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E-grāmata: Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy: Prevarications and Evasions

(Virginia Tech University, USA)
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Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy provides a comprehensive historical overview and analysis of the complex and often vexing problem of understanding the formation of U.S. human rights policy.The proper place of human rights and fundamental freedoms in U.S. foreign policy has long been debated among scholars, politicians, and the American public. Clair Apodaca argues that the history of U.S.human rights policy unfolds as a series of prevarications that are the result of presidential preferences, along with the conflict and cooperation among bureaucratic actors.Through a series of chapters devoted to U.S. presidential administrations from Richard Nixon to the present, she delivers a comprehensive historical, social, and cultural context to understand the development and implementation of U.S. human rights policy. For each administration, she pays close attention to how ideology, bureaucratic politics, lobbying, and competition affect the inclusion or exclusion of human rights in the economic and military aid allocation decisions of the United States. She further demonstrates that from the inception of U.S. human rights policy, presidents have attempted to tell only part of the truth or to reformulate the truth by redefining the meaning of the terms human rights, democracy, or torture, for example. In this way, human rights policy has been about prevarication.Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy is a key text for students, which will appeal to all readers who will find a historically informed, argument driven account of the erratic evolution of U.S. human rights policy since the Nixon Administration.

Recenzijas

"This incisive book offers an accessible and informative history of the political machinery behind US human rights policy. In these precarious times for world politics and the United States' role in them, this is critical reading for those wanting to understand the trajectory of US human rights policy. A long and varied trajectorysometimes cyclical and sometimes oscillatingthat Apodaca carefully charts from the eras of Nixon to Trump." Phillip M. Ayoub, Associate Professor of Diplomacy & World Affairs, Occidental College

"Clair Apodacas new book, Human Rights and US Foreign Policy, offers an unsparing dissection of the role of human rights in U.S. foreign policy under every president from Nixon forward. Presidents of both parties come in for justified, and well documented, criticism. The book argues that presidents have employed "prevarication" -- ambiguity, secrecy, misdirection, and deceit as a means of avoiding or even degrading human rights principles in U.S. foreign policy. It is not just a story of presidents: Apodaca carefully assesses the actions (and inactions) of Congress and the administrative agencies as well. Though her critiques of the American record are incisive, Apodaca argues in the concluding chapter that human rights, despite recent challenges, will remain an important element of U.S. foreign policy. If you care about foreign policy or human rights, read this book." Wayne Sandholtz, John A. McCone Chair in International Relations, University of Southern California

"Human Rights and US Foreign Policy: Prevarications and Evasions is a must-read for scholars of human rights and U.S. foreign policy. Clair Apodacas ambitious research shows the trajectory of U.S. human rights foreign policy over the past 50 years, paying particular attention to how abiding questions about human rights have persisted across issue areas, between branches of government and over nine presidential administrations. This thoughtful and highly engaging research will encourage readers to reflect on the past half-century of U.S. human rights foreign policy and contemplate the future of human rights and the U.S.s role therein." Courtney Hillebrecht, Samuel Clark Waugh Professor of International Relations, Associate Professor of Political Science

"This comprehensive history of U.S. human rights policy "follows the money" to offer a fresh and sober analysis of the perpetual struggle between architects of national security and advocates of democratic aspirations. Apodaca's text will be a welcome guide to students of human rights, American politics, and international relations." Alison Brysk, Mellichamp Professor of Global Governance, University of California, Santa Barbara "This incisive book offers an accessible and informative history of the political machinery behind US human rights policy. In these precarious times for world politics and the United States' role in them, this is critical reading for those wanting to understand the trajectory of US human rights policy. A long and varied trajectorysometimes cyclical and sometimes oscillatingthat Apodaca carefully charts from the eras of Nixon to Trump." Phillip M. Ayoub, Associate Professor of Diplomacy & World Affairs, Occidental College

"Clair Apodacas new book, Human Rights and US Foreign Policy, offers an unsparing dissection of the role of human rights in U.S. foreign policy under every president from Nixon forward. Presidents of both parties come in for justified, and well documented, criticism. The book argues that presidents have employed "prevarication" -- ambiguity, secrecy, misdirection, and deceit as a means of avoiding or even degrading human rights principles in U.S. foreign policy. It is not just a story of presidents: Apodaca carefully assesses the actions (and inactions) of Congress and the administrative agencies as well. Though her critiques of the American record are incisive, Apodaca argues in the concluding chapter that human rights, despite recent challenges, will remain an important element of U.S. foreign policy. If you care about foreign policy or human rights, read this book." Wayne Sandholtz, John A. McCone Chair in International Relations, University of Southern California

"Human Rights and US Foreign Policy: Prevarications and Evasions is a must-read for scholars of human rights and U.S. foreign policy. Clair Apodacas ambitious research shows the trajectory of U.S. human rights foreign policy over the past 50 years, paying particular attention to how abiding questions about human rights have persisted across issue areas, between branches of government and over nine presidential administrations. This thoughtful and highly engaging research will encourage readers to reflect on the past half-century of U.S. human rights foreign policy and contemplate the future of human rights and the U.S.s role therein." Courtney Hillebrecht, Samuel Clark Waugh Professor of International Relations, Associate Professor of Political Science

