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Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies Third edition [Mīkstie vāki]

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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 784 pages, height x width: 277x216 mm, 492 Illustrations, black and white; 296 Illustrations, color
  • Izdošanas datums: 28-Jan-2013
  • Izdevniecība: Thames & Hudson Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 0500290644
  • ISBN-13: 9780500290644
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Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies Third editionPalielināt
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 784 pages, height x width: 277x216 mm, 492 Illustrations, black and white; 296 Illustrations, color
  • Izdošanas datums: 28-Jan-2013
  • Izdevniecība: Thames & Hudson Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 0500290644
  • ISBN-13: 9780500290644
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780500290644.html
The Human Past has established itself as the most thorough and authoritative introductory survey of human prehistory and the development of civilizations around the globe, adopted by colleges and universities worldwide. With a clear and logical framework, and written by an international team of 24 acknowledged experts, this unique textbook provides a comprehensive overview of world prehistory through a series of chapters focusing on individual regions and time periods that presents the vast panorama of human social, cultural and economic development over the past three million years. This new edition has been completely revised and updated, with more colour illustrations, to take account of new discoveries and developments, including what the analysis of ancient DNA tells us about our evolution; the latest theories about the domestication of key plants and animals, including rice and maize; and new thinking on the earliest Paleoindian hunting strategies.

Recenzijas

'A magnificent achievement ... Chris Scarre has brought together a brilliant international team to provide the most up-to-date overview of world prehistory. The Human Past is absolutely essential reading for all students of archaeology' - Barry Cunliffe, University of Oxford 'Brings alive world archaeology in an exciting, accessible and informative way that makes it by far the best introduction available. Written by a galaxy of experts, it is copiously and imaginatively illustrated, as well as up-to-date in terms of both ideas and evidence' - Cyprian Broodbank, Institute of Archaeology, University College London 'Brings global prehistory within easy reach not only of students but also of scholars Lavishly illustrated with well-chosen figures A magnificent achievement' - Leendert P. Louwe Kooijmans, Leiden University

Papildus informācija

'Brings alive world archaeology in an exciting, accessible and informative way that makes it by far the best introduction available' Cyprian Broodbank, Institute of Archaeology, University College London
Contributors 17(2)
Preface 19(3)
Timeline 22(2)
1 Introduction: The Study Of The Human Past
24(20)
Chris Scarre
What is Archaeology?
25(2)
Prehistory vs. History
26(1)
The Relevance of World Archaeology
27(1)
The Origins of Archaeology
28(4)
Renaissance Beginnings
28(2)
Advances in the 17th and 18th Centuries
30(1)
Developments in the 19th Century
30(2)
Social Evolution
32(1)
Developments in Methodology and Techniques
33(1)
Archaeology and Human Evolution
34(2)
Explaining Change: Archaeological Theories
36(4)
Cultural Ecology and Agency Theory
36(1)
Mechanisms and Patterns of Change
37(1)
Innovation, Diffusion, Emulation, and Migration
37(1)
Linear and Cyclical Patterns
38(1)
Processual and Postprocessual Archaeology
38(2)
Humans in Long-term Perspective
40(3)
Humans and the Environment
40(1)
Demographic Growth
41(1)
Symbols and Cognition
42(1)
Summary and Conclusions
43(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
43(1)
PART I THE EVOLUTION OF HUMANITY 6 million to 11,500 years ago
44(130)
2 African Origins
46(38)
Nicholas Toth
Kathy Schick
Evolution and Human Origins
47(2)
Models of Evolutionary Change
48(1)
The Human Evolutionary Record
49(1)
The Primate Ancestors of Apes and Humans
49(6)
What is a Primate?
49(1)
Overview of Primate Evolution
50(1)
Early Anthropoid Features
51(1)
Old World Monkeys and Apes
51(1)
Our Ape Ancestry: The Comparative Anatomical and Genetic Evidence
52(1)
Anatomical Evidence
52(1)
Key Controversy Classifying the Primates
52(1)
Genetic Evidence
53(2)
Key Method Reconstructing Paleoenvironments
55(1)
The Environmental Background
55(2)
Climate Change and Early Hominin Evolution
55(1)
Key Discovery Ardipithecus ramidus and Other Early Fossils
56(1)
The Rise of the Earliest Hominins
57(4)
The Australopithecines
58(1)
Key Sites Hadar and Laetoli: "Lucy," the "First Family," and Fossil Footsteps
59(2)
The Emergence of Homo
61(1)
The First Stone Tools and the Oldowan
61(11)
Technology
66(1)
Key Site Olduvai Gorge: The Grand Canyon of Prehistory
67(1)
Who Made the Oldowan Tools?
68(1)
Key Controversy Modern Apes as Oldowan Tool-makers?
69(1)
The Nature of the Sites
69(1)
Key Discovery Australopithecus garhi: The First Tool-maker?
70(1)
Key Sites Regional Overview of Major Oldowan Sites
71(1)
Food Procurement and Diet
72(5)
Hunters or Scavengers?
72(2)
Key Method Dating Early Hominins and their Archaeology
74(2)
Key Controversy What Were Oldowan Tools Used For?
