of Life
26(6)
Proteins
26(1)
Nucleic Acids
27(3)
Duplication of DNA
30(1)
Direction of Protein Synthesis
31(1)
Genetics
32(8)
Sexual Reproduction
33(1)
Mendelian Genetics
34(6)
Microevolution
40(6)
Introduction to Population Genetics
40(3)
Forces of Evolution
43(3)
The Synthetic Theory of Evolution
46(1)
Chapter Summary
47(1)
Molecular Genetics, Genomics, and Human Genetics
48(18)
A Closer Look at Chromosomes
48(7)
Characteristics of Chromosomes
48(3)
Chromosome Mapping
51(2)
Epigenetics
53(2)
Extrachromosomal Genetics
55(3)
RNA Processing
55(2)
Mitochondrial DNA
57(1)
Chloroplast DNA
58(1)
Tracing Genetic Variability and Function
58(4)
Genetic Variability
58(1)
Understanding Gene Function
59(2)
A Brief Look at Quantitative Genetics
61(1)
Human Genetics and the Human Genome
62(3)
Family Studies in Human Genetics
62(1)
The Human Genome
63(1)
The Human Genome Project
63(1)
The Next Step?
64(1)
Chapter Summary
65(1)
Macroevolution and Taxonomy
66(23)
Taxonomy
66(8)
Species and Speciation
66(5)
Taxonomic Units above the Species Level
71(3)
Macroevolution
74(13)
Some Highlights in the History of Life: An Anthropocentric View
74(7)
The Human Journey
81(5)
Macroevolutionary Processes
86(1)
Chapter Summary
87(2)
``Race'' and Human Variation in Physical Traits
89(27)
Race
89(7)
Race, Population, and Ethnic Group
90(1)
Clines Versus Clumps
90(1)
A Short History of Western Race Concepts: Ancient
91(2)
A Short History of European Race Concepts: Modern
93(3)
Phenotypic Characteristics of Human Variability
96(13)
Nature Versus Nurture
96(1)
Human Pigmentation: Skin Color
97(5)
Human Pigmentation: Hair and Eye Color
102(2)
Hair Form
104(1)
Epicanthic Eyefolds
105(1)
Body Size and Shape
105(3)
Head Form
108(1)
Dermatoglyphics
109(1)
Skeletal and Dental Variation
110(2)
Age Differences in the Skeleton and Teeth
110(1)
Sex Differences in the Skeleton
110(1)
Individual Variation in Skeletal and Dental Features
111(1)
Race and Intelligence
112(2)
What is Intelligence?
112(1)
IQ and Heredity
113(1)
Population Differences in IQ
113(1)
Patterns of Human Variability
114(1)
Chapter Summary
115(1)
Genotypic Traits and the Tracing of Population Affiliations
116(26)
Genotypic Traits Traditionally Used in Human Biology
116(11)
Blood Groups: The ABO System
117(3)
The MNSs Blood Group Systems
120(1)
The Rhesus (Rh) Blood-Group System
120(2)
Hemoglobin Variants
122(5)
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
127(1)
Genetic Traits from Contemporary Molecular Biology Used in Human Biology
127(14)
Major Types of Molecular Genetic Studies Used in Human Biology
128(1)
Uses for Human Molecular Genetics Studies
128(1)
The Genetic History of Homo Sapiens
129(3)
Genetics and Human Migrations
132(8)
Genetic and Disease Risk
140(1)
Genetics and the Notion of Race
140(1)
Chapter Summary
141(1)
Demography: Populations, Reproduction, and Mortality
142(19)
Population Ecology
142(5)
Population Growth
142(4)
Population Ecology: Concluding Remarks
146(1)
Demography of Human Populations
147(8)
Fertility and Fecundity
147(3)
Mortality
150(3)
Migration
153(2)
Human Population Growth
155(5)
Population Increase
155(1)
Human Population Structure
156(1)
Implications of Growth
157(3)
Chapter Summary
160(1)
Life Span: Growth and Development
161(20)
The General Pattern of Human Growth
161(8)
Prenatal Growth
161(4)
Growth after Birth: General Patterns
165(4)
Growth of Specific Body Parts
169(6)
Development of Differential Systems
170(2)
Development of Selected Other Systems
172(3)
Growth after Birth: Population Differences
175(4)
Environmental Effects on Growth
175(3)
Genetics and Population Growth Differences
178(1)
Growth and Development: A Final Consideration
179(1)
Chapter Summary
179(2)
Life Span: Aging and Senescence
181(20)
The Biology of Senescence
181(7)
Aging at the Cellular Level
181(5)
Superficial Changes During Senescence
186(2)
Theories of Senescence
188(5)
Mechanistic Theories of Senescence
188(2)
