Human Motor Development: A Lifespan Approach 7th edition [Hardback]

Preface		xxi
About the Authors		xxiv
PART I An Overview of Development
Introduction to Motor Development		1	(23)
Human Motor Development		2	(1)
The Importance of Motor Development		3	(1)
The Domains of Human Development		4	(2)
Development, Maturation, and Growth		6	(2)
Development		6	(2)
Maturation and Growth		8	(1)
General Motor Development Terms		8	(2)
Developmental Direction		8	(1)
Differentiation and Integration		9	(1)
Gross Movement and Fine Movement		10	(1)
The Process--Product Controversy		11	(1)
Terms for Age Periods Throughout the Lifespan		12	(2)
Stages of Development		14	(1)
The History of the Field of Motor Development		14	(3)
An Interdisciplinary Approach to Motor Development		17	(1)
Designing Research in Motor Development: Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal, or . . . ?		18	(2)
Summary		20	(1)
Key Terms		21	(1)
Questions for Reflection		21	(1)
Internet Resources		22	(1)
Online Learning Center		22	(1)
References		22	(2)
Cognitive and Motor Development		24	(21)
Psychomotor or Motor?		25	(1)
Jean Piaget and Cognitive Development		25	(3)
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development		26	(2)
Infancy: The Sensorimotor Stage and Motor Development		28	(4)
Childhood: Preoperations and Motor Development		32	(2)
Later Childhood and Adolescence: Cognitive and Motor Development		34	(2)
Concrete Operational Stage		34	(1)
Formal Operational Stage		35	(1)
Adulthood: Postformal Operations		36	(1)
Adulthood: General Theories of Intellectual Development		37	(3)
The Notion of Total Intellectual Decline		37	(1)
Partial Intellectual Declines		37	(3)
Knowledge Development and Sport Performance		40	(2)
Summary		42	(1)
Key Terms		43	(1)
Questions for Reflection		43	(1)
Online Learning Center		43	(1)
References		43	(2)
Social and Motor Development		45	(30)
Socialization		46	(1)
Self-Esteem Development and Physical Activity		47	(3)
Social Influences During Infancy		50	(1)
Social Influences During Childhood		51	(6)
Play		52	(3)
Family		55	(2)
Social Influences During Older Childhood and Adolescence		57	(4)
Team Play		58	(2)
Gender Role Identification and Movement Activity		60	(1)
Social Factors of Adulthood		61	(6)
Social Learning and Ageism		63	(2)
Other Social Situations Likely to Affect Motor Development		65	(2)
The Exercise-Aging Cycle		67	(1)
Avoiding the Exercise-Aging Cycle		68	(3)
Summary		71	(1)
Key Terms		72	(1)
Questions for Reflection		72	(1)
Internet Resources		72	(1)
Online Learning Center		73	(1)
References		73	(2)
PART II Factors That Affect Development
Prenatal Development Concerns		75	(32)
Prenatal Development		76	(3)
The First 2 Weeks: Germinal Period		76	(1)
Weeks 3 to 8: Embryonic Period		77	(1)
Weeks 9 to Birth: Fetal Period		77	(2)
Drugs and Medications		79	(5)
Recreational Drugs		79	(3)
Prescriptive Drugs		82	(1)
Nonprescriptive Drugs		82	(1)
Obstetrical Medications		83	(1)
Maternal Diseases		84	(3)
Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome		84	(1)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus		84	(1)
Toxoplasmosis		85	(1)
Rh Incompatibility and Erythroblastosis Fetalis		86	(1)
Diabetes Mellitus		86	(1)
Genetic Factors		87	(4)
Chromosomal Disorders		87	(1)
Gene-Based Disorders		88	(3)
Prenatal Diagnostic Procedures		91	(4)
Ultrasound		91	(1)
Amniocentesis		91	(2)
Chorionic Villus Sampling		93	(1)
Alpha-Fetoprotein Test		93	(1)
Triple Marker Screening		93	(2)
Maternal Nutrition		95	(1)
Birth Weight		96	(2)
Exercise During Pregnancy		98	(3)
Maternal Response to Exercise		99	(1)
Fetal Responses to Maternal Exercise		100	(1)
Summary		101	(1)
Key Terms		102	(1)
Questions for Reflection		103	(1)
Internet Resources		103	(1)
Online Learning Center		103	(1)
References		104	(3)
Effects of Early Stimulation and Deprivation		107	(26)
Effects of Early Stimulation		108	(1)