76(1)
Food for Thought: Diet and Encephalization
76(1)
The Behavior of Oldowan Hominins
77(3)
Social Organization
78(1)
Diet
78(1)
Technology
78(1)
Fire
79(1)
Site Modification
79(1)
Art, Ritual, and Language
79(1)
Recent Trends in Approaches to the Oldowan
80(2)
Experiments in Site Formation Processes
80(1)
Isotopic Studies
81(1)
Landscape Archaeology
82(1)
Summary and Conclusions
82(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
83(1)
3 Hominin Dispersals In The Old World
84(40)
Richard Klein
Homo ergaster
85(8)
Anatomy
85(1)
The Turkana Boy
86(2)
Human Evolution and the Inferences from the Turkana Boy
88(1)
Key Discovery The Discovery of the Turkana Boy
89(3)
The Relationship of Homo ergaster to Other Hominins
92(1)
The Acheulean
93(3)
The Acheulean Hand Axe Tradition
93(1)
Key Discovery The Acheulean Hand Axe Tradition
94(1)
Hand Axe Function
95(1)
Variation within the Acheulean Tradition
95(1)
Homo erectus
96(5)
The Discovery and Dating of Homo erectus in Java
96(2)
Key Controversy The Dating of Javan Homo erectus
98(1)
The Discovery and Dating of Homo erectus in China
98(2)
The Archaeology of Chinese Homo erectus
100(1)
The Dispersal of Homo ergaster and the Fate of Homo erectus
101(6)
The Initial Expansion of Homo ergaster from Africa
101(1)
Key Controversy The "Hobbit": Homo floresiensis, a Unique Species?
102(1)
The Expansion of Homo ergaster to Eurasia: The Dmanisi Discoveries
103(1)
Dating the Dmanisi Fossils
104(2)
Evidence that Homo ergaster Persisted to 1 Million Years Ago or Later
106(1)
The Persistence of Homo erectus in Java
106(1)
Key Method Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Dating
107(1)
Homo heidelbergensis and the Initial Occupation of Europe
107(6)
Key Controversy When Did Humans First Colonize Europe?
110(1)
Key Site The Gran Dolina TD6 and the History of Cannibalism
111(1)
Brain Expansion and Change within the Hand Axe Tradition
111(1)
The European Origin of the Neanderthals
112(1)
Key Method Uranium-Series Dating
112(1)
Evidence for Early Human Behavior apart from Stone Artifacts
113(9)
Raw Materials besides Stone
113(1)
Site Modification
114(2)
Fire
116(1)
Art
117(1)
Key Method Luminescence Dating
118(1)
Diet and Food Procurement
119(1)
Plant Foods: Foraging
119(1)
Key Controversy Is Homo erectus Represented by DNA from Denisova Cave
120(1)
Animal Foods: Hunting and Scavenging
120(2)
Summary and Conclusions
122(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
123(1)
4 The Rise Of Modern Humans
124(50)
Paul Pettitt
The Climatic Background
127(1)
Competing Hypotheses for the Origin of Homo sapiens
127(4)
The Multi-Regional Evolution Hypothesis
128(1)
The Out of Africa Hypothesis
128(1)
Other Hypotheses and Attempts at Consensus
129(1)
Key Controversy The Complex Fossil Record in Asia and Modern Human Emergence
130(1)
The Anatomy of Homo sapiens
131(1)
Evolution in Low Latitudes: Evidence for the Rise of Modern Humans in Africa
132(5)
Earliest Homo sapiens
132(1)
Transitional Homo sapiens
133(3)
Anatomically Modern Humans
136(1)
Genetic Keys to the Origins of Modern Humans
137(3)
Mitochondrial DNA and the Theory of an Early African "Coalescence"
138(1)
Other Theories and Potential Consensus
138(2)
Mitochondrial DNA and the Evolution of Homo neanderthalensis
140(1)
Archaeology and the Emergence of "Modern" Behavior in Middle Stone Age Africa
140(5)
Artifactual Evidence
141(1)
Hunting and Dietary Evidence
141(1)
Key Site Klasies River Mouth: Middle Stone Age Hunters?
142(1)
Evidence of Site Modification and Art
143(2)
Evolution in High Latitudes: The Neanderthals
145(7)
The Anatomy of Homo neanderthalensis
145(1)
Exploitation of Resources: Hunting, Gathering, and Scavenging
146(1)
Key Controversy The Evolution of Language
147(2)
The Mousterian Lithic Industry
149(1)
Key Discovery The Neanderthal Genome
150(1)
Neanderthal Behavior
151(1)
Early Dispersals of Homo sapiens into the Levantine Corridor
152(3)
Key Controversy The Initial Upper Paleolithic and the Emergence of Modern Behavior
154(1)
The Colonization of East Asia and Australia
155(1)
The Colonization of Europe, and the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition
156(3)
The Aurignacian
156(1)
Key Method Radiocarbon Dating
157(1)
Relations between Neanderthals and Incoming Homo sapiens?
158(1)
Developments in Human Behavior: The European Mid- and Later Upper Paleolithic
159(7)
The Gravettian
159(1)
Key Sites Four Sites with Upper Paleolithic Art
160(1)
Gravettian Behavior
161(1)
Key Controversy The Meaning of "Venus" Figurines
162(1)
The Magdalenian
163(3)
Late Pleistocene Dispersals: Colonization of the Americas
166(4)
Possible Source Populations
166(1)
Archaeology and Human Remains
166(1)
Linguistic and Genetic Evidence
167(1)
The Archaeological Evidence for Pre-Clovis Sites
167(2)
Interpreting the Evidence
169(1)
The Clovis Phenomenon
169(1)
Summary and Conclusions
170(3)
Key Site Monte Verde
171(1)
Key Controversy Big-game Extinctions in North America
172(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
173(1)
PART II AFTER THE ICE 11,500 years ago to the Early Civilizations
174(547)
5 The World Transformed: From Foragers And Farmers To States And Empires
176(24)
Chris Scarre
Climate Change and Faunal Extinction at the End of the Pleistocene
177(2)
The Early Holocene Environment
179(4)
Coasts and Islands
179(2)
Forests and Deserts
181(1)
Hunter-gatherer Adaptations to the Holocene
182(1)
A Note on Terminology
182(1)
The Beginnings of Agriculture
183(6)
What is Agriculture?
