Preface |
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ix | |
Editors |
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xi | |
Contributors |
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xv | |
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Human Factors in Simulation and Training: An Overview |
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3 | (36) |
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4 | (2) |
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Simulation versus Modeling |
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6 | (1) |
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Domains and Dimensions of Modeling and Simulation |
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7 | (1) |
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When Is a Simulator Not a Simulator? |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (7) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (3) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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Environmental Problem Reduction |
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13 | (1) |
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Improved Training Environment |
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14 | (1) |
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Standardized Training Environments |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Disadvantages of Simulation |
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15 | (1) |
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Failure to Reflect Real-World Performance |
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15 | (1) |
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Equipment and Facility Costs |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Brief History of Simulation |
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16 | (6) |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (4) |
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22 | (2) |
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23 | (1) |
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Virtual Reality and Virtual Environments |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (1) |
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Modeling and Simulation Development Processes |
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26 | (3) |
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29 | (3) |
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Simulating Human Behavior |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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Challenges and Opportunities in Human Factors and Simulation |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (6) |
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Justification for Use of Simulation |
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39 | (10) |
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39 | (1) |
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System Engineering Evaluation |
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40 | (1) |
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Training Effectiveness and Value |
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40 | (7) |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (3) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (12) |
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Elizabeth L. Blickensderfer |
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49 | (1) |
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Transfer of Training: Terms and Concepts |
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50 | (3) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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A Model of Factors Affecting the Transfer of Training |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (6) |
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Transfer of Training Performance Measurement |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Selecting Performance Measures |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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Criticisms of Transfer of Training Studies |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (14) |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (5) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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Psychological-Cognitive Fidelity |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (3) |
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68 | (1) |
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Fidelity Evaluation Frameworks |
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69 | (1) |
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Fidelity and Transfer of Training |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (3) |
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Controls and Displays for Aviation Research Simulation |
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75 | (42) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (13) |
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Integrated Information Presentation and Control System Study (IIPACSS) Simulator |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (1) |
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Digital Synthesis (DIGISYN) Simulator |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (1) |
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Microprocessor Applications for Graphics and Interactive Communication (MAGIC) Simulator |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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Panoramic Cockpit Control and Display System (PCCADS) Simulator |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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Helmet-Mounted Oculometer Facility (HMOF) Simulator |
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90 | (4) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (1) |
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Synthetic Interface Research for UAV Systems (SIRUS) Simulator |
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94 | (2) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (3) |
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Dynamic Environmental Simulator (DES) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (7) |
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Variable In-Flight Stability Test Aircraft (VISTA) Lockheed NF-16D Fighter Aircraft |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (3) |
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102 | (1) |
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Total In-Flight Simulator (TIFS) NC-131H Transport Aircraft |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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The Future of Displays and Controls Technology for Simulation |
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106 | (4) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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Electromyographic (EMG)-Based Control |
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108 | (1) |
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Electroencephalographic (EEG)-Based Control |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (4) |
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117 | (12) |
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117 | (2) |
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Problems Associated with Exposure to Simulator Systems |
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118 | (1) |
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Individual Susceptibility and Stimulus Intensity |
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119 | (2) |
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Factors Affecting the Capacity to Resist Adverse Effects of Simulator Exposure |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
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Factors Influencing Simulator Stimulus Intensity |
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121 | (1) |
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Addressing System Factors That Influence the Strength of a Simulator Stimulus |
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122 | (1) |
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Steps to Quantifying Simulator Stimulus Intensity |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Simulator System Usage Protocol |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (5) |
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Simulation-Based Situation Awareness Training |
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129 | (20) |
