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Human Past: World History & the Development of Human Societies 4th ed. [Mīkstie vāki]

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(Durham University UK)
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 768 pages, height x width x depth: 277x216x33 mm, weight: 2059 g, Illustrations, unspecified
  • Izdošanas datums: 25-Jan-2018
  • Izdevniecība: Thames & Hudson
  • ISBN-10: 050029335X
  • ISBN-13: 9780500293355
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Human Past: World History & the Development of Human Societies 4th ed.Palielināt
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 768 pages, height x width x depth: 277x216x33 mm, weight: 2059 g, Illustrations, unspecified
  • Izdošanas datums: 25-Jan-2018
  • Izdevniecība: Thames & Hudson
  • ISBN-10: 050029335X
  • ISBN-13: 9780500293355
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780500293355.html
Keywords:
The Human Past has established itself as a thorough and authoritative survey of human prehistory and the development of civilizations. Written by an international team of respected experts in the field, it presents a streamlined overview that can be broken down into a series of chapters focusing on individual regions and time periods. The Fourth Edition has been completely revised with key theme feature boxes, a new chapter on the peopling of the Americas, a section on methods and theories, full-color maps, timelines, illustrations, new coverage of sites and discoveries, and a fully updated e-media package, including all images from the book, test questions, and videos.

A comprehensive and indispensable guide to world prehistory, now completely updated
Contributors 19(2)
Preface 21(23)
1 Introduction: The Study Of The Human Past
24(20)
Chris Scarre
What Is Archaeology?
25(2)
Prehistory vs. History
26(1)
The Relevance of World Archaeology
27(1)
A Brief History of Archaeology
28(3)
Renaissance Beginnings
28(1)
Advances in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: The First Excavations
29(1)
Developments in the Nineteenth Century: Understanding Chronology and Evolution
29(2)
Methods and Techniques
31(3)
Dating
31(1)
Radiocarbon Dating
31(1)
Potassium-Argon Dating
31(1)
Uranium-Series
32(1)
Electron Spin Resistance
32(1)
Luminescence Dating
32(1)
Paleomagnetism
32(1)
Tree-Ring Dating
32(1)
Other Field and Laboratory Methods
33(1)
Reconstructing Ancient Environments
34(1)
Genetics in Archaeology
34(1)
Archaeological Fieldwork
34(7)
Archaeological Theory
35(1)
Processual and Postprocessual Archaeology
35(2)
Cultural Ecology and Agency Theory
37(1)
Common Models in Archaeology
37(1)
Innovation, Diffusion, Emulation, and Migration
37(1)
Key Themes: Humans in Long-Term Perspective
38(2)
Linear and Cyclical Patterns
40(1)
The Responsibilities of Archaeology
41(1)
Summary and Conclusions
42(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
43(1)
Part I The Evolution Of Humanity: 6 million to 11,600 years ago 44(128)
2 African Origins
46(25)
Nicholas Toth
Kathy Schick
Evolution and Human Origins
47(2)
The Human Evolutionary Record
48(1)
The Primate Ancestors of Apes and Humans
49(2)
What Is a Primate?
49(1)
Our Ape Ancestry: The Comparative Anatomical and Genetic Evidence
50(1)
Anatomical Evidence
50(1)
Genetic Evidence
50(1)
The Environmental Background
51(1)
Key Discovery: Ardipithecus ramidus and Other Early Fossils
52(1)
Climate Change and Early Hominin Evolution
53(1)
The Rise of the Earliest Hominins
53(1)
Key Theme: Climate Change: Evolutionary Change
54(1)
The Australopithecines
54(1)
The Emergence of Homo: Homo habilis, Homo ergaster, and Homo rudolfensis
55(1)
Key Sites: Hadar and Laetoli: "Lucy," the "First Family," and Fossil Footsteps
56(2)
The First Stone Tools and the Oldowan
58(6)
Technology
59(1)
Who Made the Oldowan Tools?
59(1)
Key Site: Olduvai Gorge: The Grand Canyon of Prehistory
60(1)
The Nature of Oldowan Sites
61(1)
Key Controversy: Modern Apes as Oldowan Toolmakers?
62(1)
Key Discovery: Australopithecus garhi: The First Stone Toolmaker?
63(1)
Food Procurement and Diet
64(1)
Hunters or Scavengers?
64(1)
Food for Thought: Diet and Encephalization
65(1)
The Behavior of Oldowan Hominins
65(2)
Social Organization
65(1)
Diet
65(1)
Fire
66(1)
Art, Ritual, and Language
66(1)
Recent Trends in Approaches to the Oldowan
67(2)
Isotopic Studies
67(1)
Key Controversy: What Were Oldowan Tools Used For?
68(1)
Summary and Conclusions
69(1)
Further Reading
70(1)
3 Hominin Dispersals In The Old World
71(37)
Richard Klein
Homo ergaster
74(3)
Anatomy
74(1)
The Turkana Boy
74(1)
Human Evolution and Inferences from the Turkana Boy
75(1)
Key Controversy: Distinguishing Homo ergaster and Homo erectus
76(1)
The Acheulean
77(3)
The Acheulean Hand Axe Tradition
77(1)
Key Discovery: The Acheulean Hand Axe Tradition
78(1)
Hand Axe Function
79(1)
Variation within the Acheulean Tradition
80(1)
The Dispersal of Homo ergaster
80(6)
The Initial Expansion of Homo ergaster from Africa
81(1)
The Expansion of Homo ergaster to Eurasia: The Dmanisi Discoveries
81(1)
Key Controversy: The "Hobbit": Homo floresiensis, a Unique Species?