Programs to Enhance Early Motor Development		109	(9)
Gymboree		110	(1)
Swim Programs for Infants and Preschoolers		111	(3)
Suzuki Method of Playing the Violin		114	(1)
Head Start Programs		115	(2)
Infant Walkers		117	(1)
Johnny and Jimmy		118	(2)
Effects of Early Deprivation		120	(4)
Hopi Cradleboards and Infant Development		121	(1)
Deprivation Dwarfism		121	(1)
Anna: A Case of Extreme Isolation		122	(1)
The ``Young Savage of Abeyron''		123	(1)
Concepts Concerning Stimulation and Deprivation		124	(5)
Critical Periods		124	(2)
Readiness		126	(1)
Catch-Up		127	(2)
Summary		129	(1)
Key Terms		130	(1)
Questions for Reflection		130	(1)
Internet Resources		130	(1)
Online Learning Center		131	(1)
References		131	(2)
PART III Physical Changes Across the Lifespan
Growth and Maturation		133	(38)
Measuring Growth in Length and Stature		134	(1)
Growth in Length and Stature		135	(2)
Measuring Body Weight		137	(1)
Growth in Body Weight		138	(5)
Combining Body Weight and Height: Body Mass Index		143	(2)
Stature and Weight: Interrelationship with Motor Development and Performance		145	(1)
Adolescent Awkwardness		146	(2)
Measuring Changes in Body Proportions		148	(5)
Changes in Body Proportions		153	(4)
Changes in the Ratio of Head Length to Total Body Length		153	(1)
Changes in Head Circumference		154	(1)
Changes in Sitting Height		154	(1)
Growth in Shoulder and Hip Width		154	(1)
Physique		155	(2)
Body Proportions: Interrelationship with Motor Performance		157	(1)
Measuring Skeletal Health		158	(1)
Skeletal Development		158	(1)
Exercise, Skeletal Development, and Health		159	(3)
Maturation and Developmental Age		162	(3)
Skeletal Maturity		162	(1)
Dental Maturity		162	(2)
Age of Menarche		164	(1)
Genitalia Maturity		165	(1)
Maturation: Interrelationship with Motor Performance		165	(2)
Summary		167	(1)
Key Terms		167	(1)
Questions for Reflection		167	(1)
Internet Resources		168	(1)
Online Learning Center		168	(1)
References		168	(3)
Physiological Changes: Health-Related Physical Fitness		171	(41)
Cardiovascular Fitness		172	(7)
Heart Rate		172	(1)
Stroke Volume		173	(1)
Cardiac Output		174	(1)
Maximal Oxygen Consumption		174	(1)
Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Fitness in Childhood		175	(1)
Cardiovascular Endurance Field-Test Data on Children and Adolescents		176	(1)
Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Fitness in Adulthood		177	(2)
Muscular Strength		179	(10)
Defining and Measuring Muscular Strength		180	(1)
Age-Related Changes in Muscular Strength: Laboratory Tests		180	(1)
Age-Related Changes in Muscular Strength/Endurance: Field Tests		181	(1)
Muscular Strength Training		182	(6)
Mechanisms of Increasing Muscular Strength		188	(1)
Flexibility		189	(3)
Flexibility: Performance Trends		191	(1)
Declining Flexibility and Aging: Causes and Therapy		191	(1)
Body Composition		192	(12)
Defining Overweight and Obese		192	(1)
General Growth Trends of Adipose Tissue		193	(1)
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity		193	(3)
Association Between Childhood and Adulthood Obesity		196	(1)
Laboratory-Test Measures of Body Composition		197	(1)
Field-Test Measures of Body Composition		198	(4)
Relationship of Obesity to Motor Development and Performance		202	(1)
Treatment of Overweight and Obesity		202	(2)
Gender Differences in Health-Related Physical Fitness		204	(1)
Factors Associated with Physiological Fitness		204	(1)
Points of Controversy and Concern		204	(1)
Summary		205	(1)
Key Terms		206	(1)
Questions for Reflection		206	(1)
Internet Resources		207	(1)
Online Learning Center		207	(1)
References		207	(5)
Movement and the Changing Senses		212	(23)
Understanding the Mechanics of Vision		213	(1)
Physical Development of the Eye		213	(1)
Development of Selected Visual Traits and Skilled Motor Performance		214	(11)
Visual Acuity		214	(4)
Binocular Vision and Depth Perception		218	(4)