183(1)
Domestication by Hunter-gatherer Groups
184(1)
The Development of Domesticates
185(1)
The Geography of Domestication
185(1)
Key Controversy Explaining Agriculture
186(2)
Why Agriculture?
188(1)
The Spread of Agriculture
189(1)
The Consequences of Agriculture
190(3)
Settlement
190(1)
Social Complexity
191(1)
Material Culture
191(1)
Warfare
192(1)
Agricultural Intensification
192(1)
Cities, States, and Empires
193(6)
The Development of States
194(1)
The Geography of State Formation
194(1)
Archaeological Features of States
195(1)
Key Controversy Cities, States, and Civilizations Defined and Explained
196(1)
Toward History: The Adoption of Writing
196(2)
States and Empires
198(1)
Summary and Conclusions
199(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Website
199(1)
6 From Foragers To Complex Societies In Southwest Asia
200(34)
Trevor Watkins
The Environmental Setting
201(3)
New Strategies of Settlement and Subsistence: Epipaleolithic Hunter-gatherers
204(10)
The Early Epipaleolithic in the Levant, C. 20,000-12,000 BC
205(1)
Ohalo II, Neve David, 'Uyun al-Hamman, and Kharaneh IV
206(1)
Key Site Ohalo II: Epipaleolithic Lifeways in the Levant
207(1)
The Late Epipaleolithic in the Levant, c. 12,000-9600 BC
208(1)
The Discovery of the Natufians
208(1)
Evidence for Natufian Lifeways
209(1)
The Late Epipaleolithic Beyond the Levant
210(1)
An Epipaleolithic Summary
211(1)
Key Site Abu Hureyra: The Transition from Foraging to Farming
212(2)
Culture Change in the Aceramic Neolithic, c. 9600-6900 BC
214(13)
New Stoneworking Technologies
214(1)
Innovations in Art and Ideas
215(1)
The First Large Settlements Discovered: Jericho and Catalhoyuk
215(1)
Jericho
215(1)
Catalhoyuk
216(1)
Social Organization
216(2)
Key Site Jerf el Ahmar: A Neolithic Village
218(1)
Communal Buildings and Rituals
219(1)
Key Site Gobekli Tepe: Religious Structures at a "Central Place"
220(2)
Key Site WF16: A Settlement with a Large Communal Building
222(1)
Burials and Skull Caching
223(1)
Key Site Catalhoyuk
224(2)
Communities and Networking
226(1)
The Beginning of Cultivation and Plant and Animal Domestication
227(4)
Plant Domestication
227(1)
Hunting and Herding
228(2)
Cyprus
230(1)
The Long Transition
230(1)
Transformation and the Ceramic Neolithic, c. 6900-6000 BC
231(1)
The Levant
231(1)
Syria, Turkey, and Cyprus
231(1)
Iraq and Iran
232(1)
Summary and Conclusions
232(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
233(1)
7 East Asian Agriculture And Its Impact
234(30)
Charles Higham
The Transition to Agriculture in East Asia
235(9)
The Origins of Millet Cultivation: The Yellow River Valley
237(1)
Hunter-gatherer Sites from before c. 7500 BC
238(1)
Agricultural Sites from after c. 6000 BC
238(2)
The Origins of Rice Cultivation: The Yangzi River Valley
240(1)
Gathering Wild Rice: Yuchan and Zhangnao
240(1)
Key Site Cishan: The Transition to Agriculture in the Yellow River Valley
240(1)
The Transition from Wild to Cultivated Rice: Diaotonghuan and Xianrendong
241(1)
The Development of Permanent Villages in the Yangzi Valley
242(1)
Key Controversy The Origins of Rice Cultivation
242(2)
Key Site Bashidang: An Early Agricultural Village
244(1)
The Growth of Agricultural Communities
244(4)
Neolithic Cultures in the Yellow River Valley
244(1)
The Yangshao Culture
244(1)
The Dawenkou Culture
245(1)
Neolithic Cultures in the Yangzi River Valley
245(1)
The Daxi Culture
246(1)
Hemudu
246(1)
The Majiabang, Songze, and Chengbeixi Cultures
246(1)
Key Site Tianluoshan
247(1)
The Expansion of Rice Farmers into Southeast Asia
248(9)
Initial Dispersal into Southern China
248(1)
From Southern China into Vietnam
249(1)
The Khorat Plateau, Thailand
250(1)
Early Rice Farmers in Thailand
250(1)
Key Site Ban Non Wat: Hunter-gatherers and Early Rice Farmers
251(1)
Cambodia and the Mekong Delta
252(1)
The Bangkok Plain
253(1)
Khok Phanom Di and Ban Kao
253(1)
Khok Charoen, Non Pai Wai, and Tha Kae
254(1)
Key Site Khok Phanom Di: Sedentary Hunter-fishers
254(3)
The Expansion of Rice Farmers into Korea and Japan
257(4)
Korea
257(1)
Japan
258(1)
Jomon Antecedents
258(1)
Yayoi Rice Farmers
259(1)
Key Discovery Sedentism without Agriculture
260(1)
The Linguistic Evidence
261(2)
Summary and Conclusions
263(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
263(1)
8 Australia And The Pacific Basin During The Holocene
264(42)
Peter Bellwood
Peter Hiscock
Australia
265(30)
Early Foragers in a Changing Landscape
266(2)
Technology in Uncertain Times
268(1)
Key Site South Molle Quarry: Aboriginal Foragers at the End of the Ice Age
269(1)
Changing Life in Tasmania
270(1)
Key Controversy Explaining Technological Change in Australia
270(1)
Changes in Aboriginal Perceptions of the Landscape
271(1)
Key Controversy Why Did the Tasmanians Stop Eating Fish?