82(2)
Dating the Dmanisi Fossils
84(2)
Homo erectus
86(4)
The Discovery and Dating of Homo erectus in Java and China
86(1)
China and the Peking Man
87(1)
The Movius Line
88(1)
Key Theme: Climate Change: Human Evolution and Adaptability
89(1)
The Persistence and Fate of Homo erectus
89(1)
Homo heidelbergensis and the Initial Occupation of Europe
90(1)
Key Controversy: When Did Humans First Colonize Europe?
91(3)
Key Site: The Gran Dolina TD6 and the History of Cannibalism
94(1)
Brain Expansion and Change within the Hand Axe Tradition
94(1)
Key Theme: Migration: Homo ergaster as the First Afro-Eurasian Hominin
95(1)
The European Origin of the Neanderthals
95(2)
Evidence for Early Human Behavior apart from Stone Artifacts
97(9)
Other Raw Materials
97(1)
Site Modification and Housing
98(1)
Fire
99(1)
Art
100(1)
Diet and Food Procurement
101(1)
Plant Foods: Foraging
101(1)
Key Controversy: Is Homo erectus Represented by DNA from Denisova Cave?
102(1)
Animal Foods: Hunting and Scavenging
103(1)
Key Site: The Mystery of Dinaledi Cave and Homo naledi
104(2)
Summary and Conclusions
106(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
107(1)
4 The Rise Of Modern Humans
108(41)
Paul Pettitt
The Climatic Background
109(1)
Competing Hypotheses for the Origin of Homo sapiens
109(4)
The Multi-Regional Evolution Hypothesis
111(1)
The Out of Africa Hypothesis
111(1)
Other Hypotheses and Attempts at Consensus
111(1)
Key Theme: Climate Change: Oscillations and Human Dispersal
112(1)
Evidence for the Rise of Modern Humans in Africa
113(5)
Earliest Homo sapiens
113(1)
Transitional Homo sapiens
114(3)
Anatomically Modern Humans
117(1)
Genetic Keys to the Origins of Modern Humans
118(2)
Mitochondrial DNA and the Theory of an Early African "Coalescence"
118(1)
Other Theories and Potential Consensus
119(1)
Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolution of Homo neanderthalensis
119(1)
Archaeology and the Emergence of "Modern" Behavior in Middle Stone Age Africa
120(4)
Hunting and Dietary Evidence
121(1)
Key Site: Klasies River Mouth: Middle Stone Age Hunters?
122(1)
Evidence of Site Modification and Art
123(1)
Key Controversy: The Evolution of Language
124(1)
The Neanderthals
124(1)
Key Site: Blombos Cave and the Origins of Symbolism
125(1)
The Anatomy of Homo neanderthalensis
126(1)
Exploitation of Resources: Hunting, Gathering, and Scavenging
127(3)
The Mousterian Lithic Industry
130(1)
Neanderthal Behavior
130(1)
Key Discovery: The Neanderthal Genome
131(2)
Early Dispersals of Homo sapiens into the Levantine Corridor
133(1)
Key Theme: Migration: Changing Pleistocene Environments Drove Human Dispersals
134(1)
The Colonization of East Asia and Australia
135(2)
The Colonization of Europe, and the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition
137(4)
The Aurignacian
137(1)
Key Controversy: The Initial Upper Paleolithic and the Emergence of Modern Behavior
138(1)
The End of the Neanderthals and their Relationship to Incoming Homo sapiens
139(2)
Developments in Human Behavior: The European Mid- and Later Upper Paleolithic
141(6)
The Gravettian
141(1)
Gravettian Behavior
141(1)
Key Sites: Four Sites with Upper Paleolithic Art
142(1)
The Magdalenian and Mezinian
143(1)
Key Controversy: The Meaning of "Venus" Figurines
144(3)
Summary and Conclusions
147(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
148(1)
5 The Origins, Antiquity, And Dispersal Of The First Americans
149(23)
David J. Meltzer
Pleistocene Bridges and Barriers to America (35,000-11,600 Years Ago)
150(2)
The Archaeology of Beringia
151(1)
Colonization Complexities
152(1)
Key Discovery: Genetics and the First Americans
153(2)
When and How
155(1)
Key Sites: Pushing the Antiquity Envelope: Folsom, Clovis, and Monte Verde
156(1)
Key Theme: Migration: Motives and Methods
158(1)
Learning New Landscapes
158(3)
The Clovis Occupation of North America (13,400-12,600 Years Ago)
161(1)
Key Theme: Climate Change: The Effects of Climate Change on the First Americans
162(1)
North America after Clovis
162(2)
Key Controversy: Pleistocene Extinctions
164(3)
The Earliest South Americans
167(3)
Adapting to Diversity
168(2)
Summary and Conclusions
170(1)
Changes on the Horizon
171(1)
Further Reading
171(1)
Part II After The Ice Age: 11,600 years ago to the Early Civilizations 172(538)
6 The World Transformed: From Foragers And Farmers To States And Empires
174(24)
Chris Scarre
From Glacial to Postglacial
175(5)
Climate Change and Faunal Extinction at the End of the Pleistocene
175(2)
The Early Holocene Environment
177(2)
Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations to the Holocene
179(1)
The Adoption of Agriculture
180(6)
What Is Agriculture?
180(1)
The Development of Domesticates
181(1)
The Geography of Domestication
181(1)
Key Theme: Domestication: The Domestication of the Dog
182(1)
Why Agriculture?