"This comprehensive history of U.S. human rights policy "follows the money" to offer a fresh and sober analysis of the perpetual struggle between architects of national security and advocates of democratic aspirations. Apodaca's text will be a welcome guide to students of human rights, American politics, and international relations." Alison Brysk, Mellichamp Professor of Global Governance, University of California, Santa Barbara

Acknowledgments x
1 The Battlefield of Foreign Aid as Foreign Policy
1(33)
Presidential-Congressional Struggle over Foreign Aid
2(2)
The Conflict within Congress over Foreign Aid
4(2)
Bureaucratic Politics in Foreign Aid Allocations
6(3)
Administering Foreign Policy: Who Is in Charge of the Bureaucracy?
9(4)
Inception of Contemporary Human Rights Policy: The Fraser Committee
13(4)
Bureau of Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs (HRHA)
16(1)
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
17(4)
Human Rights Legislation
18(3)
Foreign Aid
21(4)
Bilateral Economic Aid
22(1)
Bilateral Security Assistance
23(1)
Multilateral Aid
24(1)
The Prevaricator Who Set the Bar: Richard Nixon (1969--August 1974)
25(4)
Notes
29(1)
References
29(5)
2 U.S. Human Rights Policy during the Cold War: A Historical Overview
34(20)
The Ford Administration (August 1974--1977)
35(5)
The Carter Administration (1977--1981)
40(4)
The Reagan Administration (1981--1989)
44(5)
Conclusion
49(1)
Notes
50(1)
References
51(3)
3 U.S. Human Rights Policy in the Post-Cold War Era: A Decade of Lost Opportunities
54(1)
The Bush, Sr. Administration (1989--1993)
55(6)
The Clinton Administration (1993--2001)
61(15)
Conclusion
71(1)
Notes
72(1)
References
73(3)
4 The Prevaricator in Chief: George W. Bush (2001--2009)
76(33)
Torture (and Other Violations of Human Rights) and Its Justification
77(4)
Bush's Wars on Terror
81(6)
Coalition of the Willing
84(1)
Women's Rights as Validation for the Global War on Terror
85(2)
Foreign Aid as a Tool in the Global War on Terror
87(8)
Economic Aid
88(2)
Military Aid
90(3)
DOD's Increasing Role in Foreign Aid
93(2)
Congressional Actions and Inactions
95(3)
Bureaucratic Policymaking and the Presidential Agenda
98(11)
Conclusion
100(1)
Notes
101(1)
References
102(7)
5 The Prevaricator of Change: Barack Obama (2009--2017)
109(36)
Similarities and Continuities with George W. Bush's Human Rights Policies in the War on Terror/Overseas Contingency Operations
110(9)
Permanence of Terror Policy: Guantanamo, Military Commissions, and Rendition
112(3)
Foreign Aid Remains a Tool of Counterterrorism
115(4)
"Things Are Going to Get Worse"
119(9)
Traitors or Whistleblowers: The Government's Desire for Secrecy versus the Public's Right to Know
119(2)
Bagram: Obama's Gitmo
121(1)
Drones and Targeted Killing
122(5)
Failure to Prosecute
127(1)
Improvements in Human Rights Policies
128(4)
Interrogation Methods
128(2)
LGBTQ Rights
130(2)
Congressional Actions and Inactions
132(3)
Bureaucratic Resistance
135(1)
Conclusion
136(1)
Notes
137(1)
References
138(7)
6 A Prevaricator Who Told the Truth: Donald Trump (2017--)
145(40)
A Billionaire as the Voice of the Everyman (and Perhaps Woman)
146(3)
Governmental Policies toward Socially Constructed Groups
149(2)
The Deviants
151(12)
Scapegoating Muslim Refugees and Mexican Immigrants
151(5)
The Nasty Women: Dismantling Women's Reproductive Rights
156(3)
LGBTQ Community
159(1)
Terrorists: Continuity with the Policies of Torture and Assassination
160(3)
Foreign Aid as a Discarded Tool of Foreign Policy
163(3)
Military Aid and Arms Sales Making America Great Again
166(3)
Congressional Push Back to Trump's Agenda
169(2)
Bureaucratic Resistance to Trump's Agenda
171(2)
Use of Loyalty Oaths and the Presidential Pardon
173(1)
Conclusion
174(2)
Notes
176(1)
References
177(8)
7 The Future of U.S. Human Rights Policy
185(10)
Complying with Human Rights Norms
186(2)
The Populist Turn
188(2)
Apocalyptic Predictions: Sikkink vs. Hopgood
190(1)
Prevaricating Policy
191(4)
Notes
195(1)
References 195(2)
Index 197
Clair Apodaca (Ph.D., Purdue University, 1996) is an associate professor in the Department of Political Science at Virginia Tech University.