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Human Physiology 5th Revised edition [Mīkstie vāki]

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(Senior Lecturer in Clinical Science, School of Nursing, Canterbury Christ Church University), (Emeritus Professor of Experimental Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University College London), (Associate Professor, Department of Ba)
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 944 pages, height x width x depth: 277x222x37 mm, weight: 2031 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Dec-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 019873722X
  • ISBN-13: 9780198737223
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Human Physiology 5th Revised editionPalielināt
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 944 pages, height x width x depth: 277x222x37 mm, weight: 2031 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Dec-2017
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 019873722X
  • ISBN-13: 9780198737223
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780198737223.html
Keywords:
Human Physiology provides clear explanations of the principles that govern the body's physiological processes and shows how these can be applied. This is the ideal course companion for any student needing a solid foundation in the subject for a future career in human biology, biomedical science, or medicine.

The human body is a complicated and beautiful machine, governed by the laws of physics and chemistry. By understanding its physiology--how it performs its varied functions--it is possible to build strategies for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.

In this latest edition, expanded and restructured coverage of sensory physiology and the respiratory system, a new comprehensive glossary of key terms, and additional online learning resources make Human Physiology even more student-friendly than its predecessors.

Human Physiology provides clear explanations of the principles that govern the body's physiological processes and shows how these can be applied. This is the ideal course companion for any student needing a solid foundation in the subject for a future career in human biology, biomedical science, or medicine.

Online Resources:

Student resources
*Numerical and clinical problems
*Multiple-choice questions
*Web links

Lecturer resources
*Figures from the book

Recenzijas

Review from previous edition Helped me to pass my first year of university with a First Class. Would recommend as it details many important concepts and explains them really easily. * Amazon customer review * An excellent book; very well explained and very detailed. * Amazon customer review * This welcomed fourth edition builds upon the positive aspects of previous editions and provides a fresh perspective to a complex area of study. Ease of reading and understanding is a key strength for this text and students will obtain detailed content, balanced with key effective learning tools to enhance knowledge exchange. * Dr Jamie O'Driscoll, Department of Sport Science, Tourism and Leisure, Canterbury Christ Church University *