183(1)
Key Controversy: Explaining Agriculture
184(2)
The Spread of Agriculture
186(1)
The Consequences of Agriculture
187(2)
Settlement
187(1)
Social Complexity
187(1)
Material Culture
188(1)
Warfare
188(1)
Agricultural Intensification
189(1)
Cities, States, and Empires
189(1)
Key Controversy: Cities, States, and Civilizations Defined and Explained
190(2)
The Development of States
192(1)
The Geography of State Formation
193(1)
Archaeological Features of States
194(1)
Toward History: The Adoption of Writing
194(1)
States and Empires
195(2)
Summary and Conclusions
197(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Website
197(1)
7 From Mobile Foragers To Complex Societies In Southwest Asia
198(32)
Trevor Watkins
Terminologies in Southwest Asia
199(1)
Landscapes and Environments of Southwest Asia: Defining the "Core Area"
199(2)
Changing Climate and Environments
201(1)
A Crescendo of Change (20,000-8800 BCE)
201(13)
The Epipaleolithic in the Levant (c. 20,000-9600 BCE)
201(1)
Key Controversy: Explaining the Neolithic Revolution
203(1)
Key Theme: Climate Change: Environmental Shocks in Southwest Asia
204(1)
The Natufians in the Late Epipaleolithic Levant
204(1)
Key Site: Ohalo II: Epipaleolithic Lifeways in the Levant
205(2)
The Epipaleolithic beyond the South Levant
207(1)
Key Site: Abu Hureyra: The Transition from Foraging to Farming
208(1)
The Early Aceramic Neolithic: A Burst of New, Permanent Settlements
209(1)
Key Site: Jerf el Ahmar: A Neolithic Village
212(2)
Pre-Domestic Cultivation
214(1)
A Cascade of Rapid Change: The Later Aceramic Neolithic (8800-6500 BCE)
214(11)
Settlements and Communities
215(1)
Key Site: Gobekli Tepe: Religious Structures at a "Central Place"
216(2)
Special Buildings for Special Purposes
218(1)
Ritual Cycles of Burial, Skull Retrieval, and Curation
219(1)
Key Site: catalhoybk
220(3)
Regional and Supra-Regional Networks of Sharing and Exchange
223(1)
Key Theme: Domestication: A Story of Unintended Consequences
224(1)
Transformation, Dispersal, and Expansion (6500-6000 BCE)
225(3)
The Levant
225(1)
Central and West Anatolia
225(1)
Key Site: Tell Sabi Abyad I
226(2)
What Was the Cause of Dispersal and Expansion?
228(1)
Summary and Conclusions
228(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
229(1)
8 East Asian Agriculture And Its Impact
230(31)
Charles Higham
Northern China
233(7)
The Origins of Millet Cultivation: The Yellow River Valley to 7000 BCE
233(1)
The Development of Permanent Villages in the Yellow River Valley (c. 7000-5000 BCE)
234(1)
Key Site: Jiahu: The Transition to Agriculture in the Huai River Valley
235(1)
Key Theme: Domestication: The Consequences and Significance of Agriculture
237(1)
The Growth of Agricultural Communities (c. 5000-2600 BCE): Neolithic Cultures in the Yellow River Valley
237(1)
Central Plains and the Loess Plateau: The Yangshao Culture (c. 5000-3000 BCE)
237(1)
The Middle Yangshao (c. 4000-3500 BCE)
239(1)
Eastern China: The Dawenkou Culture (c. 4150-2600 BCE)
239(1)
The Yangzi Valley
240(6)
The Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Yangzi River Valley
240(1)
Gathering Wild Rice: Yuchanyang
240(1)
The Transition from Wild to Cultivated Rice: Diaotonghuan and Xianrendong
241(1)
Key Controversy: The Origins of Rice Cultivation
242(1)
The Development of Permanent Villages in the Yangzi Valley
243(1)
The Middle Yangzi Valley
243(1)
The Lower Yangzi Valley
243(1)
Summary: The Origins of Rice Domestication
244(1)
Key Site: Tianluoshan
245(1)
The Expansion of Neolithic Settlement in the Yangzi River Valley
246(2)
The Daxi Culture (c. 4500-3300 BCE)
246(1)
The Qujialing Culture (c. 3300-2500 BCE)
246(1)
The Lower Yangzi Region: The Majiabang and Songze Cultures (c. 5000-3300 BCE)
247(1)
The Expansion of Rice and Millet Farmers
248(1)
The Expansion of Farmers into Southeast Asia
248(6)
Initial Dispersal into Southern China
248(1)
From Southern China into Vietnam
249(1)
Early Rice Farmers in Northeast Thailand
249(1)
Key Site: Man Bac
250(1)
Cambodia and the Dong Nai River
251(1)
The Bangkok Plain
252(1)
Khok Phanom Di
252(1)
Key Site: Ban Non Wat: Hunter-Gatherers and Early Rice Farmers
253(1)
The Expansion of Farmers into Korea and Japan
254(5)
Korea
254(1)
Key Theme: Social Inequality: The Role of Agriculture and Metallurgy
255(2)
Japan
257(1)
Yayoi Rice Farmers
257(1)
Key Discovery: Sedentism without Agriculture
258(1)
Summary and Conclusions
259(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
260(1)
9 Australia And The Indo-Pacific Islands During The Holocene
261(42)
Peter Bellwood
Peter Hiscock
Australia
265(7)
Early Foragers in a Changing Landscape
265(1)
Key Site: South Molle Quarry: Aboriginal Foragers at the End of the Ice Age
266(1)
Technology in Uncertain Times
266(1)
Changing Life in Tasmania
267(1)
Key Controversy: Explaining Technological Change in Australia
268(1)
Changes in Aboriginal Perceptions of the Landscape: The Rainbow Serpent
268(1)
Key Controversy: Why Did the Tasmanians Stop Eating Fish?