272(1)
The Growth of Trade Networks
273(1)
Population and Settlement Change
273(1)
The Effects of Historic Foreign Contacts
274(1)
Key Site Barlambidj: Aboriginal Contact with Southeast Asia
275(1)
The Islands of Southeast Asia and Oceania
275(1)
Early Human Settlers in Island Southeast Asia
276(1)
Key Discovery Early Farming in the New Guinea Highlands
277(1)
Early Agriculturalists in New Guinea
278(1)
The Austronesian Dispersal
279(1)
Who Are the Austronesians?
279(1)
A Basic History of the Austronesian Languages
280(2)
Key Controversy The Origins of the Austronesians
282(1)
The Archaeology of Early Austronesian Dispersal
282(1)
Taiwan
283(1)
Dispersals to Southeast Asia and Madagascar
284(2)
Key Site Beinan and the Jade Trade
286(1)
The Colonization of Oceania
287(1)
Lapita Economy
288(1)
Key Controversy The Origins of Lapita
289(1)
The Settlement of Polynesia
290(1)
Eastern Polynesia
290(1)
Key Sites Talepakemalai and Teouma
291(1)
Key Controversy Expert Navigation or Sheer Good Luck?
292(2)
Why Migrate?
294(1)
The Austronesian World After Colonization
295(7)
Polynesian Complex Societies: Easter Island and Elsewhere
295(1)
Key Controversy Causes of Landscape Change
296(1)
Key Controversy Easter Island and South America
297(1)
Hawai'i and New Zealand: Varying Social Responses to Environmental Constraints
298(2)
The Chiefdoms of Polynesia: Comparative Ethnographic Perspectives
300(1)
Theories of Social Evolution
301(1)
Seaborne Trade and the Transformation of Tribal Society in Southeast Asia
302(2)
Summary and Conclusions
304(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
305(1)
9 Origins Of Food-Producing Economies In The Americas
306(44)
David L. Browman
Gayle J. Fritz
Patty Jo Watson
The Late Paleoindian Period
307(6)
David J. Meltzer
The Plains and Rocky Mountains
307(3)
West of the Rocky Mountains
310(1)
The Eastern Forests
311(1)
Central and South America
312(1)
Changes to Come
313(1)
The Archaic Period, c. 9500 BC onward
313(1)
The Mexican Archaic and the Origins of Mesoamerican Agriculture, c. 9500-2500 BC
314(2)
The Earliest Cultigens
314(2)
Southwest North America
316(4)
The Archaic Period
316(1)
Agricultural Beginnings
316(2)
Key Controversy The Domestication of Maize
318(1)
Models of Agricultural Adoption and Dispersal
319(1)
Later Agricultural Developments and Systems
319(1)
Eastern North America
320(10)
Early to Middle Archaic, c. 9500-4000 BC
322(1)
The Beginnings of Agriculture in the Middle and Late Archaic
323(1)
Key Site Koster: An Archaic Camp in Illinois
324(1)
Late Archaic Sites and Lifeways
325(1)
Bacon Bend and Iddins, Tennessee
325(1)
The Carlston Annis Shell Mound in West Central Kentucky, and the Rockshelters of Arkansas and Eastern Kentucky
325(1)
Horr's Island, Florida
326(1)
Key Discovery The Archaic Dog
326(1)
The Earliest Pottery
327(1)
Early Woodland Period, c. 1000-200 BC
327(1)
Later Agricultural Developments
327(1)
Key Sites Watson Brake and Poverty Point, Louisiana
328(2)
Tobacco
330(1)
Western North America: Alternatives to Agriculture
330(3)
Great Plains Bison Hunting
330(1)
The Pacific Northwest Maritime Cultures
331(1)
The Great Basin Desert Archaic
332(1)
The Archaic Period in California
333(1)
The South American Pacific Lowlands
333(4)
The North Pacific Coast
333(1)
The Peruvian Coast
334(2)
The Chilean Coast
336(1)
Southern Chile and Southern Argentina
336(1)
Key Sites La Paloma and Chilca: Archaic Villages of the Peruvian Coast
337(1)
The Andean Highlands
337(4)
The Northern Andes
338(1)
Key Discovery The Chinchorro Mummies
338(1)
The Central Andes
339(1)
Northern Peru
340(1)
Central Peru
340(1)
Southern Peru
341(1)
Key Site Asana: Base Camp and Herding Residence
341(3)
The Southern Andes
342(1)
Andean Animal and Plant Domestication
342(2)
The Amazonian Lowlands
344(3)
Key Site Caral and Norte Chico
345(2)
The Atlantic Lowlands
347(1)
Summary and Conclusions
348(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
349(1)
10 Holocene Africa
350(42)
Graham Connah
The Environmental Setting
351(3)
Intensification of Hunting, Gathering, and Fishing
354(7)
Southern and Central Africa
355(1)
Southern African Rock Art
356(1)
Key Controversy Symbolism in Southern African Rock Art
356(1)
Northern, Eastern, and Western Africa
357(1)
Key Controversy Climatic Change and Cultural Adaptation in the Sahara
358(1)
North Africa and the Sahara
358(2)
East Africa
360(1)
West Africa
361(1)
The Beginnings of Farming
361(5)
The Sahara
361(1)
The Nile Valley
362(1)
West Africa
363(1)
Key Controversy The Enigma of Sorghum Domestication
364(1)
Northeast and East Africa
365(1)
Ironworking Societies and the Adoption of Farming South of the Equator
366(4)
Movements of Bantu-speaking Peoples
366(2)
Key Controversy The Origins of African Ironworking
368(1)
Ironworking Farmers
369(1)
Domesticated Plants and Animals
369(1)
Interaction Between Hunter-gatherers and Farmers
370(1)
Urbanization and the Growth of Social Complexity in Ancient Egypt
370(8)
The Predynastic Period
371(2)
The Early Dynastic Period
373(1)
The Old Kingdom
374(1)
The First and Second Intermediate Periods and the Middle Kingdom
375(1)
Key Discovery New Insights from the Pyramids
375(1)
The New Kingdom and After
376(2)
Urbanization and State Formation in the Rest of Africa
378(8)
Nubia and Ethiopia
378(1)
Kerma
378(1)
Napata and Meroe
379(1)
Aksum
380(1)
Key Site Ethiopia's Rock-cut Churches
381(1)
North and West Africa
381(1)
Key Site Jenne-jeno: Origins of Urbanism in West Africa
382(1)
Eastern, Southern, and Central Africa
383(1)
The Swahili Coast
383(1)
Key Site Great Zimbabwe
384(1)
The Zimbabwe Plateau
385(1)
Remoter Parts of Central Africa
385(1)
Africa and the Outside World
386(2)
The Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, and the Red Sea
386(1)
Key Controversy What Factors Led to the Formation of States in Africa?