About the authors xv
A note to the reader xvi
Part One: Basic concepts in physiology 1(44)
1 What is physiology?
3(11)
1.1 Introduction
3(1)
1.2 The organization of the body
3(1)
1.3 Terms used in anatomical descriptions
4(2)
1.4 The principal organ systems
6(3)
1.5 Homeostasis
9(5)
2 Key concepts in chemistry
14(13)
2.1 Introduction
14(2)
2.2 Molecules are specific combinations of atoms
16(3)
2.3 Water and solutions
19(8)
3 The chemical constitution of the body
27(18)
3.1 Introduction
27(1)
3.2 Body water
28(1)
3.3 The carbohydrates
29(1)
3.4 The lipids
30(3)
3.5 The amino acids and proteins
33(3)
3.6 The nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids
36(9)
Part Two: The organization and basic functions of cells 45(54)
4 Introducing cells and tissues
47(19)
4.1 Introduction
47(1)
4.2 The structure and functions of the cellular organelles
48(5)
4.3 Cell motility
53(1)
4.4 Cell division
54(4)
4.5 Epithelia
58(2)
4.6 Energy metabolism in cells
60(6)
5 The transport functions of the plasma membrane
66(17)
5.1 Introduction
66(1)
5.2 The permeability of cell membranes to ions and uncharged molecules
67(2)
5.3 The active transport of ions and other molecules across cell membranes
69(4)
5.4 The potassium gradient determines the resting membrane potential of cells
73(3)
5.5 Secretion, exocytosis, and endocytosis
76(7)
6 Principles of cell signalling
83(16)
6.1 Introduction
83(1)
6.2 Cells use diffusible chemical signals for paracrine, endocrine, and synaptic signalling
83(3)
6.3 Chemical signals are detected by specific receptor molecules
86(3)
6.4 Second messenger activation of signalling cascades
89(3)
6.5 Some local mediators are synthesized as they are needed
92(3)
6.6 Steroid and thyroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors to regulate gene transcription
95(1)
6.7 Cells use specific cell surface molecules to assemble into tissues
96(1)
6.8 Gap junctions permit the exchange of small molecules and ions between neighbouring cells
96(3)
Part Three: The excitable tissues-nerve and muscle 99(46)
7 Nerve cells and their connections
101(19)
7.1 Introduction
101(1)
7.2 The structure of the neurons and their axons
101(2)
7.3 Axons transmit information via a sequence of action potentials
103(5)
7.4 Chemical synapses
108(6)
7.5 Neuromuscular transmission is an example of fast synaptic signalling at a chemical synapse
114(6)
8 Muscle
120(25)
8.1 Introduction
120(1)
8.2 The structure of skeletal and cardiac muscle
120(4)
8.3 How does a skeletal muscle contract?
124(3)
8.4 The activation and mechanical properties of skeletal muscle
127(5)
8.5 Cardiac muscle
132(5)
8.6 Smooth muscle
137(8)
Part Four: The nervous system and special senses 145(148)
9 Introduction to the nervous system
147(11)
9.1 Introduction
147(1)
9.2 The organization of the brain and spinal cord
147(6)
9.3 The cellular constituents of the nervous system
153(5)
10 The physiology of motor systems
158(24)
10.1 Introduction
158(1)
10.2 The hierarchical nature of motor control systems
159(1)
10.3 Organization of the spinal cord
159(3)
10.4 Reflex action and reflex arcs
162(2)
10.5 The role of muscle proprioceptors in voluntary motor activity
164(1)
10.6 Effects of injury to the spinal cord
165(2)
10.7 Descending pathways involved in motor control
167(2)
10.8 The control of posture
169(1)
10.9 Goal-directed movements
170(3)
10.10 The role of the cerebellum in motor control
173(4)
10.11 The basal ganglia
177(2)
10.12 Concluding remarks
179(3)
11 The autonomic nervous system
182(11)
11.1 Introduction
182(1)
11.2 Organization of the autonomic nervous system
182(4)
11.3 Chemical transmission in the autonomic nervous system
186(4)
11.4 Central nervous control of autonomic activity
190(1)
11.5 Disorders of autonomic function
191(2)
12 General principles of sensory physiology
193(8)
12.1 Introduction
193(1)
12.2 Principles of sensory transduction
194(3)
12.3 The organization of sensory pathways in the CNS
197(4)
13 The somatosensory system
201(17)
13.1 Introduction
201(2)
13.2 Skin mechanoreceptors
203(3)
13.3 Skin thermoreceptors