269(1)
The Growth of Trade Networks
270(1)
Population and Settlement Change
270(1)
The Effects of Historic Foreign Contacts
271(1)
Key Site: Barlambidj: Aboriginal Contact with Southeast Asia
272(1)
The Indo-Pacific Islands of Southeast Asia and Oceania
272(2)
The First Homo sapiens in Island Southeast Asia
273(1)
Early Agriculturalists in New Guinea
273(1)
The Austronesian Dispersal
274(1)
Key Discovery: Early Farming in the New Guinea Highlands
275(1)
A Basic History of the Austronesian Languages
276(3)
The Archaeology of Early Austronesian Dispersal
279(1)
Taiwan
279(1)
Further Dispersals into Island Southeast Asia and to Madagascar
279(2)
Recent Debate over Movement through Taiwan
281(1)
The Colonization of Oceania: Lapita
281(1)
Key Site: Beinan and the Jade Trade
282(2)
Lapita Economy
284(1)
The Settlement of Polynesia
284(1)
Key Controversy: The Origins of Lapita
285(2)
Eastern Polynesia
287(1)
Key Sites: Talepakemalai and Teouma
288(1)
Key Controversy: Expert Navigation or Sheer Good Luck?
290(1)
Why Migrate?
291(1)
Key Controversy: Easter Island and South America
292(1)
The Austronesian World after Colonization
293(5)
Polynesian Complex Societies: Easter Island and Elsewhere
293(1)
Hawaii and New Zealand: Varying Social Responses to Environmental Constraints
294(1)
Key Theme: Climate Change: Human Impact, Environmental Change, and Migration
295(2)
The Chiefdoms of Polynesia: Comparative Ethnographic Perspectives
297(1)
Theories of Social Evolution
297(1)
Seaborne Trade and the Transformation of Tribal Society in Southeast Asia
298(3)
Summary and Conclusions
301(1)
Further Reading
302(1)
10 Origins Of Food-Producing Economies In The Americas
303(41)
David L. Browman
Gayle J. Fritz
BrieAnna S. Langlie
The Mexican Archaic and the Origins of Mesoamerican Agriculture, c. 9500-2500 BCE
305(3)
The Earliest Cultigens
306(2)
Eastern North America
308(11)
Early to Middle Archaic, c. 9500-4000 BCE
309(1)
Key Theme: Climate Change: Changing Climates and Early Agricultural Developments in the Americas
310(1)
Key Site: Koster: An Archaic Camp in Illinois
312(1)
The Beginnings of Agriculture in the Middle and Late Archaic
313(1)
Key Sites: Watson Brake and Poverty Point, Louisiana
314(1)
Late Archaic Lifeways and Social Elaborations (c.4000-1000 BCE)
315(1)
The Carlston Annis Shell Mound in West Central Kentucky
316(1)
Horn's Island, Florida
316(1)
The Earliest Pottery
316(1)
Key Discovery: The Archaic Dog
317(1)
Early Woodland Period, c.1000-200 BCE
317(1)
Later Agricultural Developments
318(1)
Tobacco
319(1)
Southwest North America
319(4)
The Archaic Period (c. 7500 BCE-I CE)
319(1)
Agricultural Beginnings
319(1)
The Economic Impact of Maize and Other Crops
319(1)
Key Controversy: The Domestication of Maize
320(2)
Models of Agricultural Adoption and Dispersal
322(1)
Later Agricultural Developments and Systems
322(1)
Western North America: Alternatives to Agriculture
323(3)
Great Plains Bison Hunting
324(1)
The Pacific Northwest Maritime Cultures
325(1)
The Great Basin Desert Archaic
325(1)
The Archaic Period in California
326(1)
The South American Pacific Lowlands
326(8)
The North Pacific Coast
327(1)
The Peruvian Coast
328(1)
North Coast
328(1)
South Coast
328(1)
Key Theme: Migration: Early Agricultural Developments in the Americas
329(1)
The Chilean Coast
330(1)
Key Sites: La Paloma and Chilca: Archaic Villages of the Peruvian Coast
331(1)
Key Discovery: The Chinchorro Mummies
332(2)
Southern Chile and Southern Argentina
334(1)
The Andean Highlands
334(6)
The Northern Andes
334(1)
The Central Andes
334(1)
Northern Peru
334(1)
Central Peru
335(1)
Southern Peru
336(1)
The Southern Andes
336(1)
Andean Animal and Plant Domestication
336(1)
Key Site: Caral and Norte Chico
339(1)
The Amazonian Lowlands
340(1)
The Atlantic Lowlands
341(1)
Summary and Conclusions
342(1)
Further Reading
343(1)
11 Holocene Africa