387(1)
The Indian Ocean
388(1)
The Atlantic Coast
388(1)
Summary and Conclusions
388(3)
Key Site Quseir al-Qadim and the Indian Ocean Trade
389(1)
Key Site Igbo-Ukwu
390(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
391(1)
11 Holocene Europe
392(40)
Chris Scarre
From Foraging to Farming
393(6)
After the Ice: Europe Transformed
393(3)
Key Controversy Dairying and the Domestication of Humans
396(1)
Farming Comes to Europe
396(1)
Key Site Star Carr: A Mesolithic Campsite in Northeast England
397(1)
Key Discovery The Demographic History of Early Postglacial Europe
398(1)
Southeastern Europe
399(3)
Neolithic Settlements
400(1)
Figurines and Evidence for Social Complexity
401(1)
The Introduction of Metals
402(1)
The Mediterranean Zone
402(4)
Key Site The Varna Cemetery
403(1)
Neolithic Settlements
404(1)
The Emergence of Social Complexity
405(1)
Central Europe
406(5)
The Bandkeramik Culture
406(2)
Key Discovery The "Iceman"
408(1)
Later Regional Groups
408(2)
Key Discovery The Talheim Death Pit
410(1)
Atlantic Europe
411(4)
Mesolithic Settlements
411(1)
Key Site The Bandkeramik Longhouse
412(1)
Megalithic Monuments
412(3)
Northern Europe
415(4)
The Ertebølle-Ellerbek and Later Cultures
415(1)
Key Controversy Stonehenge: Symbolism and Ceremony
416(2)
Neolithic Burial and Ritual Practices
418(1)
Toward Complexity: Europe from 2500 BC to the Roman Empire
419(1)
Later Prehistoric Societies in Central and Western Europe
420(4)
Beaker Pottery and Metalwork
420(2)
Small-scale Settlement and Long-distance Contact
422(1)
"Princely Centers"
423(1)
Later Prehistoric Societies in Eastern Europe
424(2)
Urnfields
425(1)
Key Controversy Rock Art - Representation of Myth or Reality?
426(1)
European Society at the Dawn of History
426(3)
European Societies Beyond the Mediterranean
427(1)
The So-called "Celtic" Societies
428(1)
Bog Bodies
428(1)
The Expansion of Roman Control
429(1)
Summary and Conclusions
429(2)
Key Controversy Who Were the Celts?
430(1)
Further Reading
431(1)
12 Peoples And Complex Societies Of Ancient Southwest Asia
432(40)
Roger Matthews
Farmers of the Early Chalcolithic: The Halaf and Ubaid Periods, c. 6000-4200 BC
433(6)
The Halaf Period, c. 6000-5400 BC
433(3)
Hunting and Warfare
436(1)
Religion and Society
436(1)
The Ubaid Period, c. 5900-4200 BC
436(1)
Eridu
436(1)
Ubaid Sites Beyond Lower Mesopotamia
437(1)
Key Discovery Early Steps Toward Social Complexity on the Iranian Plateau
438(1)
Urban Communities of the Late Chalcolithic: The Uruk Period, c. 4200-3000 BC
439(4)
The Lower Mesopotamian Site of Uruk
440(1)
The Invention of Writing
441(1)
Cylinder Seals
442(1)
Uruk Expansion and Trade
442(1)
City-states, Kingdoms, and Empires of the Early Bronze Age, c. 3000-2000 BC
443(8)
Sumerian City-states
444(1)
Upper Mesopotamian, Iranian, and Anatolian Communities
445(1)
Key Site Tepe Yahya
446(1)
Kingdoms and Empires of the Later 3rd Millennium BC
447(1)
Key Site Troy
448(2)
Key Site Ebla
450(1)
Commerce and Conflict in the Middle Bronze Age
451(3)
Lower Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf
451(1)
Upper Mesopotamia and the Levant
452(1)
Upper Mesopotamia and Anatolia
453(1)
Empires and States at War and Peace: The Late Bronze Age
454(9)
Anatolia and the Hittites
454(1)
Key Site Hattusa, Capital of the Hittites
455(1)
Key Discovery On the March with the Hittite Army in North-Central Turkey
456(1)
The Levant in the Late Bronze Age
457(1)
Ugarit
457(2)
Key Discovery The Uluburun Shipwreck
459(1)
Upper Mesopotamia and Syria: Hurrian Mittani
460(1)
The Rise of Assyria
460(2)
Lower Mesopotamia: Kassite Babylonia
462(1)
Elam
462(1)
The End of the Late Bronze Age
463(1)
New and Resurgent Powers of the Iron Age
463(6)
The Levant: Philistines, Phoenicians, Neo-Hittites
463(1)
The Philistines
464(1)