206(2)
13.4 Somatosensory pathways
208(2)
13.5 The sense of pain
210(5)
13.6 Itch
215(3)
14 The eye and visual pathways
218(21)
14.1 Introduction
218(1)
14.2 The anatomy of the eye
218(3)
14.3 The general physiology of the eye
221(3)
14.4 The optics of the eye-image formation
224(5)
14.5 The neurophysiology of vision
229(4)
14.6 Colour vision
233(2)
14.7 Eye movements
235(4)
15 The ear and auditory pathways
239(14)
15.1 Introduction
239(1)
15.2 The physical nature of sound
239(2)
15.3 Structure of the auditory system
241(2)
15.4 Mechanism of sound transduction
243(5)
15.5 Central auditory processing
248(1)
15.6 Hearing deficits and their clinical evaluation
249(4)
16 The vestibular system and the sense of balance
253(7)
16.1 Introduction
253(1)
16.2 Structure of the vestibular system
253(1)
16.3 The semicircular canals
254(2)
16.4 The otolith organs: the utricle and saccule
256(1)
16.5 The nervous pathways of the vestibular system
256(1)
16.6 Disorders of the vestibular system
257(3)
17 The chemical senses-smell and taste
260(8)
17.1 Introduction
260(1)
17.2 The sense of smell (olfaction)
260(3)
17.3 The sense of taste (gustation)
263(5)
18 Emotion, learning, and memory
268(10)
18.1 Introduction
268(1)
18.2 The physiological basis of emotion
268(1)
18.3 The limbic system
269(4)
18.4 Learning and memory
273(5)
19 The cerebral cortex, sleep, and circadian rhythms
278(15)
19.1 Introduction
278(1)
19.2 The specific functions of the left and right hemispheres
278(4)
19.3 Speech
282(3)
19.4 How the EEG can be used to monitor the activity of the brain
285(2)
19.5 Sleep
287(2)
19.6 Circadian rhythms
289(4)
Part Five: The endocrine system 293(64)
20 Introduction to the endocrine system
295(5)
20.1 Introduction
295(1)
20.2 The chemical nature of hormones and their carriage in the blood
296(1)
20.3 The mechanism of action of hormones
297(1)
20.4 Measurement of hormone levels in body fluids
297(1)
20.5 Patterns of hormone secretion-circadian rhythms and feedback control
298(2)
21 The pituitary gland and hypothalamus
300(17)
21.1 Introduction
300(1)
21.2 The hypothalamo-pituitary axis
300(2)
21.3 The hormones of the anterior pituitary gland
302(4)
21.4 Growth hormone (GH)
306(3)
21.5 Prolactin
309(1)
21.6 Adrenocorticotrophic hormone and melanocyte stimulating hormone
310(1)
21.7 Pituitary glycoprotein hormones: thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH)
311(1)
21.8 The role of the posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis)
311(6)
22 The thyroid and parathyroid glands
317(16)
22.1 Introduction
317(1)
22.2 The thyroid gland
317(9)
22.3 The endocrine regulation of plasma calcium: vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin
326(7)
23 The adrenal glands
333(10)
23.1 Introduction
333(1)
23.2 The adrenal glands-location and gross anatomy
333(1)
23.3 The adrenal cortex
334(6)
23.4 The adrenal medulla
340(3)
24 The endocrine pancreas and the regulation of plasma glucose
343(14)
24.1 Introduction
343(1)
24.2 Whole body handling of glucose
343(2)
24.3 Insulin and glucagon provide short-term regulation of plasma glucose levels
345(4)
24.4 Other hormones involved in the regulation of plasma glucose
349(1)
24.5 Plasma glucose regulation following a meal
350(1)
24.6 Lack of pancreatic insulin results in diabetes mellitus
350(7)
Part Six: Blood and the immune system 357(52)
25 The properties of blood
359(30)
25.1 Introduction
359(1)
25.2 The physical and chemical characteristics of plasma
360(1)
25.3 The formed elements of the blood
361(4)
25.4 Haematopoiesis-the formation of blood cells
365(5)
25.5 Iron metabolism
370(1)
25.6 The carriage of oxygen and carbon dioxide by the blood
371(5)
25.7 Major disorders of the red and white blood cells
376(3)
25.8 Mechanisms of haemostasis
379(6)
25.9 Blood transfusions and the ABO system of blood groups
385(4)
26 Defence against infection: the immune system
389(20)
26.1 Introduction
389(1)
26.2 The principal features of the immune system
389(1)
26.3 Passive barriers to infection
390(1)
