Preface to the Eighth Edition |
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xi | |
1 Introduction |
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1 | (26) |
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1.1 The Development of Ideas |
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1 | (4) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.3 The Development of Human Population and Stages of Cultural Development |
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6 | (4) |
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1.4 Hunting and Gathering |
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10 | (2) |
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1.5 Humans as Cultivators and Keepers |
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12 | (6) |
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18 | (1) |
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1.7 Modern Industrial and Urban Civilizations |
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19 | (2) |
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1.8 The Great Acceleration |
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21 | (3) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (2) |
2 The Human Impact on Vegetation |
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27 | (48) |
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2.1 Human Impacts on Nature |
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27 | (1) |
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2.2 Vegetation Change: Introduction |
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28 | (4) |
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32 | (2) |
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2.4 Fires: Natural and Anthropogenic |
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34 | (1) |
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2.5 Some Consequences of Fire Suppression |
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34 | (1) |
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2.6 Some Effects of Fire on Vegetation |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (5) |
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2.10 The Forest Transition |
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45 | (3) |
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2.11 Secondary Rain Forest |
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48 | (1) |
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2.12 The Human Role in the Creation and Maintenance of Savanna |
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49 | (3) |
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2.13 The Spread of Desert Vegetation on Desert Margins |
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52 | (4) |
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2.14 The Maquis of the Mediterranean Lands |
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56 | (1) |
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2.15 The Prairies and Other Mid-latitude and High-altitude Grasslands |
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56 | (3) |
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2.16 Post-glacial Vegetational Change in Britain and Europe |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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2.18 Introduction, Invasion, and Explosion |
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61 | (4) |
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2.19 Air Pollution and Its Effects on Plants |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (3) |
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2.21 Miscellaneous Causes of Plant Decline |
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70 | (1) |
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2.22 The Change in Genetic and Species Diversity |
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71 | (1) |
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2.23 Conclusion: Threats to Plant Life |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (3) |
3 The Human Impact on Animals |
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75 | (36) |
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3.1 Domestication of Animals |
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75 | (1) |
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3.2 Dispersal and Invasions of Animals |
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76 | (6) |
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3.3 Human Influence on the Expansion of Animal Populations |
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82 | (4) |
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3.4 Causes of Animal Contractions and Decline: Pollution |
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86 | (3) |
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3.5 Habitat Change and Animal Decline |
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89 | (4) |
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3.6 Other Causes of Animal Decline |
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93 | (5) |
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3.7 Animal Extinctions in Prehistoric Times |
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98 | (4) |
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3.8 Modern-day Extinctions |
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102 | (6) |
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108 | (3) |
4 The Human Impact on the Soil |
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111 | (34) |
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111 | (1) |
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4.2 Salinity: Natural Sources |
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112 | (1) |
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4.3 Human Agency and Increased Salinity |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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4.7 Inter-basin Water Transfers |
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116 | (1) |
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4.8 Coastal Zone Salinity |
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116 | (2) |
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4.9 Consequences of Salinity |
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118 | (1) |
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4.10 Reclamation of Salt-affected Lands |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (1) |
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4.12 Accelerated Podzolization and Acidification |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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4.14 Soil Structure Alteration |
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123 | (2) |
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4.15 Soil Drainage and its Impact |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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4.17 Fires and Soil Quality |
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126 | (1) |
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4.18 Some Anthrosols Resulting from Agriculture and Urbanization |
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127 | (1) |
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4.19 Soil Erosion: General Considerations |
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127 | (1) |
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4.20 The Causes of Soil Erosion |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (3) |
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4.22 Soil Erosion Associated with Grazing |
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132 | (1) |
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4.23 Irrigation and Erosion |
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132 | (1) |
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4.24 Replacement of Grassland by Shrubland in Drylands |
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133 | (1) |
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4.25 Soil Erosion Produced by Fire |
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133 | (1) |
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4.26 Soil Erosion Associated with Construction and Urbanization |
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134 | (1) |
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4.27 Long-term Studies of Rates of Erosion |
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134 | (3) |
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137 | (1) |
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4.29 Accelerated Wind Erosion |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (3) |
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4.31 Soils, Microbiology, and the Earth System |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
5 The Human Impact on the Waters |
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145 | (42) |
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145 | (1) |
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5.2 Deliberate Modification of River Systems Connectivity |
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146 | (8) |
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5.3 Changes in River Flow |
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154 | (8) |
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5.3.1 The Effects of Dams |
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154 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Vegetation Modification and its Effect on River Flow |
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154 | (4) |
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5.3.3 The Role of Invasive Plants |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (2) |
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5.3.5 Groundwater Exploitation |
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160 | (1) |
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5.3.6 Urbanization and its Effects on River Flow |
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160 | (2) |
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5.4 The Human Impact on Lake Levels |
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162 | (6) |
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5.5 Changes in Groundwater Conditions |
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168 | (3) |
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171 | (6) |
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177 | (1) |
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5.8 Pollution by Acid Rain |