The Phoenicians
464(1)
The Neo-Hittites
465(1)
The Levant: Israel and Judah
465(1)
The Assyrian Empire
465(1)
Anatolian States
466(1)
Babylonia
467(1)
The Achaemenid Empire and the Conquest of Southwest Asia
468(1)
Summary and Conclusions
469(2)
Key Controversy Iraq's Archaeological Heritage Under Threat
470(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
471(1)
13 The Mediterranean World
472(46)
Susan E. Alcock
John F. Cherry
Defining the Mediterranean, Redefining its Study
473(3)
The Bronze Age
476(10)
Neolithic and Copper Age Settlement
477(1)
The Aegean Early Bronze Age
477(1)
Crete
478(1)
The Cyclades
478(1)
The Greek Mainland and Troy
478(1)
Key Controversy Early Cycladic Marble Figures
479(1)
Minoan Crete: The Palace Period
480(1)
Features and Functions of the Minoan Palace
480(2)
Key Discovery Linear B
482(1)
Life Outside the Palaces
483(1)
The End of the Minoan Palaces
483(1)
Mycenaean Greece
483(1)
Mycenae
483(1)
Other Mycenaean Palaces
484(1)
Mycenaean Society and Overseas Influence
485(1)
The End of the Aegean Bronze Age
486(1)
Cultural Variety in the 1st Millennium BC
486(13)
Greece and the Aegean
486(1)
The Dark Age
486(1)
The Archaic Period
486(1)
The Classical Period
487(1)
Key Site The Necropolis at Metapontum
488(1)
Greek Colonization
489(1)
The Phoenicians and Phoenician Expansion
490(1)
The Etruscans and the Italian Peninsula
491(2)
Key Discovery Mining in the Etruscan World
493(1)
Key SiteS Olympia and Other Panhellenic Sanctuaries
494(1)
The Structure of the Archaic and Classical Greek Polis
494(1)
The Hinterland: The Economic Foundation of the City
494(1)
Outside the City Walls: The "Suburbs" and the Cemetery
495(1)
Life Within the City Walls
496(1)
The Commonality of Greek Culture
497(1)
Key Controversy What Did Greek Sculptures Really Look Like?
498(1)
Growing Powers, Growing Territories
499(6)
Alexander and the East
499(1)
The Conquests of Alexander
500(1)
The Hellenistic World
501(1)
Key Site Alexandria-by-Egypt
502(1)
Carthage and the Carthaginian Empire
503(1)
The Rise of Rome
503(1)
Roman Expansion
504(1)
A Mediterranean Empire
505(11)
Rome, Center of the World
506(2)
Key Controversy Farming the Desert: A Lesson from Libya
508(1)
The Provinces and Frontiers
508(1)
Key Discovery The Mahdia Shipwreck
509(1)
Key Controversy Pompeii - All Problems Solved?
510(1)
Reactions to Roman Annexation
511(2)
The Roman Army
513(1)
A Multiplicity of Gods
514(1)
The Later Empire
514(2)
Summary and Conclusions
516(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
517(1)
14 South Asia: From Early Villages To Buddhism
518(34)
Robin Coningham
Land and Language
519(3)
The Foundations: c. 26,000-6500 BC
522(2)
Western India
522(1)
The Ganges Plain
522(1)
Central India
522(1)
Sri Lanka
523(1)
Seasonality and Mobility
523(1)
Early Neolithic Villages: The First Food Producers
524(4)
Western Pakistan
524(1)
Key Site Mehrgarh: An Early Farming Community
524(2)
Kashmir and the Swat Valley
526(1)
The Ganges Basin
527(1)
Peninsular India
527(1)
An Era of Regionalization: Early Harappan Proto-Urban Forms
528(4)
Key Controversy Foreign Contact and State Formation 1: The Indus Cities
529(1)
Kot Diji and Early Pointers Toward the Indus Civilization
530(2)
Key Controversy The Decipherment of the Indus Script
532(1)
An Era of Integration: The Indus Civilization, c. 2600-1900 BC
532(4)
A Hierarchy of Settlement Forms
533(1)
Urban Settlements
533(1)
Key SiteS Mohenjo-daro and Harappa
534(2)
Character of the Indus Civilization
536(1)
Subsistence and Trade
536(1)
The Western Borderlands
536(1)
An Era of Localization: The Eclipse of the Indus Civilization, c. 1900 BC
536(4)
Key Controversy The Social Organization of the Indus Civilization
537(1)
The Core Cities
537(1)
Key Controversy The End of the Indus Cities
538(1)