Field of Vision		222	(1)
Effects of Aging on Depth Perception and Field of Vision		223	(1)
Eye Dominance		223	(1)
Tracking and Object Interception		224	(1)
Motor Development of Children with Visual Impairments		225	(3)
Head and Trunk Control		226	(1)
Independent Sitting		226	(1)
Creeping		226	(1)
Independent Walking		226	(1)
Prehension		226	(1)
Play Behavior of Children with Visual Impairments		227	(1)
The Nonvisual Senses		228	(3)
The Proprioceptive System		228	(1)
The Auditory System		229	(1)
The Cutaneous System		230	(1)
Summary		231	(1)
Key Terms		232	(1)
Questions for Reflection		232	(1)
Internet Resources		233	(1)
Online Learning Center		233	(1)
References		233	(2)
PART IV Movement Across the Lifespan
Infant Reflexes and Stereotypies		235	(22)
Importance of the Infant Reflexes		236	(5)
Infant Versus Lifespan Reflexes		236	(1)
Role of the Reflexes in Survival		237	(1)
Role of the Reflexes in Developing Future Movement		238	(1)
The Reflexes as Diagnostic Tools		239	(2)
Pinpointing the Number of Infant Reflexes		241	(1)
Primitive Reflexes		241	(7)
Palmar Grasp Reflex		241	(1)
Sucking Reflex		242	(1)
Search Reflex		243	(1)
Moro Reflex		243	(1)
Startle Reflex		244	(1)
Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex		244	(1)
Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex		245	(1)
Plantar Grasp Reflex		246	(1)
Babinski Reflex		246	(1)
Palmar Mandibular Reflex		246	(1)
Palmar Mental Reflex		247	(1)
Postural Reflexes		248	(4)
Stepping Reflex		248	(1)
Crawling Reflex		249	(1)
Swimming Reflex		249	(1)
Head- and Body-Righting Reflexes		249	(2)
Parachuting Reflexes		251	(1)
Labyrinthine Reflex		251	(1)
Pull-Up Reflex		251	(1)
Stereotypies		252	(3)
Summary		255	(1)
Key Terms		255	(1)
Questions for Reflection		255	(1)
Online Learning Center		255	(1)
References		256	(1)
Voluntary Movements of Infancy		257	(18)
Categorizing the Voluntary Movements of Infancy		258	(1)
Head Control		258	(2)
Body Control		260	(3)
Prone Locomotion		263	(1)
Upright Locomotion		264	(3)
Reaching, Grasping, and Releasing		267	(6)
Anticipation and Object Control in Reaching and Grasping		270	(1)
Bimanual Control		271	(2)
Summary		273	(1)
Key Terms		273	(1)
Questions for Reflection		273	(1)
Online Learning Center		274	(1)
References		274	(1)
Fine Motor Development		275	(24)
Assessing Fine Movement		276	(1)
Categorizing Manipulation		276	(2)
The Development of Prehension		278	(3)
An Alternate View of the Development of Prehension		281	(2)
Exploratory Procedures and Haptic Perception		283	(2)
Holding a Writing Implement		285	(3)
Cross-Cultural Comparison of Development of the Dynamic Tripod		288	(1)
The Dynamic Tripod from 6 to 14 Years		289	(1)
Drawing and Writing: Movement Products		289	(4)
Drawing: The Product		289	(3)
Handwriting: The Product		292	(1)
Finger Tapping		293	(1)
Fine Motor Slowing in Late Adulthood		294	(1)
Summary		295	(1)
Key Terms		296	(1)
Questions for Reflection		296	(1)
Online Learning Center		297	(1)
References		297	(2)
Fundamental Locomotion Skills of Childhood		299	(29)
Walking		300	(4)
Dynamic Base		301	(1)
Foot Angle		301	(1)
Walking Speed		301	(2)
Walking with External Loads		303	(1)
Walking with and Without Shoes		303	(1)
Running		304	(6)
Selected Improvements in the Running Pattern		304	(1)
Developmental Sequences for Running		305	(1)
Developmental Performance Trends for Running		306	(4)
Jumping		310	(6)
Preparatory Phase		310	(1)
Takeoff and Flight Phases		311	(1)
Landing Phase		311	(1)
Developmental Sequences for the Standing Long Jump		312	(1)
Developmental Sequences for the Vertical Jump		312	(1)
Developmental Performance Trends for Vertical Jumping		313	(2)
A Variation of Jumping: Hopping		315	(1)
Combining Fundamental Movements: The Gallop, Slide, and Skip		316	(8)
Summary		324	(1)
Key Terms		325	(1)
Questions for Reflection		325	(1)
Internet Resources		325	(1)
Online Learning Center		326	(1)