344(44)
Graham Connah
Intensified Hunting, Gathering, and Fishing, c. 9000-5000 BCE
348(7)
Southern and Central Africa
349(1)
Southern African Rock Art
349(1)
Key Controversy: Symbolism in Southern African Rock Art
350(1)
Northern, Eastern, and Western Africa
351(1)
North Africa and the Sahara
351(1)
Key Controversy: Climate and Adaptation in the Sahara
352(2)
East Africa
354(1)
West Africa
354(1)
Key Theme: Domestication: Agriculture fora Broad Range of Environments
355(1)
The Beginnings of Farming
355(4)
The Sahara
355(1)
The Nile Valley
356(1)
West Africa
357(1)
Northeast and East Africa
358(1)
Ironworking and Early Farming in Central and Southern Africa
359(6)
Movements of Bantu-Speaking Peoples
359(1)
Ironworking Farmers
360(1)
Key Controversy: The Origins of African Ironworking
361(1)
Key Discovery: Nok: Unique Sculptures by Forgotten People
362(1)
Domesticated Plants and Animals
363(1)
Interaction between Hunter-Gatherers and Farmers
364(1)
Urbanization and Social Complexity in Ancient Egypt
365(8)
The Predynastic Period
366(2)
The Early Dynastic Period
368(1)
The Old Kingdom
369(1)
The First and Second Intermediate Periods and the Middle Kingdom
369(1)
Key Discovery: Insights from the Pyramids
370(1)
The New Kingdom and After
371(1)
Key Theme: Urbanization: The Concept of Urbanization in Africa
373(1)
Urbanization and State Formation in the Rest of Africa
373(9)
Nubia and Ethiopia
374(1)
Kerma
374(1)
Napata and Meroe
374(1)
Aksum
375(1)
North and West Africa
376(1)
Key Sites: Ethiopia's Rock-Cut Churches
377(1)
Key Site: Old Jarma: Urbanism in the Middle of Nowhere
378(1)
Eastern, Southern, and Central Africa
379(1)
The Swahili Coast
379(1)
Key Site: Great Zimbabwe
380(1)
The Zimbabwe Plateau
381(1)
Remoter Parts of Central Africa
382(1)
Africa and the World
382(4)
The Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, and the Red Sea
382(1)
The Indian Ocean
383(1)
Key Site: Igbo-Ukwu
384(1)
Key Site: Quseir al-Qadim and the Indian Ocean Trade
385(1)
The Atlantic Coast
386(1)
Summary and Conclusions
386(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
387(1)
12 Holocene Europe
388(41)
Chris Scarre
From Foraging to Farming
389(6)
After the Ice: Europe Transformed
391(1)
Key Site: Star Carr: A Mesolithic Campsite in Northeast England
392(1)
Farming Comes to Europe
393(1)
Key Theme: Migration: The Spread of Farming to Europe
394(1)
Southeastern Europe
395(4)
The First Neolithic Settlements, c. 6600-6000 BCE
395(1)
Developing Societies, c. 6000-3200 BCE
396(1)
Key Theme: Migration: Incursions from the Steppes
397(1)
Copper, Gold, and Secondary Products
397(1)
Key Site: The Varna Cemetery
398(1)
The Mediterranean Zone
399(2)
Social Distinctions in Mediterranean Europe, c. 3500-2500 BCE
400(1)
Central Europe
401(1)
Key Discovery: The "Iceman"
402(2)
The Bandkeramik Culture, c. 5600-5000 BCE
404(1)
Regional Diversification, c. 5000-3000 BCE
405(1)
Key Discovery: The Talheim Death Pit
406(1)
Atlantic Europe
407(5)
Monuments and Society
408(1)
Polished Stone Axes
409(1)
Key Controversy: Stonehenge: Symbolism and Ceremony
410(2)
Northern Europe
412(2)
Monuments and Ritual
412(2)
Toward Complexity: Europe from c. 2500 BCE to the Roman Empire
414(1)
Later Prehistoric Societies in Central and Western Europe
414(8)
Beaker Pottery and Metalwork
415(2)
Chiefly Elites and Long-Distance Contact
417(1)
Key Controversy: Rock Art-Representation of Myth or Reality?
418(1)
Key Theme: Social Inequality: Centers of Power in Late Hallstatt Europe
420(1)
"Princely Centers"
421(1)
Later Prehistoric Societies in Eastern Europe
422(2)
The Earlier Bronze Age in Eastern Europe, c. 2300-1300 BCE
422(1)
Urnfields, C. 1300-700 BCE
423(1)
European Society at the Dawn of History
424(4)
European Societies beyond the Mediterranean
424(1)
The So-Called "Celtic" Societies
425(1)
Bog Bodies
425(1)
Key Controversy: Who Were the Celts?
