Preface |
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xiii | |
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1 | (6) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (19) |
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A Brief History of Evolutionary Ideas |
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7 | (2) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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Scientific Approaches to Evolution |
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9 | (4) |
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Lamarck's Theory of Evolution |
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10 | (1) |
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Darwin's Theory of Evolution |
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11 | (2) |
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Types of Evidence for Evolution |
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13 | (11) |
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Creationists vs. Evolutionists |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (4) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (3) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Other Evidence for Evolution |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (2) |
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Genetics and Microevolution |
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26 | (22) |
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The Chemical Basis of Life |
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26 | (6) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (3) |
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30 | (1) |
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Direction of Protein Synthesis |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (8) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (6) |
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40 | (6) |
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Introduction to Population Genetics |
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40 | (3) |
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43 | (3) |
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The Synthetic Theory of Evolution |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Molecular Genetics, Genomics, and Human Genetics |
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48 | (18) |
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A Closer Look at Chromosomes |
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48 | (7) |
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Characteristics of Chromosomes |
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48 | (3) |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (2) |
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Extrachromosomal Genetics |
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55 | (3) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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Tracing Genetic Variability and Function |
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58 | (4) |
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58 | (1) |
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Understanding Gene Function |
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59 | (2) |
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A Brief Look at Quantitative Genetics |
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61 | (1) |
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Human Genetics and the Human Genome |
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62 | (3) |
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Family Studies in Human Genetics |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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Macroevolution and Taxonomy |
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66 | (23) |
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66 | (8) |
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66 | (5) |
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Taxonomic Units above the Species Level |
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71 | (3) |
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74 | (13) |
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Some Highlights in the History of Life: An Anthropocentric View |
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74 | (7) |
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81 | (5) |
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Macroevolutionary Processes |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (2) |
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``Race'' and Human Variation in Physical Traits |
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89 | (27) |
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89 | (7) |
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Race, Population, and Ethnic Group |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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A Short History of Western Race Concepts: Ancient |
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91 | (2) |
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A Short History of European Race Concepts: Modern |
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93 | (3) |
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Phenotypic Characteristics of Human Variability |
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96 | (13) |
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96 | (1) |
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Human Pigmentation: Skin Color |
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97 | (5) |
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Human Pigmentation: Hair and Eye Color |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (3) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Skeletal and Dental Variation |
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110 | (2) |
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Age Differences in the Skeleton and Teeth |
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110 | (1) |
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Sex Differences in the Skeleton |
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110 | (1) |
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Individual Variation in Skeletal and Dental Features |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (2) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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Population Differences in IQ |
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113 | (1) |
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Patterns of Human Variability |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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Genotypic Traits and the Tracing of Population Affiliations |
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116 | (26) |
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Genotypic Traits Traditionally Used in Human Biology |
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116 | (11) |
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Blood Groups: The ABO System |
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117 | (3) |
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The MNSs Blood Group Systems |
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120 | (1) |
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The Rhesus (Rh) Blood-Group System |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (5) |
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Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency |
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127 | (1) |
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Genetic Traits from Contemporary Molecular Biology Used in Human Biology |
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127 | (14) |
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Major Types of Molecular Genetic Studies Used in Human Biology |
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128 | (1) |
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Uses for Human Molecular Genetics Studies |
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128 | (1) |
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The Genetic History of Homo Sapiens |
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129 | (3) |
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Genetics and Human Migrations |
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132 | (8) |
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140 | (1) |
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Genetics and the Notion of Race |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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Demography: Populations, Reproduction, and Mortality |
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142 | (19) |
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142 | (5) |
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142 | (4) |
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Population Ecology: Concluding Remarks |
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146 | (1) |
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Demography of Human Populations |
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147 | (8) |
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147 | (3) |
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150 | (3) |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (5) |
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155 | (1) |
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Human Population Structure |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (3) |
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160 | (1) |
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Life Span: Growth and Development |
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161 | (20) |
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The General Pattern of Human Growth |
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161 | (8) |