References		326	(2)
Fundamental Object-Control Skills of Childhood		328	(34)
Overarm Throwing		329	(11)
Developmental Stages of Throwing		329	(1)
Developmental Performance Trends for Overarm Throwing		330	(4)
Factors That Influence Overarm Throwing Performance		334	(4)
Accounting for Gender Differences in Overarm Throwing		338	(2)
Catching		340	(8)
Developmental Aspects: Two-Handed Catching		340	(1)
Developmental Sequences for Two-Handed Catching		341	(3)
Developmental Aspects: One-Handed Catching		344	(1)
Factors That Influence Catching Performance		345	(3)
Striking		348	(9)
Developmental Aspects of One- and Two-Handed Striking		349	(2)
Stationary Ball Bouncing		351	(1)
Kicking		352	(3)
Punting		355	(2)
Summary		357	(1)
Key Terms		358	(1)
Questions for Reflection		358	(1)
Online Learning Center		358	(1)
References		358	(4)
Youth Sports		362	(1)
Where Children Participate in Sports		365	(1)
Why Children Participate in Sports		366	(1)
Participation: Competence Motivation Theory		367	(1)
Why Children Drop Out of Sports		368	(1)
Sport Participation: Controversies		369	(11)
Medical Issues		369	(9)
Psychological Issues		378	(2)
Youth Sport Coaching		380	(3)
Who's Coaching Our Children?		381	(1)
An Increasing Need for Educating Coaches		381	(1)
Current Coaching Certification Programs		382	(1)
Arguments Against Mandatory Coaching Certification		382	(1)
Evaluating Coaching Effectiveness		383	(1)
Guidelines for Effective Coaching		383	(1)
Parental Education: An Attempt to Curb Violence		383	(1)
Rights of Young Athletes		384	(3)
Youth Sports: Recommendations for the 21st Century		387	(1)
Summary		387	(1)
Key Terms		387	(1)
Questions for Reflection		388	(1)
Internet Resources		388	(1)
Online Learning Center		388	(1)
References		388
Developmental Aspects: Two-Handed Catching		340	(1)
Developmental Sequences for Two-Handed Catching		341	(3)
Developmental Aspects: One-Handed Catching		344	(1)
Factors That Influence Catching Performance		345	(3)
Striking		348	(9)
Developmental Aspects of One- and Two-Handed Striking		349	(2)
Stationary Ball Bouncing		351	(1)
Kicking		352	(3)
Punting		355	(2)
Summary		357	(1)
Key Terms		358	(1)
Questions for Reflection		358	(1)
Online Learning Center		358	(1)
References		358	(4)
Youth Sports		362	(30)
Where Children Participate in Sports		365	(1)
Why Children Participate in Sports		366	(1)
Participation: Competence Motivation Theory		367	(1)
Why Children Drop Out of Sports		368	(1)
Sport Participation: Controversies		369	(11)
Medical Issues		369	(9)
Psychological Issues		378	(2)
Youth Sport Coaching		380	(3)
Who's Coaching Our Children?		381	(1)
An Increasing Need for Educating Coaches		381	(1)
Current Coaching Certification Programs		382	(1)
Arguments Against Mandatory Coaching Certification		382	(1)
Evaluating Coaching Effectiveness		383	(1)
Guidelines for Effective Coaching		383	(1)
Parental Education: An Attempt to Curb Violence		383	(1)
Rights of Young Athletes		384	(3)
Youth Sports: Recommendations for the 21st Century		387	(1)
Summary		387	(1)
Key Terms		387	(1)
Questions for Reflection		388	(1)
Internet Resources		388	(1)
Online Learning Center		388	(1)
References		388	(4)
Movement in Adulthood		392	(37)
The Shift to a Lifespan Approach to Motor Development		393	(2)
Balance and Postural Sway		395	(3)
Falls		398	(4)
Causes of Falls		399	(2)
Strategies to Avoid Falls Among the Elderly		401	(1)
Walking Patterns of Adulthood		402	(2)
Driving and Older Age		404	(2)
Adult Performance on Selected Motor Activities		406	(1)
Activities of Daily Living		407	(1)
Age of Peak Proficiency		408	(1)
Adult Performance During High Arousal		409	(2)
Movement Speed in Adulthood		411	(3)
Running Speed		411	(1)
Reaction and Response Time		412	(2)
Is a Movement Decline Inevitable with Age?		414	(5)
Compensation for the Movement Decline		414	(1)
Effects of Exercise on the Movement Decline		415	(2)