426(1)
The Expansion of Roman Control
427(1)
Summary and Conclusions
428(1)
Further Reading
428(1)
13 Peoples And Complex Societies Of Ancient Southwest Asia
429(40)
Roger Matthews
Farmers of the Early Chalcolithic: The Halaf and Ubaid Periods, c. 6000-4200 BCE
432(4)
The Halaf Period, c. 6000-5400 BCE
432(1)
The Ubaid Period, c. 5900-4200 BCE
433(1)
Eridu
433(1)
Ubaid Sites beyond Lower Mesopotamia
434(1)
Key Discovery: Early Steps toward Social Complexity on the Iranian Plateau
435(1)
Urban Communities of the Late Chalcolithic: The Uruk Period, c. 4200-3000 BCE
436(5)
The Lower Mesopotamian Site of Uruk: The "First City"
437(1)
Key Theme: Urbanization: The World's First True Cities
438(1)
The Invention of Writing
438(1)
Cylinder Seals
439(1)
Uruk Expansion and Trade
440(1)
City States, Kingdoms, and Empires of the Early Bronze Age, c. 3000-2000 BCE
441(6)
Sumerian City States
441(2)
Upper Mesopotamian, Iranian, and Anatolian Communities
443(1)
Kingdoms and Empires of the Later Third Millennium BCE
444(1)
Key Site: Ebla
446(1)
Commerce and Conflict in the Middle Bronze Age, C. 2000-1650 BCE
447(3)
Lower Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf
448(1)
Upper Mesopotamia and the Levant
449(1)
Upper Mesopotamia and Anatolia, c. 2000-1650 BCE
450(1)
Empires and States at War and Peace: The Late Bronze Age, c. 1650-1185 BCE
450(10)
Anatolia and the Hittites
451(1)
Key Site: Hattusa, Capital of the Hittites
452(1)
The Levant in the Late Bronze Age
453(1)
Ugarit
454(1)
Upper Mesopotamia and Syria: Hurrian Mittani
455(1)
Key Discovery: The Uluburun Shipwreck
456(1)
The Rise of Assyria
457(1)
Lower Mesopotamia: Kassite Babylonia
458(1)
Elam
459(1)
The End of the Late Bronze Age
460(1)
New and Resurgent Powers of the Iron Age, c. 1185-330 BCE
460(7)
The Levant: Philistines, Phoenicians, Neo-Hittites
460(1)
The Philistines
460(1)
The Phoenicians
461(1)
The Neo-Hittites
461(1)
The Assyrian Empire
462(1)
The Levant: Israel and Judah
463(1)
Anatolian States
463(1)
Babylonia
464(1)
The Achaemenid Empire and the Conquest of Southwest Asia
465(1)
Key Theme: Migration: Small and Large Movements across Southwest Asia
466(1)
Summary and Conclusions
467(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
468(1)
14 The Mediterranean World
469(46)
Susan E. Alcock
John F. Cherry
Defining the Mediterranean, Redefining Its Study
472(1)
The Bronze Age, c. 3500-1000 BCE
473(13)
The Aegean Early Bronze Age
474(1)
Crete
474(1)
Key Theme: Social Inequality: The Emergence of Social Inequality in the Mediterranean
475(1)
The Cyclades
475(1)
Key Controversy: Early Cycladic Marble Figures
476(1)
The Greek Mainland and Troy
477(1)
Minoan Crete: The Palace Period
477(1)
The Palace at Knossos
477(1)
Peak Sanctuaries
478(1)
Life outside the Palaces
479(1)
Key Site: Troy
480(1)
The End of the Minoan Palaces
481(1)
Mycenaean Greece: Mycenae and the Mycenaean Kingdoms
481(1)
Key Discovery: Linear B
482(2)
Other Mycenaean Palaces
484(1)
Overseas Influence
485(1)
The End of the Aegean Bronze Age
485(1)
Cultural Variety in the First Millennium BCE
486(12)
Greece and the Aegean
486(1)
The Early Iron Age
486(1)
The Orientalizing and Archaic Periods
486(1)
Key Theme: Migration: Human Trafficking in the Mediterranean World
487(1)
The Classical Period
487(1)
Key Sites: Olympia and Other Panhellenic Sanctuaries
489(1)
Features of the Classical City
490(1)
Key Controversy: What Did Greek Sculptures Really Look Like?
492(1)
Greek Colonization
493(1)
Key Site: The Necropolis at Metapontum
494(1)
The Phoenicians and Phoenician Expansion
495(1)
The Etruscans and the Italian Peninsula
496(2)
Growing Powers, Growing Territories
498(5)
Alexander and the East
498(1)
The Conquests of Alexander
498(1)
The Hellenistic World
500(1)
Carthage and the Carthaginian Empire
500(1)
Key Site: Alexandria-by-Egypt
501(1)
The Rise of Rome
502(1)
Growth and Crisis
503(1)
A Mediterranean Empire
503(10)
Rome, Center of the World
504(2)
The Provinces and Frontiers
506(1)
Reactions to Roman Annexation
507(1)
Key Controversy: Pompeii-All Problems Solved?
508(1)
Key Discovery: The Mandia Shipwreck
510(1)
The Roman Army
511(1)
The Later Empire
512(1)
Summary and Conclusions
513(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
514(1)
15 South Asia: From Early Villages To Buddhism
515(32)
Robin Coningham
Land and Language
518(1)
The Foundations, c. 26,000-6500 BCE
518(2)
Western India
519(1)
The Ganga Plain
519(1)
Central India
519(1)
Sri Lanka
519(1)
Seasonality and Mobility
520(1)
Early Neolithic Villages: The First Food Producers
520(4)
Western Pakistan
520(1)
Kashmir and the Swat Valley
521(1)
Key Site: Mehrgarh: An Early Farming Community
522(1)
The Ganga Basin
523(1)
Peninsular India
524(1)
An Era of Regionalization: Early Harappan Proto-Urban Forms
524(4)
Kot Diji and Early Pointers toward the Indus Civilization