Peripheral Areas
539(1)
Gandharan Grave Culture
539(1)
The Ganges-Yamuna Doab
540(1)
The Western Deccan
540(1)
The Re-Emergence of Regionalized Complexity, C. 1200-500 BC
540(4)
Key Controversy Foreign Contact and State Formation 2: The Early Historic Cities
541(1)
Developments in the Northwest and East
541(1)
Painted Gray Ware
542(1)
"Great Territories"
543(1)
Southern India and Sri Lanka
543(1)
Reintegration: The Early Historic Empires, C. 500 BC-AD 320
544(7)
Key Site Taxila
544(2)
The Mauryan Empire
546(1)
Key Controversy Early Historic Hierarchy and Heterarchies
547(1)
Post-Mauryan Dynasties
548(1)
The Kushan, Satavahana, and Later Dynasties
549(1)
Key Controversy Roman Contact and the Origins of Indian Ocean Trade
550(1)
Summary and Conclusions
551(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
551(1)
15 Complex Societies Of East And Southeast Asia
552(42)
Charles Higham
China
553(21)
The Rise of Complex Societies
553(1)
The Liangzhu Culture
553(1)
The Hongshan Culture
554(1)
The Longshan Culture
555(1)
The Lower Xiajiadian Culture
556(1)
The Xia Dynasty, c. 1700-1500 BC
557(1)
Key Discovery The Origins of Chinese Writing
558(1)
The Shang Dynasty, c. 1500-1045 BC
558(3)
Key Site Zhengzhou: A Shang Capital
561(1)
Key Discovery Southern Rivals to Shang Culture
562(1)
The Changjiang Culture
562(1)
The Western Zhou Dynasty, 1045-771 BC
563(1)
Key Site Sanxingdui
564(1)
Western Zhou Bronzeworking
564(2)
The Eastern Zhou Dynasty, 770-221 BC
566(1)
Key Discovery Confucianism
567(1)
Technological and Social Changes
567(1)
The Qin Dynasty, 221-207 BC
568(1)
The Han Dynasty, 206 BC-AD 220
569(1)
Administration
569(1)
Agriculture
570(1)
Religious Beliefs
570(1)
Key Site Tonglushan: A Copper Mining Site
571(1)
Key Site Mawangdui
572(2)
Korea
574(3)
Koguryo
574(1)
Kaya
574(1)
Paekche
575(1)
Silla
575(1)
Great Silla, AD 668-918
576(1)
Japan
577(4)
Early Yamato
577(1)
The Growth of Yamato Power
577(2)
Decline and Civil War
579(1)
The Asuka Enlightenment
579(2)
The Transition from Yamato to Nara
581(1)
The Central Asian Silk Road
581(4)
Khotan
581(1)
Shanshan
582(1)
Key Discovery The Origins of Chinese Metallurgy
583(1)
Key Site Khao Sam Kaeo and the Origins of Southeast Asian Indianized States
584(1)
The Southeast Asian Maritime Silk Road
585(8)
Funan, the Mekong Delta
586(1)
Angkor, Cambodia
586(2)
Key Site Angkor: Capital City of the Khmer
588(2)
The Arakan Coast, Burma
590(1)
The Pyu of Burma
590(1)
The Dvaravati of Thailand
591(1)
The Cham of Vietnam
591(2)
Summary and Conclusions
593(1)
Further Reading
593(1)
16 Mesoamerican Civilization
594(46)
David Webster
Susan Toby Evans
The Landscape and its Peoples
595(3)
The Spread of Agriculture and the Rise of Complex Societies in Preclassic Mesoamerica
598(3)
Key Discovery The Mesoamerican Ball Game
599(1)
Key Site Paso de la Amada and the Emergence of Social Complexity
600(1)
The First Agricultural Communities
601(1)
The Olmecs, c. 1200-400 BC (Early to Middle Preclassic)
601(4)
San Lorenzo and La Venta
602(1)
The Olmecs as a "Mother Culture"?
603(1)
Key Controversy Were the Olmecs Mesoamerica's "Mother Culture"?
604(1)
West Mexican Polities, c. 1500 BC-AD 400
605(1)
Late Preclassic Mesoamerica, 400 BC-AD 250
605(8)
Key Discovery The Mesoamerican Calendar
606(1)
Calendars and Writing
606(2)
Key Controversy Who Invented Mesoamerican Writing?
608(2)
Kings, Courts, and Cities
610(1)
Key Controversy Metallurgy in Mesoamerica
611(1)
Monte Alban
612(1)
Teotihuacan
613(1)
The Classic Period: Teotihuacan and its Neighbors
613(8)
Key Site Teotihuacan
614(2)
Teotihuacdn's Wider Influence: The Middle Horizon
616(1)
Key Controversy The Teotihuacan Writing System
617(1)
Key Site Classic Monte Alban
618(2)
Cholula, Cantona, and the Teuchitlan Cultural Tradition - Independent Polities?
