Preface |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xv | |
About the Authors |
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xvii | |
To the Student |
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xviii | |
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Part I AN OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT |
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1 Introduction to Motor Development |
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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The Importance of Motor Development |
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2 | (1) |
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The Domains of Human Development |
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3 | (2) |
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Box: Psychomotor or motor? |
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5 | (1) |
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Development, Maturation, and Growth |
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5 | (3) |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (1) |
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Trends In Growth and Motor Development |
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8 | (2) |
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8 | (1) |
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Differentiation and Integration |
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9 | (1) |
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Gross Movement and Fine Movement |
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9 | (1) |
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The Process-Product Controversy |
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10 | (1) |
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Terms for Age Periods Throughout the Lifespan |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Models of Lifespan Motor Development |
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13 | (6) |
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Newell's Model of Motor Development |
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13 | (1) |
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The Mountain of Motor Development |
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14 | (5) |
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The History of the Field of Motor Development |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (2) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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2 Cognitive and Motor Development |
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23 | (22) |
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23 | (2) |
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Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development |
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25 | (9) |
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The Process of Adaptation |
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26 | (1) |
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development |
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26 | (7) |
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Criticisms of Piaget's Theory |
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33 | (1) |
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Adulthood: General Theories of Intellectual Development |
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34 | (4) |
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35 | (1) |
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The Notion of Total Intellectual Decline |
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35 | (1) |
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Partial Intellectual Declines |
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35 | (2) |
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The Role of Practice and Physical Activity in Allaying Cognitive Decline |
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37 | (1) |
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Box: Movement expertise and cognitive performance |
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38 | (1) |
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Knowledge Development and Sport Performance |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (3) |
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3 Social and Motor Development |
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45 | (28) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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Self-Esteem Development and Physical Activity |
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47 | (3) |
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Research on Self-Esteem and Physical Activity |
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48 | (1) |
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Development of Self-Esteem |
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49 | (1) |
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Social Influences On Motor Development |
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50 | (11) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (6) |
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Older Childhood and Adolescence |
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57 | (3) |
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60 | (1) |
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Box: Research on physical activity trends |
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61 | (8) |
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Middle and Late Adulthood |
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63 | (6) |
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69 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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Part II FACTORS THAT AFFECT DEVELOPMENT |
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4 Prenatal Development Factors |
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73 | (28) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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The First 2 Weeks: Germinal Period |
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74 | (1) |
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Weeks 3 to 8: Embryonic Period |
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74 | (1) |
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Week 9 to Birth: Fetal Period |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (5) |
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76 | (3) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (3) |
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Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome |
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81 | (1) |
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Rh Incompatibility and Erythroblastosis Fetalis |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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Box: Improving the onset of walking in infants with Down syndrome |
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85 | (1) |
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Prenatal Diagnostic Procedures |
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86 | (4) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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Chorionic Villus Sampling |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
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Exercise During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period |
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93 | (3) |
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94 | (1) |
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Maternal Response to Exercise |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (3) |
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5 Effects of Early Stimulation and Deprivation |
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101 | (22) |
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101 | (1) |
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Effects of Early Stimulation |
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102 | (9) |
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Research on Early Stimulation |
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103 | (2) |
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Programs Designed to Enhance Early Motor Development |
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105 | (4) |
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Case Study on the Effects of Early Stimulation: Johnny and Jimmy |
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109 | (2) |
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Effects of Early Deprivation |
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111 | (1) |
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Box: Hopi cradleboards and infant development |
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112 | (3) |
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112 | (2) |
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Case Studies on the Effects of Deprivation |
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114 | (1) |
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Key Concepts In Stimulation and Deprivation Theories |
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115 | (5) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (2) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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Part III PHYSICAL CHANGES ACROSS THE LIFESPAN |
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123 | (28) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (4) |
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Measuring Growth in Length and Stature |
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124 | (1) |
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Milestones in the Growth of Length and Stature |
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125 | (1) |
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Illustrating Growth in Stature |
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126 | (1) |
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Determining Typical Growth |
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127 | (1) |
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Box: Constructing a velocity curve |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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Milestones in Body Weight |
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129 | (2) |
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Illustrating Changes in Body Weight |
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131 | (1) |
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Combining Body Weight and Height: Body Mass Index |
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131 | (1) |
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Box: Calculating body mass index (BMI) |
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132 | (2) |
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Constraints On Motor Development Related to Stature and Weight |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (4) |
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Measuring Changes in Body Proportions |
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135 | (1) |
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Changes in Body Proportions |
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135 | (3) |
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Constraints on Motor Performance Related to Body Proportion |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (4) |