525(1)
Key Controversy: Foreign Contact and State Formation 1: The Indus Cities
526(2)
An Era of Integration: The Indus Civilization, c. 2600-1900 BCE
528(6)
A Hierarchy of Settlement Forms
528(1)
Key Controversy: The Decipherment of the Indus Script
529(1)
Key Theme: Social Inequality: Uniformity within the Indus Civilization
530(1)
Key Sites: Mohenjo-daro and Harappa
532(1)
Character of the Indus Civilization
532(1)
Subsistence and Trade
533(1)
The Western Borderlands
534(1)
An Era of Localization: The Eclipse of the Indus Civilization, c. 1900 BCE
534(3)
The Core Cities
534(1)
Key Theme: Migration: The Aryan Migration and the End of the Indus Cities
535(1)
Peripheral Areas
535(1)
Gandharan Grave Culture
536(1)
The Ganga-Yamuna Doab
536(1)
The Western Deccan
536(1)
The Re-Emergence of Regionalized Complexity, c.1200-500 BCE
537(3)
Developments in the Northwest and East
537(1)
Painted Gray Ware
537(1)
Key Controversy: Foreign Contact and State Formation 2: The Early Historic Cities
538(1)
"Great Territories"
539(1)
Southern India and Sri Lanka
539(1)
Reintegration: The Early Historic Empires, c. 500 BCE-320 CE
540(6)
The Mauryan Empire
541(1)
Key Controversy: Early Historic Hierarchy and Heterarchies
543(1)
Post-Mauryan Dynasties
544(1)
The Kushan, Satavahana, and Later Dynasties
544(1)
Key Controversy: Roman Contact and the Origins of Indian Ocean Trade
545(1)
Summary and Conclusions
546(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
546(1)
16 Complex Societies Of East And Southeast ASIA
547(43)
Charles Higham
Early States of China
549(14)
The Longshan Culture, c. 3000-1900 BCE
549(2)
The Xia Dynasty, c. 2070-1500 BCE
551(1)
The Shang Dynasty, c. 1500-1045 BCE
551(1)
Key Site: Zhengzhou: A Shang Capital
552(1)
Key Discovery: The Origins of Chinese Writing
554(2)
Southern Rivals to Shang Culture
556(1)
The Western Zhou Dynasty, 1045-771 BCE
557(1)
Key Site: Sanxingdui
558(1)
Western Zhou Bronzeworking
559(1)
The Eastern Zhou Dynasty, 770-221 BCE
560(1)
Technological and Social Changes
560(1)
Key Controversy: Confucianism, Hinduism, and Buddhism
561(1)
Key Site: Tonglushan: A Copper Mining Site
562(1)
Imperial China
563(7)
The Qin Dynasty, 221-207 BCE
563(1)
Key Controversy: The Origins of Chinese Metallurgy
565(1)
The Han Dynasty, 206 BCE-220 CE
565(1)
Administration
565(1)
Key Theme: Urbanism: Feeding a State
566(1)
Agriculture
567(1)
Religious Beliefs
567(1)
Key Site: Mawangdui
568(2)
Korea
570(8)
Koguryo, 37 BCE-668 CE
570(1)
Paekche, 18 BCE-68o CE
571(1)
Silla, 37 BCE-668 CE
571(2)
Great Silla, 668-918 CE
573(1)
Japan
574(1)
Early Yamato
574(1)
The Growth of Yamato Power
574(2)
Decline and Civil War
576(1)
The Asuka Enlightenment
576(1)
The Transition from Yamato to Nara
577(1)
Silk Roads
578(9)
The Central Asian Silk Road
578(1)
Khotan
579(1)
A Maritime Silk Road
579(1)
Funan, the Mekong Delta
579(1)
Angkor, Cambodia
580(3)
The Pyu of Burma
583(1)
Key Controversy: Khao Sam Kaeo and the Origins of Southeast Asian Indianized States
584(2)
The Dvaravati of Thailand
586(1)
The Cham of Vietnam
587(1)
Summary and Conclusions
587(1)
Key Theme: Social Inequality: Social Status and the Built Environment
588(1)
Further Reading
589(1)
17 Mesoamerican Civilization
590(46)
David Webster
Susan Toby Evans
The Landscape and Its Peoples
591(3)
Key Discovery: The Mesoamerican Ball Game
594(1)
The Spread of Agriculture and the Rise of Complex Societies in Preclassic Mesoamerica
595(3)
Early Sedentism
595(1)
Key Theme: Domestication: Social Consequences of Agriculture
596(1)
Key Site: Paso de la Amada and the Emergence of Social Complexity
597(1)
The Olmecs, c. 1200-400 BCE (Early to Middle Preclassic)
598(3)
San Lorenzo and La Venta
598(1)
Key Controversy: The Olmecs: Mesoamerica's "Mother Culture"?
600(1)
West Mexican Polities, c. 1500 BCE-400 CE
601(1)
Late Preclassic Mesoamerica, c. 400 BCE-250 CE
601(11)
Key Controversy: Metallurgy in Mesoamerica
602(1)
Calendars and Writing
602(1)
Kings, Courts, and Cities
603(1)
Key Discovery: The Mesoamerican Calendar
604(1)
Key Controversy: Who Invented Mesoamerican Writing?
606(2)
Monte Alban
608(1)
Teotihuacan
609(1)
Key Site: Teotihuacan
610(2)
The Classic Period: Teotihuacan and Its Neighbors
612(1)
Key Controversy: The Teotihuacan Writing System
613(1)
Teotihuacan's Wider Influence: The Middle Horizon
614(1)
Key Site: Classic Monte Alban
615(1)
Cholula, Cantona, and the Teuchitlan Cultural Tradition-Independent Polities?
616(1)
The Demise of Teotihuacan
616(1)
Epiclassic Mesoamerica, c. 600-900 CE
617(1)
The Classic Maya
618(6)
Kingdoms and Capitals
619(1)
Key Theme: Urbanism: Defining a City in Mesoamerica
621(1)
Maya Society
621(1)
Royalty
621(1)
Key Site: Tikal
622(1)
Lords and Officials
622(1)
Commoners
623(1)
Key Controversy: How Sudden Was the "Collapse" of Maya Civilization?