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129 | (1) |
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Simulations in SA Research, Measurement, and Training |
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130 | (3) |
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Simulations in SA Research |
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131 | (1) |
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Simulations in SA Measurement |
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131 | (1) |
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Simulations in SA Training |
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131 | (2) |
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Structured SA-Oriented Training Development Process |
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133 | (11) |
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Identify Domain-Specific SA Requirements |
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133 | (1) |
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Identify and Develop SA Measures |
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134 | (2) |
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Identify SA Deficits within the Domain |
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136 | (1) |
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Analysis of Existing Research and Training Literature |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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Investigation of Existing Research Data for Linkages between SA and Decision Making |
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138 | (1) |
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Develop Training Program to Target Selected Skills |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Validate Training Programs |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Identify Training Modifications Needed |
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144 | (1) |
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General Discussion and Implications for Future Research |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (3) |
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Performance Assessment in Simulation |
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149 | (20) |
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Subjective Methods of Performance Measurement |
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150 | (11) |
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Purpose of Performance Measures |
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150 | (1) |
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Special Properties of Performance Measures in Simulators |
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150 | (1) |
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Defining and Assessing Reliability |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Qualitative versus Quantitative |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Is the Difference in Means Meaningful? |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (1) |
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Other Designs for Assessing Agreement among Judges |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Special Problems with Simulators |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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Objective Methods of Performance Measurement |
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161 | (6) |
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Automated Data Collection Systems |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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Number of Deviations and Time-Outside Standard |
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163 | (2) |
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Time within FAA Practical Test Standard |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (20) |
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169 | (1) |
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The Fundamental and Practical Reasons for Simulation |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (3) |
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173 | (2) |
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The Practicalities of Simulation |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Discourse between Two Worlds |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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Assessing the Progress of Simulation Technologies |
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179 | (1) |
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The Turing Test of Simulation |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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The Moral Dimension of Simulation |
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182 | (1) |
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A Philosophical Valediction |
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182 | (3) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (3) |
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Human Factors and Discrete-Event Simulation |
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189 | (12) |
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189 | (1) |
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Discrete-Event Simulation |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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Decision Making with Discrete-Event Simulation |
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191 | (1) |
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Human Factors and Discrete-Event Simulation |
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192 | (6) |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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Software and Training Resources |
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196 | (2) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (2) |
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Virtual Reality in the Training Environment |
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201 | (30) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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Realizing the Technological Potential of Virtual Reality: A Naval Example and Application |
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202 | (4) |
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Enabling Technologies and Applications |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (9) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (7) |
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Virtual Reality Technologies |
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215 | (8) |
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Synthetic Natural Environment (SNE) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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Computer-Generated Forces (CGF) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (2) |
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Identifying Insertion Points |
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227 | (1) |
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Conclusions and Future Directions |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (3) |
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The Transformation of Shiphandling and Navigation Training |
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231 | (8) |
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From Sextants to Satellites |
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231 | (2) |
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Early Navigation and Shiphandling Trainers |
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233 | (1) |
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Submarine Piloting and Navigation (SPAN) Team Training |
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233 | (1) |
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Mini-Submarine Piloting and Navigation |
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233 | (1) |
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Submarine Piloting and Navigation 2000 |
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234 | (1) |
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Virtual Environment-Submarine Shiphandling 2000 (VESUB) |
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234 | (3) |
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Perceptual and Cognitive Task Analysis |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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Training Effectiveness Evaluation (TEE) |
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236 | (1) |