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178 | (2) |
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5.9 Deforestation and its Effects on Water Quality |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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5.11 Pollution with Suspended Sediments |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (3) |
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185 | (2) |
6 Human Agency in Geomorphology |
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187 | (46) |
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187 | (1) |
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6.2 Landforms Produced by Excavation |
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188 | (4) |
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6.3 Landforms Produced by Construction and Dumping |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (6) |
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6.5 The Human Impact on Seismicity and Volcanoes |
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198 | (2) |
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6.6 Accelerated Sedimentation |
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200 | (3) |
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6.7 Sediment Transport by Rivers |
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203 | (2) |
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6.8 Deliberate Modification of Channels |
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205 | (3) |
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6.9 Non-deliberate River Channel Changes |
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208 | (5) |
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6.10 Arroyo Trenching and Gullies |
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213 | (3) |
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6.11 Accelerated Mass Movements |
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216 | (3) |
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6.12 Accelerated Weathering and the Tufa Decline |
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219 | (1) |
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6.13 Reactivation and Stabilization of Sand Dunes |
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220 | (3) |
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6.14 Accelerated Coastal Erosion |
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223 | (6) |
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6.15 Changing Rates of Salt Marsh Accretion |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (2) |
7 The Human Impact on Climate and the Atmosphere |
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233 | (34) |
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233 | (2) |
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7.2 The Greenhouse Gases-Carbon Dioxide |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (3) |
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7.4 Ozone Depletion and Climate Change |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (2) |
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7.6 Global Dimming and Global Brightening |
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241 | (1) |
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7.7 Vegetation and Albedo Change |
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242 | (2) |
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7.8 Forests, Irrigation, and Climate |
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244 | (1) |
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7.9 The Possible Effects of Water Diversion Schemes |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (5) |
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7.12 Deliberate Climatic Modification |
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250 | (2) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (4) |
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7.15 Air Pollution: Some Further Effects |
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256 | (7) |
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7.16 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
8 The Future: Introduction |
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267 | (16) |
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267 | (4) |
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8.2 Changes in the Biosphere |
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271 | (7) |
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8.3 Climate and Geomorphology |
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278 | (4) |
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282 | (1) |
9 The Future: Coastal Environments |
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283 | (18) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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9.3 Anthropogenic Contributions to Sea-Level Change |
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284 | (2) |
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9.3.1 Reduction in Lake-Water Volumes |
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284 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Water Impoundment in Reservoirs |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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9.3.4 Urbanization and Runoff |
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285 | (1) |
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9.3.5 Deforestation and Runoff |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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9.4 Permafrost Degradation, Melting of Glaciers, and Sea-Level Rise |
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286 | (1) |
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9.5 Ice Sheets and Sea-Level Rise |
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286 | (1) |
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9.6 How Fast are Sea Levels Rising? |
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287 | (1) |
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9.7 The Amount of Sea-Level Rise By 2100 |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (3) |
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9.10 Salt Marshes and Mangrove Swamps |
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292 | (4) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
10 The Future: Hydrological and Geomorphological Impacts |
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301 | (12) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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10.3 Changes in Tropical Cyclones |
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302 | (2) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (2) |
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10.6 Changes in Runoff in the UK |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (2) |
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10.8 Geomorphological Consequences of Hydrological and Other Changes |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (2) |
11 The Future: The Cryosphere |
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313 | (16) |
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11.1 The Nature of the Cryosphere |
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313 | (1) |
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11.2 The Polar Ice Sheets and Ice Caps |
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313 | (3) |
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11.3 Valley Glaciers and Small Ice Caps |
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316 | (4) |
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11.4 Predicted Rates of Glacier Retreat and Some Environmental Consequences |
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320 | (2) |
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11.5 Sea Ice in the Arctic and Antarctic |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (5) |
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328 | (1) |
12 The Future: Drylands |
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329 | (12) |
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329 | (1) |
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12.2 Climate Changes in the Past |
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330 | (1) |
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12.3 Future Changes in Climate in Drylands |
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331 | (1) |
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12.4 Wind Erosivity and Erodibility |
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332 | (1) |
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12.5 Future Dust Storm Activity |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (3) |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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12.9 Sea-level Rise and Arid-zone Coastlines |
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338 | (1) |
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12.10 Salt Weathering and Salinization |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
13 Conclusion |
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341 | (110) |
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13.1 The Power of Non-industrial and Pre-industrial Civilizations |
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341 | (1) |
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13.2 The Proliferation of Impacts |
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342 | (4) |
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13.3 The Inter-relationships of Changes in the Earth System |
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346 | (2) |
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13.4 Human Impacts on the Environment in China |
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348 | (1) |
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13.5 Are Changes Reversible? |
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349 | (5) |
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13.6 The Susceptibility to Change |
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354 | (2) |
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13.7 Human Influence or Nature? |
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356 | (1) |
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13.8 Global Warming and Other Pressures |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (2) |
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361 | (90) |
Index |
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451 | |