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E-grāmata: Human Impact on the Natural Environment: Past, Present and Future

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(University of Oxford, UK)
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Jun-2018
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119403920
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  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 15-Jun-2018
  • Izdevniecība: Wiley-Blackwell
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119403920

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A brand new edition of the definitive textbook on humankind’s impact on the Earth’s environment—now in full color

This classic text explores the multitude of impacts that humans have had over time upon vegetation, animals, soils, water, landforms, and the atmosphere. It considers the ways in which climate changes and modifications in land cover may change the environment in coming decades. Thoroughly revised to cover the remarkable transformation in interest that humans are having in the environment, this book examines previously uncovered topics, such as rewilding, ecosystem services, techniques for study, novel and no analogue ecosystems, and more. It also presents the latest views on big themes such as human origins, the anthropocene, domestication, extinctions, and ecological invasions.

Extensively re-written, Human Impact on the Natural Environment, Eighth Edition contains many new and updated statistical tables, figures, and references. It offers enlightening chapters that look at the past and present state of the world—examining our impact on the land itself and the creatures that inhabit it; the oceans, lakes, rivers and streams; and the climate and atmosphere. The book also takes a deep look at our future impact on the planet and its resources—our affect on the coastal environments, the cryosphere and the drylands, as well as the hydrological and geomorphological impacts.

  • Fully updated to take account of recent advances in our understanding of global warming and other phenomena
  • Offers current opinions on such topics as human origins, the anthropocene, domestication, extinctions, and ecological invasions
  • Features a full-color presentation to allow for more and clearer photographs and diagrams
  • Contains more international case studies than previous editions to balance UK examples

Human Impact on the Natural Environment is essential reading for undergraduates in geography and environmental science, and for those who want a thorough, wide-ranging and balanced overview of the impacts of humans upon natural processes and systems from the Stone Age to the Anthropocene and who wish to understand the major environmental issues that concern the human race at the present time.