Effects of Practice on the Movement Decline		417	(1)
Physical Activity Trends in Adulthood		418	(1)
Sports-Related Injuries to Baby Boomers and Older Adults		419	(1)
Teaching Movement Skill to the Older Adult		420	(2)
The World Health Organization Heidelberg Guidelines		422	(7)
Summary		424	(1)
Key Terms		425	(1)
Questions for Reflection		426	(1)
Internet Resources		426	(1)
Online Learning Center		426	(1)
References		426	(3)
PART V Assessing Motor Development and Implementing a Program
Assessment		429	(32)
Guidelines for Assessment		430	(4)
Why Assess?		430	(1)
What Variables to Assess		430	(1)
Selecting the Best Test		430	(1)
Preparing Students for Assessment		431	(1)
Instructor Preparation and Data Collection		432	(1)
Interpreting the Assessment Data		432	(2)
Formal Versus Informal Assessment		434	(1)
Sharing Assessment Results		434	(1)
Types of Assessment Instruments		434	(1)
Norm-Referenced		435	(1)
Criterion-Referenced		435	(1)
Product-Oriented Assessment		435	(1)
Product- Versus Process-Oriented Assessment: A Comparative Example		435	(2)
Product-Oriented Assessment		436	(1)
Process-Oriented Assessment		436	(1)
Selected Norm-Referenced Instruments		437	(3)
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III		437	(1)
Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency		437	(1)
Basic Motor Ability Test--Revised		437	(1)
Denver II		438	(2)
Selected Process-Oriented Assessment Instruments		440	(3)
SIGMA		440	(1)
Developmental Sequence of Motor Skills Inventory		440	(3)
Fundamental Motor Pattern Assessment Instrument		443	(1)
Test of Gross Motor Development--2		443	(1)
Assessing the Disabled		443	(6)
Brigance Diagnostic Inventory of Early Development		448	(1)
I Can		448	(1)
Aids in Assessing Motor Skills		449	(1)
Assessing Physical Fitness		449	(8)
The Fitnessgram/Activitygram		449	(4)
The Brockport Physical Fitness Test		453	(1)
The President's Challenge		453	(3)
National Youth Physical Fitness Program		456	(1)
National Children and Youth Fitness Studies I and II		456	(1)
Functional Fitness Assessment for Adults Over 60 Years		457	(1)
The Senior Fitness Test		457	(1)
Summary		457	(1)
Key Terms		458	(1)
Questions for Reflection		458	(1)
Internet Resources		458	(1)
Online Learning Center		459	(1)
References		459	(2)
Planning and Conducting Developmental Movement Programs		461
Preprogram Considerations		462	(6)
Philosophy		462	(1)
Facilities and Equipment		462	(5)
Personnel		467	(1)
Administrative Considerations		468	(4)
Advertising the Program		468	(1)
Registration		469	(1)
Orientation Meeting		469	(2)
First-Aid and Emergency Procedures		471	(1)
Cancellation Procedures		471	(1)
Drop-Off and Pick-Up Procedures		472	(1)
Curricular Considerations		472	(5)
Preprogram Assessments		472	(1)
Instructional Organization		473	(1)
Instructional Delivery Considerations		473	(3)
Postprogram Discussions		476	(1)
Parents' Workshop		476	(1)
Summary		477	(1)
Key Terms		477	(1)
Questions for Reflection		477	(1)
Internet Resources		477	(1)
Online Learning Center		478	(1)
References		478
Appendix A: Growth Charts: National Center for Health Statistics		1	(11)
Appendix B: Body Mass Index Table		12	(2)
Appendix C: Summary of the Surgeon General's Report on Physical Activity and Health		14	(4)
Appendix D: Summary of the CDC's Guidelines for School and Community Programs Promoting Lifelong Physical Activity		18	(5)
Appendix E: List of Web Sites		23
Author Index		1	(6)
Subject Index		7