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161 | (4) |
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Growth after Birth: General Patterns |
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165 | (4) |
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Growth of Specific Body Parts |
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169 | (6) |
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Development of Differential Systems |
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170 | (2) |
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Development of Selected Other Systems |
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172 | (3) |
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Growth after Birth: Population Differences |
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175 | (4) |
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Environmental Effects on Growth |
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175 | (3) |
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Genetics and Population Growth Differences |
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178 | (1) |
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Growth and Development: A Final Consideration |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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Life Span: Aging and Senescence |
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181 | (20) |
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The Biology of Senescence |
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181 | (7) |
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Aging at the Cellular Level |
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181 | (5) |
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Superficial Changes During Senescence |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (5) |
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Mechanistic Theories of Senescence |
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188 | (2) |
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Evolutionary Theories of Senescence |
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190 | (2) |
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Selected System-Specific Senescence Theories |
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192 | (1) |
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Conclusion: Theories of Senescence |
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192 | (1) |
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The Human Population Biology of Senescence |
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193 | (7) |
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Population Differences in Life Span |
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193 | (3) |
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Sex Differences in Senescence |
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196 | (1) |
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Population Differences in Diseases Associated with Senescence |
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196 | (4) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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Human Adaptability to Physical Stressors |
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201 | (25) |
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Limiting Factors, Tolerance, and Environmental Physiology |
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201 | (5) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (2) |
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204 | (2) |
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Adaptation to Cold and Heat |
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206 | (10) |
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206 | (2) |
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208 | (4) |
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212 | (1) |
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Hot-Dry Macroenvironments |
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212 | (2) |
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214 | (2) |
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Conclusion to Thermoregulation |
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216 | (1) |
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Adaptation to High Altitude |
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216 | (5) |
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Behavioral and Cultural Adjustments to Hypoxia |
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217 | (1) |
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Biological Adaptations to Hypoxia |
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218 | (1) |
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Population Differences in Adaptability to High-Altitude Hypoxia |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (3) |
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221 | (1) |
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Behavioral and Cultural Adjustments to High Workloads |
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221 | (1) |
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Biological Adaptations to High Workloads |
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221 | (3) |
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Adaptive Consequences of Work Capacity |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (2) |
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Human Adaptability to Biological Stressors |
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226 | (25) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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Protein-Calorie Malnutrition |
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227 | (6) |
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228 | (1) |
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Protein-Calorie Malnutrition: Total Undernutrition |
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229 | (4) |
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Micronutrient Deficiencies |
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233 | (5) |
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233 | (3) |
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Electrolyte and Mineral Deficiencies |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (11) |
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Host-Parasite Relationships |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (2) |
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Diseases Due to Intimate Contact |
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244 | (3) |
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247 | (2) |
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Conclusion: Infectious Diseases |
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249 | (1) |
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General Conclusion: The Impact of Biological Stressors on Human Biology |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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Human Biology in the Modern World |
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251 | (23) |
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Possible Reduced Selective Forces |
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251 | (5) |
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The Accumulation of Minor Genetic Problems |
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252 | (2) |
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Reduced Selection Due to Medical Interventions |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (6) |
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The Nature of General Stress |
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257 | (5) |
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Adiposity and Obesity: Are We Eating Ourselves to Death? |
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262 | (6) |
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262 | (1) |
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The Causes of Increased Adiposity |
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263 | (5) |
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Pollution: The Fouling of the Environment |
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268 | (4) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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Pollution and Human Variation |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (2) |
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Human Biological Variation: A Look to the Future and Some Final Thoughts on Ethics |
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274 | (9) |
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Human Biology in the Future |
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274 | (3) |
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An Individual-Level View of Future Human Biology |
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274 | (1) |
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The Future of Human Population Variability |
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275 | (2) |
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Final Thoughts on the Ethics of Human Biology Research |
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277 | (3) |
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Prevention of Harm to the Individual Participant |
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277 | (2) |
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Prevention of Harm to Communities |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (2) |
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282 | (1) |
Glossary |
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283 | (13) |
References |
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296 | (25) |
Credits |
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321 | (2) |
Index |
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323 | |