Preface to the Eighth Edition xi
1 Introduction 1(26)
1.1 The Development of Ideas
1(4)
1.2 The Anthropocene
5(1)
1.3 The Development of Human Population and Stages of Cultural Development
6(4)
1.4 Hunting and Gathering
10(2)
1.5 Humans as Cultivators and Keepers
12(6)
1.6 Mining and Metals
18(1)
1.7 Modern Industrial and Urban Civilizations
19(2)
1.8 The Great Acceleration
21(3)
1.9 Methods of Study
24(1)
Guide to Reading
25(2)
2 The Human Impact on Vegetation 27(48)
2.1 Human Impacts on Nature
27(1)
2.2 Vegetation Change: Introduction
28(4)
2.3 The Use of Fire
32(2)
2.4 Fires: Natural and Anthropogenic
34(1)
2.5 Some Consequences of Fire Suppression
34(1)
2.6 Some Effects of Fire on Vegetation
35(2)
2.7 The Role of Grazing
37(2)
2.8 Deforestation
39(1)
2.9 Tropical Forests
40(5)
2.10 The Forest Transition
45(3)
2.11 Secondary Rain Forest
48(1)
2.12 The Human Role in the Creation and Maintenance of Savanna
49(3)
2.13 The Spread of Desert Vegetation on Desert Margins
52(4)
2.14 The Maquis of the Mediterranean Lands
56(1)
2.15 The Prairies and Other Mid-latitude and High-altitude Grasslands
56(3)
2.16 Post-glacial Vegetational Change in Britain and Europe
59(1)
2.17 Lowland Heaths
60(1)
2.18 Introduction, Invasion, and Explosion
61(4)
2.19 Air Pollution and Its Effects on Plants
65(2)
2.20 Forest Decline
67(3)
2.21 Miscellaneous Causes of Plant Decline
70(1)
2.22 The Change in Genetic and Species Diversity
71(1)
2.23 Conclusion: Threats to Plant Life
72(1)
Guide to Reading
72(3)
3 The Human Impact on Animals 75(36)
3.1 Domestication of Animals
75(1)
3.2 Dispersal and Invasions of Animals
76(6)
3.3 Human Influence on the Expansion of Animal Populations
82(4)
3.4 Causes of Animal Contractions and Decline: Pollution
86(3)
3.5 Habitat Change and Animal Decline
89(4)
3.6 Other Causes of Animal Decline
93(5)
3.7 Animal Extinctions in Prehistoric Times
98(4)
3.8 Modern-day Extinctions
102(6)
Guide to Reading
108(3)
4 The Human Impact on the Soil 111(34)
4.1 Introduction
111(1)
4.2 Salinity: Natural Sources
112(1)
4.3 Human Agency and Increased Salinity
112(1)
4.4 Irrigation Salinity
113(1)
4.5 Dryland Salinity
114(2)
4.6 Urban Salinity
116(1)
4.7 Inter-basin Water Transfers
116(1)
4.8 Coastal Zone Salinity
116(2)
4.9 Consequences of Salinity
118(1)
4.10 Reclamation of Salt-affected Lands
118(2)
4.11 Lateritization
120(1)
4.12 Accelerated Podzolization and Acidification
121(1)
4.13 Soil Carbon
122(1)
4.14 Soil Structure Alteration
123(2)
4.15 Soil Drainage and its Impact
125(1)
4.16 Soil Fertilization
126(1)
4.17 Fires and Soil Quality
126(1)
4.18 Some Anthrosols Resulting from Agriculture and Urbanization
127(1)
4.19 Soil Erosion: General Considerations
127(1)
4.20 The Causes of Soil Erosion
128(1)
4.21 Forest Removal
129(3)
4.22 Soil Erosion Associated with Grazing
132(1)
4.23 Irrigation and Erosion
132(1)
4.24 Replacement of Grassland by Shrubland in Drylands
133(1)
4.25 Soil Erosion Produced by Fire
133(1)
4.26 Soil Erosion Associated with Construction and Urbanization
134(1)
4.27 Long-term Studies of Rates of Erosion
134(3)
4.28 Peat Bog Erosion
137(1)
4.29 Accelerated Wind Erosion
138(2)
4.30 Soil Conservation
140(3)
4.31 Soils, Microbiology, and the Earth System
143(1)
Guide to Reading
144(1)
5 The Human Impact on the Waters 145(42)
5.1 Introduction
145(1)
5.2 Deliberate Modification of River Systems Connectivity
146(8)
5.3 Changes in River Flow
154(8)
5.3.1 The Effects of Dams
154(1)
5.3.2 Vegetation Modification and its Effect on River Flow
154(4)
5.3.3 The Role of Invasive Plants
158(1)
5.3.4 Land Drainage
158(2)
5.3.5 Groundwater Exploitation
160(1)
5.3.6 Urbanization and its Effects on River Flow
160(2)
5.4 The Human Impact on Lake Levels
162(6)
5.5 Changes in Groundwater Conditions
168(3)
5.6 Water Pollution
171(6)
5.7 Eutrophication
177(1)
5.8 Pollution by Acid Rain
178(2)
5.9 Deforestation and its Effects on Water Quality
180(1)
5.10 Thermal Pollution
181(1)
5.11 Pollution with Suspended Sediments
182(1)
5.12 Marine Pollution
182(3)
Guide to Reading
185(2)
6 Human Agency in Geomorphology 187(46)
6.1 Introduction
187(1)
6.2 Landforms Produced by Excavation
188(4)