V. Gregory Payne is a professor in the Department of Kinesiology at San Jose State University, where he specializes in human motor development with interests ranging from aging and physical activity to children's sports and fitness. He received a B.S. degree from Western Illinois University and that institution's Distinguished Alumni Award. He earned an M.A. from the University of Iowa and a P.E.D. from Indiana University. After receiving the B.S. degree, Dr. Payne lived and worked in Venezuela for two years as a Peace Corps Volunteer assigned to the Venezuelan Ministry of Education. Since that time he has produced over 150 publications including numerous refereed articles and fourteen editions of four books. In 2000, Dr. Payne was elected to fellowship in the prestigious Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education (AAKPE), generally regarded to be the top tier of leaders in the discipline who have made long-term contributions primarily through scholarship. He was also a member of the task force that developed the physical education national standards published in 1995, as well as a member of the 2004 California State Superintendent of Public Instruction Task Force on Childhood Obesity, Type II Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease. Dr. Payne has made over 250 presentations at state, national, and international conferences. He was the first Distinguished Honorary Professor of the Shenyang Institute of Physical Education in China, received the Distinguished Service Award from the California Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, the Southwest District AAHPERD Scholar Award, and the AAHPERD Honor Award. He has been nominated several times for the Outstanding Professor and President's Scholar Awards at San Jose State University and received the Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport Research Writing Award for work involving children's physical activity and VO2 max. Dr. Payne is a former President of the 22,000 member National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE); former Chair of the National Motor Development Academy of AAHPERD, and former President of the California Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (CAHPERD). He was presented CAHPERDs 2004 Verne Landreth Award, exemplifying the highest achievement in service, research, teaching, and administration, and was the 2004 SJSU Nominee for the California State University Wang Family Excellence Award for extraordinary commitment and dedication, distinction by exemplary contributions, and achievement in the academic discipline. He is a Fellow of the Research Consortium of AAHPERD, has chaired two editorial boards and has reviewed for journals including Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, International Journal of Sports Medicine, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sports, Gerontology, Strategies, Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal, and Medicine, Exercise, Nutrition, and Health, and Perceptual and Motor Skills.





Larry D. Isaacs is Professor Emeritus and former Director of the Exercise Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics at Wright State University. Since receiving his doctorate in 1979 from the University of Maryland, Dr. Isaacs has served as a reviewer for many scholarly journals. In addition, he has published numerous scholarly articles and has written sixteen textbooks. Over the past thirty-five years, his writings have been recognized by many organizations, including the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, where he was awarded the status of Fellow by the Research Consortium. Dr. Isaacs holds international certifications with the American College of Sports Medicine. Currently his research is examining the physiological changes that accompany aerobic exercise and resistance training in cardiac rehabilitation patients. Since retirement from the university, Dr. Isaacs has returned to part-time employment and serves as a clinical exercise physiologist at Hilton Head Regional Medical Center. Dr. Isaacs currently lives on Hilton Head Island with his wife Joy. His daughter, Brooke, and son, Timothy, both attend the University of South Carolina Beaufort Campus and also live on Hilton Head Island.