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Measuring Skeletal Density |
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140 | (1) |
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Skeletal Development Milestones |
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140 | (1) |
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Physical Activity and Skeletal Health |
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141 | (1) |
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The Female Athlete Triad and Skeletal Health |
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142 | (1) |
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Maturation and Developmental Age |
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143 | (4) |
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143 | (2) |
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Maturation's Interrelationship with Motor Performance |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (3) |
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7 Physiological Changes: Health-Related Physical Fitness |
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151 | (30) |
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151 | (1) |
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Cardiorespiratory Fitness |
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152 | (4) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Maximal Oxygen Consumption |
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154 | (1) |
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Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Childhood |
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155 | (1) |
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Box: Cardiorespiratory endurance field-test data on children and adolescents |
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156 | (1) |
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Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adulthood |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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Defining and Measuring Muscular Strength |
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158 | (1) |
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Age-Related Changes in Muscular Strength |
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158 | (1) |
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Box: Muscular strength/endurance field test data on children and adolescents |
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158 | (6) |
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Muscular Strength Training |
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159 | (4) |
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Mechanisms of Increasing Muscular Strength |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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Declining Flexibility and Aging: Causes and Therapy |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (9) |
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Defining Overweight and Obesity |
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166 | (1) |
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General Growth Trends of Adipose Tissue |
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166 | (1) |
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Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity |
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167 | (2) |
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Association Between Childhood and Adulthood Obesity |
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169 | (1) |
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Laboratory-Test Measures of Body Composition |
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170 | (1) |
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Field-Test Measures of Body Composition |
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170 | (2) |
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Relationship of Obesity to Motor Development and Performance and Health-Related Fitness |
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172 | (1) |
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Treatment of Overweight and Obesity |
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172 | (2) |
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Promoting Physical Activity: The Role of Interactive Technology |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (4) |
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8 Movement and the Changing Senses |
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181 | (22) |
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181 | (1) |
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Understanding the Mechanics of Vision |
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182 | (1) |
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Physical Development of the Eye |
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183 | (1) |
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Development of Selected Visual Traits and Skilled Motor Performance |
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183 | (12) |
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183 | (4) |
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Binocular Vision and Depth Perception |
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187 | (2) |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (1) |
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Tracking and Object Interception |
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192 | (1) |
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Motor Development of Children with Visual Impairments |
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193 | (2) |
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195 | (5) |
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The Proprioceptive System |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (2) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (2) |
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Part IV MOVEMENT ACROSS THE LIFESPAN |
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9 Infant Reflexes and Stereotypies |
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203 | (18) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (7) |
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Infant Versus Lifespan Reflexes |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (6) |
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Box: Pinpointing the number of infant reflexes Postural Reflexes |
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211 | (5) |
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The Reflexes as Diagnostic Tools |
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214 | (2) |
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Box: Role of infant reflexes in developing future movement |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (2) |
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10 Voluntary Movements of Infancy |
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221 | (18) |
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221 | (1) |
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Categorizing the Voluntary Movements of Infancy |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (3) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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Box: Creeping or crawling? Which comes first? |
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227 | (4) |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (5) |
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Reaching, Grasping, and Releasing |
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232 | (4) |
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Relationship of Reaching and Postural Control and Their Role in Child Development |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (2) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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11 Fine Motor Development |
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239 | (22) |
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239 | (1) |
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The Development of Prehension |
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240 | (6) |
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Halverson's Stages of Grasping Development |
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241 | (1) |
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An Alternate View of the Development of Prehension |
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242 | (2) |
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Adjustment to Task Constraints in Grasping |
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244 | (1) |
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Anticipation and Object Control in Reaching and Grasping |
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245 | (1) |
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Box: Haptic perception and exploratory procedures |
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246 | (2) |
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Infant-Childhood Object Manipulation Development |
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247 | (1) |
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Box: Object manipulation and infants' body positions: The first 2 years |
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248 | (1) |
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Adulthood Fine Movement and Touch Perception |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Handwriting and Drawing Development |
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250 | (1) |
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Box: Technology and the study of handwriting and drawing |
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250 | (5) |
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Drawing and Writing: Movement Products |
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253 | (2) |
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Handwriting and Drawing In Adulthood |
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255 | (2) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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12 Fundamental Locomotion Skills of Childhood |
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261 | (24) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (4) |
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Developmental Aspects of Walking |
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262 | (2) |
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Constraints on the Development of Independent Walking |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (4) |
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Developmental Aspects of the Running Pattern |
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266 | (1) |
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Constraints on the Development of Running |
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267 | (1) |
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Developmental Sequences for Running |
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267 | (1) |
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Developmental Performance Trends for Running |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (6) |
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270 | (1) |
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Constraints on the Development of Jumping |
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271 | (1) |
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Developmental Sequences for the Standing Long Jump |
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271 | (1) |