6.3 Landforms Produced by Construction and Dumping
192(1)
6.4 Ground Subsidence
192(6)
6.5 The Human Impact on Seismicity and Volcanoes
198(2)
6.6 Accelerated Sedimentation
200(3)
6.7 Sediment Transport by Rivers
203(2)
6.8 Deliberate Modification of Channels
205(3)
6.9 Non-deliberate River Channel Changes
208(5)
6.10 Arroyo Trenching and Gullies
213(3)
6.11 Accelerated Mass Movements
216(3)
6.12 Accelerated Weathering and the Tufa Decline
219(1)
6.13 Reactivation and Stabilization of Sand Dunes
220(3)
6.14 Accelerated Coastal Erosion
223(6)
6.15 Changing Rates of Salt Marsh Accretion
229(2)
Guide to Reading
231(2)
7 The Human Impact on Climate and the Atmosphere 233(34)
7.1 World Climates
233(2)
7.2 The Greenhouse Gases-Carbon Dioxide
235(1)
7.3 Other Gases
236(3)
7.4 Ozone Depletion and Climate Change
239(1)
7.5 Aerosols
239(2)
7.6 Global Dimming and Global Brightening
241(1)
7.7 Vegetation and Albedo Change
242(2)
7.8 Forests, Irrigation, and Climate
244(1)
7.9 The Possible Effects of Water Diversion Schemes
244(1)
7.10 Lakes and Climate
245(1)
7.11 Urban Climates
245(5)
7.12 Deliberate Climatic Modification
250(2)
7.13 Geoengineering
252(1)
7.14 Urban Air Pollution
252(4)
7.15 Air Pollution: Some Further Effects
256(7)
7.16 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
263(2)
7.17 Conclusions
265(1)
Guide to Reading
266(1)
8 The Future: Introduction 267(16)
8.1 Introduction
267(4)
8.2 Changes in the Biosphere
271(7)
8.3 Climate and Geomorphology
278(4)
Guide to Reading
282(1)
9 The Future: Coastal Environments 283(18)
9.1 Introduction
283(1)
9.2 The Steric Effect
284(1)
9.3 Anthropogenic Contributions to Sea-Level Change
284(2)
9.3.1 Reduction in Lake-Water Volumes
284(1)
9.3.2 Water Impoundment in Reservoirs
285(1)
9.3.3 Groundwater Mining
285(1)
9.3.4 Urbanization and Runoff
285(1)
9.3.5 Deforestation and Runoff
285(1)
9.3.6 Wetland Losses
285(1)
9.3.7 Irrigation
286(1)
9.3.8 Synthesis
286(1)
9.4 Permafrost Degradation, Melting of Glaciers, and Sea-Level Rise
286(1)
9.5 Ice Sheets and Sea-Level Rise
286(1)
9.6 How Fast are Sea Levels Rising?
287(1)
9.7 The Amount of Sea-Level Rise By 2100
287(1)
9.8 Land Subsidence
287(2)
9.9 Coral Reefs
289(3)
9.10 Salt Marshes and Mangrove Swamps
292(4)
9.11 River Deltas
296(1)
9.12 Estuaries
297(1)
9.13 Cliffed Coasts
298(1)
9.14 Sandy Beaches
298(2)
9.15 Conclusions
300(1)
Guide to Reading
300(1)
10 The Future: Hydrological and Geomorphological Impacts 301(12)
10.1 Introduction
301(1)
10.2 Rainfall Intensity
302(1)
10.3 Changes in Tropical Cyclones
302(2)
10.4 Runoff Response
304(1)
10.5 Cold Regions
305(2)
10.6 Changes in Runoff in the UK
307(1)
10.7 Europe
307(2)
10.8 Geomorphological Consequences of Hydrological and Other Changes
309(1)
10.9 Weathering
310(1)
Guide to Reading
311(2)
11 The Future: The Cryosphere 313(16)
11.1 The Nature of the Cryosphere
313(1)
11.2 The Polar Ice Sheets and Ice Caps
313(3)
11.3 Valley Glaciers and Small Ice Caps
316(4)
11.4 Predicted Rates of Glacier Retreat and Some Environmental Consequences
320(2)
11.5 Sea Ice in the Arctic and Antarctic
322(1)
11.6 Permafrost Regions
323(5)
Guide to Reading
328(1)
12 The Future: Drylands 329(12)
12.1 Introduction
329(1)
12.2 Climate Changes in the Past
330(1)
12.3 Future Changes in Climate in Drylands
331(1)
12.4 Wind Erosivity and Erodibility
332(1)
12.5 Future Dust Storm Activity
333(1)
12.6 Sand Dunes
334(3)
12.7 Rainfall and Runoff
337(1)
12.8 Lake Levels
338(1)
12.9 Sea-level Rise and Arid-zone Coastlines
338(1)
12.10 Salt Weathering and Salinization
339(1)
Guide to Reading
340(1)
13 Conclusion 341(110)
13.1 The Power of Non-industrial and Pre-industrial Civilizations
341(1)
13.2 The Proliferation of Impacts
342(4)
13.3 The Inter-relationships of Changes in the Earth System
346(2)
13.4 Human Impacts on the Environment in China
348(1)
13.5 Are Changes Reversible?
349(5)
13.6 The Susceptibility to Change
354(2)
13.7 Human Influence or Nature?
356(1)
13.8 Global Warming and Other Pressures
357(1)
13.9 Into the Unknown
358(1)
Guide to Reading
359(2)
References
361(90)
Index 451
ANDREW S. GOUDIE is Emeritus Professor of Geography and former Master of St. Cross College, Oxford.