26.4 How does the immune system identify an invading organism?
391(1)
26.5 The natural immune system
391(4)
26.6 The acute inflammatory response
395(1)
26.7 The adaptive immune system
396(7)
26.8 Disorders of the immune system
403(2)
26.9 Tissue transplantation and the immune system
405(4)
Part Seven: The cardiovascular system 409(92)
27 Introduction to the cardiovascular system
411(8)
27.1 Introduction
411(1)
27.2 The gross anatomy and organization of the circulation
411(3)
27.3 The structure of the systemic blood vessels
414(2)
27.4 The nerve supply of the cardiovascular system
416(3)
28 The heart
419(24)
28.1 Introduction
419(1)
28.2 The initiation of the heartbeat
420(3)
28.3 The heart as a pump-the cardiac cycle
423(4)
28.4 The heart sounds
427(2)
28.5 The measurement of cardiac output
429(3)
28.6 Cardiodynamics
432(5)
28.7 Heart failure
437(6)
29 The electrocardiogram
443(17)
29.1 Introduction
443(1)
29.2 Recording the ECG
443(5)
29.3 How the electrical activity of the heart gives rise to the ECG
448(1)
29.4 Clinical aspects of electrocardiography
449(8)
29.5 Treatment of arrhythmias
457(3)
30 The circulation
460(30)
30.1 Introduction
460(1)
30.2 Pressure and flow in the circulation
460(7)
30.3 The mechanisms that control the calibre of blood vessels
467(4)
30.4 The role of the central nervous system in the control of the circulation
471(5)
30.5 Hypertension
476(3)
30.6 Regional circulations
479(11)
31 The microcirculation and lymphatic system
490(11)
31.1 Introduction
490(1)
31.2 The organization of the microcirculation
490(1)
31.3 Solute exchange between the capillaries and the tissues
491(3)
31.4 Exchange of fluid between the capillaries and the interstitium
494(2)
31.5 The organization and role of the lymphatic system
496(5)
Part Eight: The respiratory system 501(78)
32 Introduction to the respiratory system
503(11)
32.1 Introduction
503(1)
32.2 The application of the gas laws to respiratory physiology
504(2)
32.3 The structure of the respiratory system
506(8)
33 The mechanics of breathing
514(12)
33.1 Introduction
514(1)
33.2 The lung volumes
514(1)
33.3 The processes of inspiration and expiration
515(4)
33.4 How much work is done by the respiratory muscles?
519(3)
33.5 Tests of ventilatory function
522(4)
34 Alveolar ventilation and blood gas exchange
526(10)
34.1 Introduction
526(1)
34.2 Alveolar ventilation and dead space
526(2)
34.3 Alveolar ventilation is not uniform throughout the lung
528(1)
34.4 The bronchial and pulmonary circulations
529(2)
34.5 The matching of pulmonary blood flow to alveolar ventilation
531(2)
34.6 Gas exchange across the alveolar membrane occurs by physical diffusion
533(1)
34.7 Fluid exchange in the lungs
533(1)
34.8 Metabolic functions of the pulmonary circulation
534(1)
34.9 Age-related changes in respiratory function
534(2)
35 The control of respiration
536(10)
35.1 Introduction
536(1)
35.2 The origin of the respiratory rhythm
536(2)
35.3 The reflex regulation of respiration
538(2)
35.4 The blood gases and the control of ventilation
540(2)
35.5 The effects of breathing different mixtures of O2 and CO2
542(4)
36 Pulmonary defence mechanisms and common disorders of the respiratory system
546(10)
36.1 Introduction
546(1)
36.2 Airway defence mechanisms
546(2)
36.3 Some common disorders of respiration
548(3)
36.4 Insufficient oxygen supply to the tissues-hypoxia and its causes
551(2)
36.5 Respiratory failure
553(3)
37 The physiology of high altitude and diving
556(11)
37.1 Introduction
556(1)
37.2 The physiological effects of high altitude
556(5)
37.3 The effects of high environmental pressure
561(3)
37.4 Breath-hold diving
564(3)
38 The physiology of exercise
567(12)
38.1 Introduction
567(1)
38.2 Work and exercise
567(1)
38.3 Metabolism in exercise
568(2)
38.4 Cardiovascular and respiratory adjustments during exercise
570(3)
38.5 Matching cardiac output and ventilation to the demands of exercise
573(3)
38.6 Effects of training
576(3)
Part Nine: The regulation of the internal environment 579(92)
39 The renal system
581(36)
39.1 Introduction
581(1)