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Developmental Sequences for the Vertical Jump |
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272 | (2) |
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Developmental Performance Trends for Vertical Jumping |
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274 | (1) |
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Developmental Sequences for Hopping |
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275 | (1) |
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Combining Fundamental Movements |
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276 | (4) |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (2) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (3) |
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13 Fundamental Object-Control Skills of Childhood |
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285 | (26) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (7) |
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Developmental Stages of Throwing |
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286 | (1) |
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Developmental Performance Trends for Overarm Throwing |
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287 | (3) |
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Constraints on the Development of Overarm Throwing |
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290 | (2) |
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Accounting for Gender Differences in Overarm Throwing |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (7) |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (3) |
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Constraints on the Development of Catching |
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297 | (3) |
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300 | (1) |
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Developmental Aspects of One- and Two-Handed Striking |
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300 | (1) |
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Developmental Sequence of Striking |
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300 | (1) |
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Object-Control Skills Without Implements |
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300 | (6) |
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300 | (2) |
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302 | (4) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (4) |
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311 | (24) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (4) |
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312 | (1) |
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Opportunities for Participation in Sports |
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313 | (1) |
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Reasons for Participating in Sports |
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313 | (2) |
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Reasons for Dropping Out of Sports |
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315 | (1) |
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Controversies Around Youth Sports |
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316 | (3) |
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316 | (3) |
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Box: Sustaining participation |
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319 | (6) |
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Psychological Issues: Stress |
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324 | (1) |
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Box: Stress--another viewpoint |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (1) |
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Who's Coaching Our Young People? |
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327 | (1) |
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Coaching Certification Programs |
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328 | (1) |
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Box: Arguments against mandatory coaching certification |
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328 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Effective Coaching |
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328 | (1) |
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Parental Education: An Attempt to Curb Violence |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (2) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (3) |
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335 | (34) |
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335 | (1) |
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The Shift to a Lifespan Approach to Motor Development |
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336 | (2) |
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Balance and Postural Sway |
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338 | (2) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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Walking Patterns In Adulthood |
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340 | (4) |
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341 | (2) |
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Stepping Up and Crossing Obstacles |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (5) |
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344 | (2) |
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346 | (1) |
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Strategies to Avoid Falls |
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347 | (2) |
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Driving In Older Adulthood |
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349 | (2) |
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Factors Related to Declines in Driving Ability |
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350 | (1) |
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Consequences of Age-Related Driving Changes |
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351 | (1) |
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Adapting to Age-Related Changes in Driving Ability |
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351 | (1) |
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Activities of Daily Living |
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351 | (2) |
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Prevalence of Related Disability |
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352 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Functionality |
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352 | (1) |
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Movement Speed In Adulthood |
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353 | (5) |
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Physiological Functional Capacity and Speed of Performance |
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353 | (2) |
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Reaction, Response, and Movement Times |
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355 | (3) |
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Maintaining Movement Ability |
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358 | (5) |
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Compensation for Movement Decline |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (5) |
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363 | (3) |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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366 | (3) |
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PART V ASSESSING MOTOR DEVELOPMENT |
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369 | (23) |
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369 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Assessment |
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370 | (5) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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Preparing Participants for Assessment |
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372 | (1) |
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Administrator Preparation and Data Collection |
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373 | (1) |
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Interpreting the Assessment Data |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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Sharing Assessment Results |
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375 | (1) |
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Types of Assessment Instruments |
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375 | (2) |
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Norm-Referenced Instruments |
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375 | (1) |
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Criterion-Referenced Instruments |
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376 | (1) |
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Product-Oriented Assessment |
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376 | (1) |
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Process-Oriented Assessment |
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376 | (1) |
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Selected Norm-Referenced Instruments |
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377 | (1) |
|
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency--2 |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Selected Process-Oriented Assessment Instruments |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
378 | (4) |
|
Developmental Sequence of Motor Skills---Component Approach |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Developmental Sequence of Motor Skills Inventory---Total Body Approach |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Test of Gross Motor Development--2 |
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
Assessing Individuals With Disabilities |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Peabody Developmental Motor Scales--2 |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Box: Aids in assessing motor skills |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Brigance Diagnostic Inventory of Early Development |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Assessing Physical Fitness |
|
|
383 | (4) |
|
The Fitnessgram and Activitygram |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Presidential Youth Fitness Program |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
The Brockport Physical Fitness Test |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
The President's Challenge---Adult Fitness Test |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Assessing Functional and Physical Fitness of Older Adults |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Short Physical Performance Battery |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
|
|
Appendix A Growth Charts: National Center for Health Statistics |
|
|
392 | (10) |
|
Appendix B Mean Changes In Height, Weight, and Bmi Across the Lifespan |
|
|
402 | (3) |
|
B.1 Mean height (inches) for persons 2 to 80+ years of age |
|
|
|
B.2 Mean weight (pounds) for persons 2 to 80+ years of age |
|
|
|
B.3 Mean body mass index for persons 2 to 80+ years of age |
|
|
|
Appendix C Sample Assessment Tools |
|
|
405 | (20) |
|
C.1 Developmental Sequence of Motor Skills--Component Approach |
|
|
|
C.2 Developmental Sequence of Motor Skills Inventory--Total Body Approach |
|
|
|
C.3 Senior Fitness Test Score Card |
|
|
|
C.4 Short Physical Performance Battery Protocol and Score Sheet |
|
|
Author Index |
|
425 | (4) |
Subject Index |
|
429 | |