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Simulation and Training Issues |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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Space Adaptation Syndrome and Perceptual Training |
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239 | (18) |
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239 | (2) |
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239 | (2) |
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Individual Differences in Adaptation |
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241 | (2) |
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The Long-Term Retention, Conditioning, and Transfer of Adaptation |
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243 | (3) |
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Long-Lasting Adaptation Effects |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (2) |
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Reducing Symptomatology through Perceptual Training |
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246 | (1) |
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Effect of Preadaptation Training on Virtual Reality Exposure |
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246 | (3) |
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Effect of Preadaptation Training on Vection Drum Exposure |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (6) |
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Civil Aviation: Flight Simulators and Training |
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257 | (30) |
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258 | (1) |
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An Overview of Civil Aviation Training, Flight Simulators, and the Human Factors Therein |
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259 | (5) |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (1) |
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Human Factors and Flight Simulators |
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262 | (1) |
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Major Drivers in Civil Aviation Pilot/Crew Training |
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263 | (1) |
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Flight Simulators and Flight Training Devices |
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264 | (3) |
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264 | (1) |
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Flight Simulators and Training |
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265 | (1) |
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Flight Training Devices and Training |
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265 | (1) |
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Flight Simulator and FTD Assessment |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (2) |
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267 | (1) |
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SFAR/AQP: Overview and Synopsis |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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AQP, LOS/LOFT, and Simulators |
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268 | (1) |
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Line-Oriented Flight Training (LOFT) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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Maximizing LOFT: The Mission Performance Model and the Operational Decision Making Paradigm |
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270 | (4) |
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270 | (1) |
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Risk Identification and Management: Training and Evaluation with MPM and ODM Paradigm |
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270 | (1) |
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Mission Performance Model |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (7) |
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Operational Decision Making: New Window of Opportunity |
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274 | (1) |
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Introduction to the ODM Paradigm |
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274 | (1) |
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Components of the ODM Model |
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275 | (1) |
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Risk Management: Risk, Rising Risk, and Flying the Line |
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275 | (1) |
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Risk Management: The Operational Envelope, Risk Location, and Cumulative Effect |
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275 | (1) |
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Risk Management: Critical Mission Impact Areas and Their Components |
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276 | (1) |
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Boundary Conditions as Mission Critical Impact Areas |
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277 | (1) |
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Risk Management: Situation Knowledge and Risk Location |
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277 | (1) |
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Risk Management: Rising Risk, Risk Location, and Response Action |
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277 | (2) |
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A Distinction: Cumulative Effect Resultant versus Additive Effect Resultant |
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279 | (1) |
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Operational Envelope and Rising Risk Continuum: Relationship |
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280 | (1) |
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Putting It All Together: Risk Location and Risk Management in the Operational Envelope |
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280 | (1) |
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ODM and MPM in LOFT Design, Development, and Evaluation |
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281 | (4) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (2) |
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LOFT Design: Another Approach |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circulars (AC) and Regulations |
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286 | (1) |
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Distributed After-Action Review for Simulation-Based Training |
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287 | (14) |
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288 | (2) |
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288 | (1) |
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Some Issues in Distributed AARs for Simulation-Based Training |
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289 | (1) |
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Traditional Debriefing Techniques |
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290 | (1) |
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Functions and Current Methods of AAR |
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290 | (2) |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (2) |
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Challenges of Distributed AARs |
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292 | (2) |
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292 | (1) |
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Performance Recall, Comparison, and Extrapolation |
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293 | (1) |
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Assessment and Display of Competence |
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294 | (1) |
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Requirements for Distributed AARs |
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294 | (3) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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Expert Models of Performance |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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Current Techniques for Debriefing Distributed Teams |
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297 | (1) |
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State of the Art in Distributed Debriefing |
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297 | (1) |
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Large-Scale Distributed Simulation Training Exercises |
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297 | (1) |