39.2 The anatomical organization of the kidneys and urinary tract
582(3)
39.3 Renal blood flow is kept constant by autoregulation
585(2)
39.4 The nephron regulates the internal environment by ultrafiltration followed by selective modification of the filtrate
587(7)
39.5 Tubular absorption and secretion
594(7)
39.6 Tubular transport in the loop of Henle
601(1)
39.7 The distal tubules regulate the ionic balance of the body
602(2)
39.8 The kidneys regulate the osmolality of the plasma by adjusting the amount of water reabsorbed by the collecting ducts
604(5)
39.9 The collection and voiding of urine
609(3)
39.10 Changes in renal function with age and renal failure
612(5)
40 Fluid and electrolyte balance
617(18)
40.1 Introduction
617(1)
40.2 The distribution of body water between compartments
617(2)
40.3 Body fluid osmolality and volume are regulated independently
619(4)
40.4 Dehydration and disorders of water balance
623(1)
40.5 Haemorrhage
624(3)
40.6 Oedema
627(4)
40.7 Disorders of electrolyte balance
631(4)
41 Acid-base balance
635(16)
41.1 Introduction
635(1)
41.2 The physical chemistry of acid-base balance
636(1)
41.3 What factors determine the pH of an aqueous solution?
637(4)
41.4 How the body regulates plasma pH
641(2)
41.5 Primary disturbances of acid-base balance
643(2)
41.6 Disorders of acid-base balance are compensated by respiratory and renal mechanisms
645(2)
41.7 Clinical evaluation of the acid-base status of a patient using the pH-[ HCO3-] diagram
647(4)
42 The skin and thermoregulation
651(20)
42.1 Introduction
651(1)
42.2 The main structural features of the skin
652(3)
42.3 The accessory structures of the skin-hairs, nails, and glands
655(2)
42.4 The cutaneous circulation
657(1)
42.5 Heat exchange between the skin and surroundings
657(5)
42.6 The role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of body temperature
662(1)
42.7 Thermoregulatory responses to cold
663(2)
42.8 Thermoregulatory responses to heat
665(1)
42.9 Disorders of thermoregulation
665(2)
42.10 Special thermoregulatory problems of the newborn
667(1)
42.11 Fever
667(4)
Part Ten: The gastrointestinal system 671(92)
43 Introduction to the gastrointestinal system
673(9)
43.1 Introduction
673(1)
43.2 The general organization of the gastrointestinal system
673(3)
43.3 Nervous and hormonal control of the gastrointestinal tract
676(4)
43.4 General characteristics of the blood flow to the GI tract
680(2)
44 The gastrointestinal tract
682(41)
44.1 Introduction
682(1)
44.2 Intake of food, chewing, and salivary secretion
683(6)
44.3 The stomach
689(2)
44.4 The composition of gastric juice
691(2)
44.5 The regulation of gastric secretion
693(2)
44.6 The storage, mixing, and propulsion of gastric contents
695(4)
44.7 The small intestine
699(4)
44.8 Motility of the small intestine
703(1)
44.9 The exocrine functions of the pancreas
704(6)
44.10 The absorption of digestion products in the small intestine
710(5)
44.11 The large intestine
715(8)
45 The liver and gall bladder
723(16)
45.1 Introduction
723(1)
45.2 The structure of the liver
723(3)
45.3 The hepatic circulation
726(1)
45.4 Bile production by the hepatocytes
726(3)
45.5 The excretory role of bile
729(3)
45.6 Energy metabolism and the liver
732(1)
45.7 Endocrine functions of the liver
733(1)
45.8 Detoxification by the liver
734(1)
45.9 Liver failure
735(4)
46 Nutrition and the regulation of food intake
739(15)
46.1 Introduction
739(1)
46.2 The principal requirements for a balanced diet
739(9)
46.3 Regulation of dietary intake
748(2)
46.4 Measurements used to monitor nutritional status
750(2)
46.5 Enteral and parenteral nutritional support
752(2)
47 Energy balance and the control of metabolic rate
754(9)
47.1 Introduction
754(1)
47.2 The chemical processes of the body produce heat
754(1)
47.3 Energy balance
755(1)
47.4 How much heat is liberated by metabolism?
756(3)
47.5 Basal metabolic rate (BMR) and the factors that affect it
759(1)
47.6 Physiological factors that affect metabolic rate
760(1)
47.7 The actions of hormones on energy metabolism
761(2)
Part Eleven: Reproduction and growth 763(100)