620(1)
The Demise of Teotihuacan
620(1)
Epiclassic Mesoamerica, AD 600-900
621(1)
The Classic Maya
622(5)
Kingdoms and Capitals
624(1)
Maya Society
624(1)
Royalty
624(1)
Lords and Officials
625(1)
Commoners
625(1)
Key Site Tikal
626(1)
Warfare
626(1)
Postclassic Mesoamerica
627(6)
The Rise of the Toltecs
628(1)
Key Controversy Mesoamerican Urbanism
628(2)
Key Controversy The Collapse of Maya Civilization
630(1)
The Postclassic Maya
631(1)
The Puuc Florescence
631(1)
Chichen Itza
632(1)
Mayapan
632(1)
Mesoamerica Discovered: What the Spaniards Found
633(6)
The Maya of the Early 16th Century
633(1)
The Aztecs and the Late Horizon: History and Myth
633(1)
Key Site Tenochtitlan: The Aztec Capital
634(2)
The Aztec Empire in 1519
636(1)
Aztec Society
637(1)
The Spanish Conquest
638(1)
Summary and Conclusions
639(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
639(1)
17 From Village To Empire In South America
640(38)
Michael E. Moseley
Michael J. Heckenberger
Main Environmental Regions
641(4)
The Andes
641(1)
The High Sierra
641(1)
The Desert Coast
641(1)
Amazonia
642(2)
Coasts
644(1)
Floodplains
644(1)
Uplands
644(1)
Chronological Overview
645(1)
The Andes and the Desert Coast
645(1)
Amazonia and the Atlantic Coast
645(1)
Preceramic (Prepottery) Civilization in the Andes, c. 3000-1800 BC
646(4)
Early Monumental Construction in Peru
646(1)
Sunken Courts and Sacred Fires
646(2)
Coastal and Inland Monuments
648(1)
Key Controversy Preceramic Diet and Economy
648(1)
Supe and Caral
649(1)
El Paraiso
649(1)
Civilization Reconfigured: The Initial Period and the Early Horizon
650(5)
The Initial Period, c. 1800-400 BC
650(1)
Chavin and the Early Horizon, c. 400-200 BC
651(1)
Key Site Sechln Alto
652(1)
Paracas
653(1)
Pukara
654(1)
Andean Confederacies and States in the Early Intermediate Period, c. 200 BC-AD 650
655(5)
Gallinazo, Moche, and the North Coast
655(1)
The Temples of the Sun and the Moon
656(1)
Key Site Sipan and the Presentation Theme
657(2)
Nazca and the South Coast
659(1)
The "Nazca Lines"
659(1)
The Rise and Fall of the Andean Empires
660(7)
The Middle Horizon, c. AD 650-1000: Tiwanaku and Wari
660(2)
The Late Intermediate Period, c. 1000-1476: Lambayeque and Chimor
662(1)
Lambayeque and Batan Grande
662(1)
Chimor and Chan Chan
663(2)
The Late Horizon, 1476-1533: Cuzco and the Incas
665(1)
Origins and Expansion
665(1)
Cuzco and the Trappings of Empire
665(1)
Key Site The Sacred Valley of the Incas and Machu Picchu
666(1)
Amazonia
667(1)
The Amazonian Formative Period, c. 1000 BC-AD 500
668(1)
The Linguistic Evidence
668(1)
The Archaeological Evidence
668(1)
Regionalism and Complexity in Amazonia, c. AD 1-1500
669(8)
Key Controversy The Rank Revolution
670(1)
The Lower Amazon
670(1)
Key Controversy "Amazonian Dark Earths" and Anthropogenic Landscapes
671(1)
The Central Amazon
672(1)
Key Controversy Amazonian Mound Builders
673(1)
The Upper Amazon
674(1)
Key Controversy Amazonian Urbanism?
674(1)
The Orinoco and the Caribbean
675(1)
The Southern Amazon
676(1)
Summary and Conclusions
677(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
677(1)
18 Complex Societies Of North America
678(38)
George R. Milner
W. H. Wills
The Eastern Woodlands
681(9)
Adena and Hopewell: The Early and Middle Woodland Period, c. 800 BC-AD 400
681(1)
Mounds and Earthworks
681(1)
Exchange Systems and Cultural Ties
682(2)
The Beginning of Food-producing Economies
684(1)
Settlement Patterns in the Late Woodland Period, c. AD 400-1000
684(1)
Key Site Hopewell
685(1)
Warfare, Maize, and the Rise of Chiefdoms
686(1)
The Mississippian Period: Mound Centers and Villages, AD 1000-1600
687(1)
Mounds and Burials
687(1)
Settlement Patterns and Food-procurement Strategies
688(1)
Key Site Craig Mound
688(1)
Increased Tensions among Northern Tribes
689(1)
Key Controversy The Size and Influence of Cahokia
690(1)
The Southwest
690(12)
Preclassic and Classic Hohokam, c. AD 700-1450
692(1)
Key Discovery Hohokam Ball Courts
693(1)
Pueblo Villages on the Colorado Plateau
694(1)
Agricultural Foundations
694(1)
Pueblo I Settlement Patterns, c. AD 750-900
695(1)
Key Method Tree-ring Dating
696(1)
Key Discovery Chocolate at Pueblo Bonito
697(1)
Pueblo II: The Chaco Phenomenon, c. AD 900-1150
697(1)
The Chaco Phenomenon
697(1)
Key Controversy Chaco's Population During the Bonito Phase
698(1)
Population and Agriculture
699(1)
Pueblo III: Regional Population Shifts, c. AD 1150-1300
699(2)
Pueblo IV: Abandonment of the Colorado Plateau, 14th and 15th Centuries AD
701(1)
Pottery Innovations
701(1)
Population Decline
702(1)
The Plains
702(4)
Village Settlements
702(1)
Key Site Pecos Pueblo
703(1)
Key Site Crow Creek: Scene of a Massacre
704(1)
Exchange Systems
705(1)
The Pacific Coast
706(3)
Southern California
706(1)
The Pacific Northwest
706(1)
Village Life
707(1)
Warfare and Population Decline
708(1)
Key Site Ozette
708(1)
The Arctic and Subarctic
709(3)
The Dorset and Thule Cultures
709(2)
Key Site L'Anse aux Meadows
711(1)
The Collision of Two Worlds
712(1)
Summary and Conclusions
712(3)
Key Site Jamestown
713(1)
Key Controversy Native American Population on the Eve of European Contact
714(1)
Further Reading and Suggested Websites
715(1)
19 The Human Past: Retrospect And Prospect
716(5)
Chris Scarre
Demographic Increase
717(1)
Intensification and Degradation
718(1)
Biological Exchange
719(1)
Climate Change and Human Society
720(1)
Glossary 721(3)
Bibliography 724(35)
Sources Of Illustrations 759(3)
Index 762
Dr Chris Scarre is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Durham. He is the author of many books on prehistory and archaeology, including The Megalithic Monuments of Britain and Ireland, Chronicle of the Roman Emperors and The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World, all published by Thames & Hudson.