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Small-Scale Distributed Simulation Training Exercises |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (3) |
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Performance Measurement Issues and Guidelines for Adaptive, Simulation-Based Training |
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301 | (20) |
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301 | (1) |
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Illustration of Future Simulation-Based Training Capabilities and Trends |
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302 | (2) |
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A Confirmatory Performance Measurement Framework for Adaptive, Simulation-Based Training |
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304 | (8) |
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Dimensions and Essential Characteristics of Performance Measures |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (2) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (2) |
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Objectivity and Intrusiveness |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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Measurement Principles for Adaptive Training |
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312 | (5) |
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Ensure That Performance Measure Development Is Guided by Sound Theory |
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312 | (3) |
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Consider and Exploit Measurement Affordances |
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315 | (1) |
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Ensure Usefulness of Measures for Evaluating Training Effectiveness |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (4) |
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Decision Making under Crisis Conditions: A Training and Simulation Perspective |
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321 | (12) |
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321 | (1) |
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Effects of Time Stress and Uncertainty on Decision Making |
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322 | (1) |
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Other Effects on Human Decision Makers Under Crisis Conditions |
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323 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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Decision-Making Performance Measures |
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324 | (1) |
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Crisis Decision-Making Training |
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325 | (3) |
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General and Stress Training |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (1) |
|
|
328 | (1) |
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|
328 | (1) |
|
|
329 | (4) |
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Augmented Reality as a Means of Job Task Training in Aviation |
|
|
333 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Historical Overview: AR and Training |
|
|
334 | (4) |
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338 | (4) |
|
|
338 | (1) |
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|
339 | (2) |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Knowledge Development and Training Transfer |
|
|
342 | (2) |
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What is the Future of Job Training---Training on the Job Literally? |
|
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344 | (2) |
|
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346 | (1) |
|
|
346 | (3) |
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Simulation Research in the Command and Control of Air Operations: Implications of the Network-Centric Concept |
|
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349 | (22) |
|
|
|
|
The Command and Control Environment |
|
|
349 | (1) |
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Network-Centric Operations |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (14) |
|
U.S. Army Future Combat Systems (FCS) Program |
|
|
352 | (1) |
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U.S. Navy C2 Human Factors Research Programs |
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353 | (3) |
|
U.S. Air Force C2 Human Factors Research Programs |
|
|
356 | (2) |
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Simulation and Its Utility for C2 Systems |
|
|
358 | (2) |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Collaboration Technologies and C2 Simulation Research |
|
|
361 | (4) |
|
Evaluations of Collaboration Technologies |
|
|
365 | (1) |
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|
366 | (5) |
|
Simulation Advances in Medical Training Laparoscopic Skill Acquisition |
|
|
371 | (16) |
|
Elizabeth A. Schmidt-Panos |
|
|
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Background: Harm Caused by Medical Errors |
|
|
371 | (1) |
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The Apprenticeship Training Model in Medicine |
|
|
372 | (1) |
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Psychomotor Skill Acquisition |
|
|
372 | (2) |
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Medical Simulators: Part of the Solution |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Types of Medical Simulators |
|
|
374 | (3) |
|
Laparoscopic Surgery and Simulation Technology |
|
|
377 | (3) |
|
Laparoscopic Box Trainers |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Laparoscopic Virtual Reality Trainers |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
MIST VR Learning Curves and Sensitivity |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Overcoming the Fulcrum Effect |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Transfer of MIST VR Acquired Skill |
|
|
381 | (1) |
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|
382 | (1) |
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|
383 | (1) |
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|
383 | (4) |
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Communications and Coordination Training with Speech-Interactive Synthetic Teammates: A Design and Evaluation Case Study |
|
|
387 | (30) |
|
|
|
|
|
388 | (2) |
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Simulators and the Team Training Gap |
|
|
388 | (1) |
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The Training Problem: Pilot Communication |
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
Communication and Coordination Training |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
Training with Speech-Enabled Synthetic Teammates |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Traffic Pattern and Radio Communications |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Instructional Design Factors |
|
|
394 | (6) |
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|
394 | (2) |
|
Training Analysis and Knowledge Engineering |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
397 | (1) |
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|
398 | (1) |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Automated Performance Measurement |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
Challenges of Assessment in Simulated Environments |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
VIPERS Training Objectives and Performance Measures |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
System Architecture and Operation |
|
|
402 | (3) |
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|
403 | (1) |
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|
403 | (1) |
|
Speech Recognition and Synthesis |
|
|
404 | (1) |
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|
404 | (1) |
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|
405 | (1) |
|
Synthetic Teammate Design |
|
|
405 | (2) |
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|
405 | (1) |
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|
406 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Training Management Tools |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
407 | (2) |
|
Preliminary User Studies and Results |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
409 | (4) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Subjective Data Collection |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Objective Data Collection |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
414 | (3) |
Appendix A: Glossary of Modeling Terms |
|
417 | (6) |
Appendix B: Glossary of Simulation Terms |
|
423 | (6) |
Appendix C: Glossary of Verification, Validation, and Accreditation Terms |
|
429 | (2) |
Index |
|
431 | |