48 The physiology of the male and female reproductive systems
765(25)
48.1 Introduction
765(1)
48.2 Reproductive physiology of the male
766(7)
48.3 Reproductive physiology of the female
773(13)
48.4 Activation and regression of the gonads-puberty and the menopause
786(4)
49 Fertilization, pregnancy, and lactation
790(31)
49.1 Introduction
790(1)
49.2 The sexual reflexes
790(4)
49.3 Fertilization
794(2)
49.4 Implantation and formation of the placenta
796(3)
49.5 The placenta as an organ of exchange between mother and fetus
799(2)
49.6 The placenta as an endocrine organ
801(2)
49.7 The infant is delivered around 38 weeks after conception-what triggers parturition?
803(2)
49.8 Changes in maternal physiology during gestation
805(5)
49.9 Nutritional requirements of pregnancy
810(3)
49.10 Lactation-the synthesis and secretion of milk after delivery
813(2)
49.11 Lactation is triggered by the fall in steroid secretion that follows delivery
815(6)
50 Fetal and neonatal physiology
821(17)
50.1 Introduction
821(1)
50.2 The fetal circulation is arranged to make the best use of a poor oxygen supply
821(3)
50.3 Respiratory and cardiovascular changes at birth
824(3)
50.4 Following delivery, the fetal circulation adapts to pulmonary gas exchange
827(1)
50.5 The fetal adrenal glands and kidneys
828(2)
50.6 The gastrointestinal tract of the fetus and neonate
830(1)
50.7 Temperature regulation in the newborn infant
830(2)
50.8 Development of the male and female reproductive systems
832(6)
51 The physiology of bone and the control of growth
838(25)
51.1 Introduction
838(3)
51.2 The physiology of bone
841(3)
51.3 Bone development and growth (osteogenesis)
844(6)
51.4 The role of growth hormone in the control of growth
850(3)
51.5 The role of other hormones in the process of growth
853(2)
51.6 Disorders of the skeleton
855(1)
51.7 Growth of cells, tissues, and organs
856(1)
51.8 Alterations in cell differentiation: carcinogenesis
857(6)
Appendix 1: Glossary of terms and common abbreviations 863(40)
Appendix 2: SI units 903(2)
Index 905
Gillian Pocock read Physiology at the University of Oxford before moving to Kings' College London to study for her PhD under the supervision of P.F. Baker. She held a post-doctoral position at Kings' College before taking up an appointment in the Department of Physiology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine. She is now Senior Lecturer in Clinical Science in the School of Nursing at Canterbury Christ Church University, UK. Her research interests have focussed on the role of calcium in secretion and pH regulation in neurons.

Christopher Richards read Biological Chemistry at the University of Bristol. He completed his PhD in the Department of Zoology, University of Bristol, under the supervision of P.C. Caldwell before taking up a position at the Institute of Psychiatry in London. He subsequently moved to the National Institute for Medical Research where he was a member of the scientific staff. He later held posts in the Departments of Physiology at the Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine and University College London where he is currently Emeritus Professor of Experimental Physiology. He has published over 100 scientific articles, chiefly on the physiology and pharmacology of nerve cells.

David Richards studied biochemistry at the University of Bristol before beginning his PhD at the National Institute for Medical Research and University College, London under the supervision of T.V.P. Bliss. After postdoctoral positions at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, the University of Zurich Brain Research Institute and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, he was appointed Assistant Professor at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, before moving to Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. He is now Associate Professor of Neuropharmacology at Husson University School of Pharmacy in Maine. His research focuses on the cell biology that supports synaptic transmission.