Evolutionary Theories of Senescence
190(2)
Selected System-Specific Senescence Theories
192(1)
Conclusion: Theories of Senescence
192(1)
The Human Population Biology of Senescence
193(7)
Population Differences in Life Span
193(3)
Sex Differences in Senescence
196(1)
Population Differences in Diseases Associated with Senescence
196(4)
Conclusion
200(1)
Chapter Summary
200(1)
Human Adaptability to Physical Stressors
201(25)
Limiting Factors, Tolerance, and Environmental Physiology
201(5)
Law of Tolerance
201(1)
Environmental Physiology
202(2)
Human Adaptability
204(2)
Adaptation to Cold and Heat
206(10)
Thermoregulation
206(2)
Cold Adaptation
208(4)
Heat Adaptation
212(1)
Hot-Dry Macroenvironments
212(2)
Warm-Humid Environments
214(2)
Conclusion to Thermoregulation
216(1)
Adaptation to High Altitude
216(5)
Behavioral and Cultural Adjustments to Hypoxia
217(1)
Biological Adaptations to Hypoxia
218(1)
Population Differences in Adaptability to High-Altitude Hypoxia
219(2)
High Activity Levels
221(3)
The Requirements of Work
221(1)
Behavioral and Cultural Adjustments to High Workloads
221(1)
Biological Adaptations to High Workloads
221(3)
Adaptive Consequences of Work Capacity
224(1)
Conclusion
224(1)
Chapter Summary
224(2)
Human Adaptability to Biological Stressors
226(25)
Malnutrition
226(1)
Food versus Nutrients
226(1)
Types of Nutrients
227(1)
Protein-Calorie Malnutrition
227(6)
Protein Deficiency
228(1)
Protein-Calorie Malnutrition: Total Undernutrition
229(4)
Micronutrient Deficiencies
233(5)
Vitamin Deficiencies
233(3)
Electrolyte and Mineral Deficiencies
236(2)
Overnutrition
238(1)
Conclusion: Malnutrition
238(1)
Infectious Disease
238(11)
Host-Parasite Relationships
239(1)
Vector-Borne Diseases
240(2)
Direct-Contact Diseases
242(2)
Diseases Due to Intimate Contact
244(3)
Poor-Sanitation Diseases
247(2)
Conclusion: Infectious Diseases
249(1)
General Conclusion: The Impact of Biological Stressors on Human Biology
249(1)
Chapter Summary
250(1)
Human Biology in the Modern World
251(23)
Possible Reduced Selective Forces
251(5)
The Accumulation of Minor Genetic Problems
252(2)
Reduced Selection Due to Medical Interventions
254(2)
General Stress
256(6)
The Nature of General Stress
257(5)
Adiposity and Obesity: Are We Eating Ourselves to Death?
262(6)
The Obesity Epidemic
262(1)
The Causes of Increased Adiposity
263(5)
Pollution: The Fouling of the Environment
268(4)
Air Pollution
268(1)
Water Pollution
269(1)
Solid-Waste Pollution
270(1)
Pollution and Human Variation
271(1)
Conclusion
272(1)
Chapter Summary
272(2)
Human Biological Variation: A Look to the Future and Some Final Thoughts on Ethics
274(9)
Human Biology in the Future
274(3)
An Individual-Level View of Future Human Biology
274(1)
The Future of Human Population Variability
275(2)
Final Thoughts on the Ethics of Human Biology Research
277(3)
Prevention of Harm to the Individual Participant
277(2)
Prevention of Harm to Communities
279(1)
What is Normal?
280(2)
Chapter Summary
282(1)
Glossary 283(13)
References 296(25)
Credits 321(2)
Index 323
Daniel Brown is Professor of Anthropology and Coordinator of Research and Graduate Education at the University of Hawaii at Hilo.  He has taught classes in all areas of physical anthropology, as well as in cultural anthropology and archaeology.  Dr. Browns research interest focuses on variation in how humans cope with psychosocial and physical stress, and the implications of that variation for health disparities.  He has received Chancellor Citations both for teaching and research at his university, and was elected as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.  He is a former President of the Human Biology Association, an international organization whose mission is to advance the understanding of human biological variation, to enhance the training of professional human biologists, and to foster a better comprehension of the scope of human biology among scientific professionals and the public.