624(1)
Warfare
624(1)
Postclassic Mesoamerica
624(4)
The Rise of the Toltecs
625(2)
The Postclassic Maya
627(1)
The Puuc Florescence
627(1)
Chichen nth
627(1)
Mayapan
627(1)
Mesoamerica Contacted: What the Spaniards Found
628(6)
The Maya of the Early Sixteenth Century
628(1)
The Aztecs and the Late Horizon: History and Myth
629(1)
The Aztec Empire in 1519
629(1)
Key Site: Tenochtitlan: The Aztec Capital
630(3)
Aztec Society
633(1)
The Spanish Conquest
634(1)
Summary and Conclusions
634(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
635(1)
18 From Village To Empire In South America
636(34)
Michael E. Moseley
Michael J. Heckenberger
A Continent of Extremes
637(3)
The Andes
637(1)
Amazonia
637(1)
Coasts
637(1)
Floodplains
640(1)
Uplands
640(1)
Preceramic (Prepottery) Civilization in the Andes, c. 3000-1800 BCE
640(3)
Temple Mounds and Sunken Courts
640(1)
Key Controversy: The Maritime Hypothesis
641(2)
The Initial Period and the Early Horizon, c. 1800-400 BCE: Civilization Reconfigured
643(4)
The Initial Period, c. 1800-400 BCE
643(1)
Key Site: Sechin Alto
644(1)
The Early Horizon, c. 400-200 BCE
645(1)
Paracas
646(1)
Pukara
647(1)
The Early Intermediate Period, c. 200 BCE-650 CE: Andean Confederacies and States
647(1)
Key Site: Sipan and the Presentation Theme
648(1)
The Moche
649(1)
The Temples of the Sun and the Moon
649(2)
Nazca and the South Coast
651(1)
Nazca Lines
651(1)
The Rise and Fall of the Andean Empires
652(7)
The Middle Horizon, c. 650-1000 CE: Tiwanaku and Wan
652(1)
Key Theme: Social Inequality: Descent and the Kurakas
653(1)
The Late Intermediate Period, c. 1000-1476 CE: Lambayeque and Chimor
654(1)
Chimor and Chan Chan
654(1)
Lambayeque and Batan Grande
656(1)
The Late Horizon, 1476-1533: Cuzco and the Incas
656(1)
Origins and Expansion
657(1)
Cuzco and the Trappings of Empire
657(1)
Key Site: The Sacred Valley of the Incas and Machu Picchu
658(1)
Amazonia
659(1)
The Amazonian Formative Period, c. 1000 BCE-500 CE
660(2)
The Linguistic Evidence
660(1)
The Archaeological Evidence
660(1)
Key Controversy: The Rank Revolution
661(1)
Regionalism and Complexity in Amazonia, c. 1-1500 CE
662(7)
The Lower Amazon
662(1)
Key Controversy: Amazonian Mound Builders
663(1)
Key Controversy: "Amazonian Dark Earths" and Anthropogenic Landscapes
664(1)
Key Theme: Urbanism: Amazonian Urbanism?
665(1)
The Central Amazon
666(1)
The Upper Amazon
667(1)
The Orinoco and the Caribbean
667(1)
The Southern Amazon
667(2)
Summary and Conclusions
669(1)
Further Reading
669(1)
19 Complex Societies Of North America
670(33)
George R. Milner
W.H. Wills
Eastern Woodlands
673(10)
Adena and Hopewell: The Early and Middle Woodland Period, c. 800 BCE-400 CE
673(1)
Pervasive Intergroup Connections
675(1)
Key Site: Hopewell
676(1)
Establishing Food-Producing Economies
677(1)
Late Woodland Period, c. 400-1000 CE
677(1)
Changes in Social Relationships and Diets
678(1)
Mississippian Period, c. 1000-1650 CE
678(1)
Integral Roles of Mounds and Burials
678(1)
Key Controversy: The Size and Influence of Cahokia
680(1)
How People Lived
681(1)
Northern and Eastern Periphery, c. 1000-1650 CE
682(1)
Southwest
683(10)
Preclassic and Classic Hohokam, c. 700-1450 CE
683(1)
Key Discovery: Hohokam Ball Courts
685(1)
Key Theme: Social Inequality: Identifying Social Distinctions in North America
686(1)
Pueblo Villages on the Colorado Plateau
686(1)
Agricultural Foundations
686(1)
Key Theme: Migration: Movement and Abandonment in North America
687(1)
Pueblo I, c. 750-900 CE
687(1)
The Great Kiva
688(1)
Pueblo II, c. 900-1150 CE
688(1)
The Chaco Phenomenon
688(1)
Key Discovery: Chocolate at Pueblo Bonito
690(1)
Pueblo III, C. 1150-1300 CE
690(1)
Pueblo IV, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries CE: Abandonment of the Colorado Plateau
691(1)
Pottery Innovations and Group Expression
692(1)
Population Decline
692(1)
Plains
693(2)
Village Life
693(1)
Widespread Exchange
694(1)
Pacific Coast
695(3)
Southern California
695(1)
Pacific Northwest
695(1)
Life in Villages
695(1)
Key Site: Ozette
697(1)
Warfare and Population Loss
697(1)
Arctic and Subarctic
698(2)
Dorset and Thule Cultures
698(1)
Key Site: L'Anse aux Meadows
699(1)
Two Worlds Collide
700(1)
Summary and Conclusions
701(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
702(1)
20 The Human Past: Retrospect And Prospect
703(7)
Chris Scarre
Demographic Increase
704(1)
Intensification and Degradation
705(1)
Biological Exchange
706(1)
Climate Change and Human Society
707(1)
The Wider Relevance of Archaeology
708(2)
Climate Change
708(1)
Domestication
708(1)
Urbanization
708(1)
Social Inequality
709(1)
Migration
709(1)
Glossary 710(5)
References 715(31)
Sources Of Illustrations 746(3)
Index 749