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E-grāmata: Humanitarian Disarmament: An Historical Enquiry

(University of Auckland)
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Humanitarian disarmament is widely understood as a post-Cold War phenomenon, typified by the Anti-Personnel Landmines Convention; the Convention on Cluster Munitions; and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. This book challenges that understanding, arguing that it neglects a complex history of humanitarian sensibilities in disarmament.

The humanitarian framing of disarmament is not a novel development, but rather represents a re-emergence of a much older and long-standing sensibility of humanitarianism in disarmament. The Book rejects the 'big bang' theory that presents the Anti-Personnel Landmines Convention 1997, and its successors – the Convention on Cluster Munitions 2008, and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 2017 – as a paradigm shift from an older traditional state-centric approach towards a more progressive humanitarian approach. It shows how humanitarian disarmament has a long and complex history, which includes these treaties. This book argues that the attempt to locate the birth of humanitarian disarmament in these treaties is part of the attempt to cleanse humanitarian disarmament of politics, presenting humanitarianism as a morally superior discourse in disarmament. However, humanitarianism carries its own blind spots and has its own hegemonic leanings. It may be silencing other potentially more transformative discourses.

Recenzijas

'There is a great deal of discussion in the current literature on international nuclear weapons law regarding the humanitarian movement in diplomacy and civil society, which played a major role in the successful adoption of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. In this book, Treasa Dunworth makes a tremendously significant contribution to this literature by placing this most recent humanitarian initiative in its historical and theoretical context within the broader narrative of humanitarian disarmament generally. Contextualising the modern movement in this way helps us to understand its nature and its successes, as well as the likely limits of its power to bring about nuclear disarmament.' Daniel Joyner, Elton B. Stephens Professor of Law, University of Alabama 'This book provides a very timely contribution that will inform current debates about both the legacy of HD and, more importantly, its future direction and place in the architecture of regulation to control the means of violence.' Neil Cooper, Director, School of Peace and Conflict Studies, Kent State University 'An elegant and richly informative study that charts the genealogy of humanitarian disarmament - or, as it is put in this fine work, a humanitarian framing of disarmament. Digging deep into materials from public international law as well as from other disciplines, Treasa Dunworth has given us a history of the concept without the gloss - and it is a quietly compelling history that is brought alive as much by the supreme clarity of its exposition as it is by the sustained and patient critical engagement that takes hold of each page.' Dino Kritsiotis, Professor of Public International Law, University of Nottingham, Co-Director of the Nottingham International Law and Security Centre (NILSC) 'In a relaxed and informative style, Dr Dunworth surveys the humanitarian impetus for key disarmament efforts and outcomes, spanning from the St Petersburg Declaration of 1868 up until the adoption of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in 2017. It is a fascinating and illuminating account - a rewarding read for anyone interested in disarmament.' Dell Higgie, New Zealand Ambassador for Disarmament, New Zealand's Permanent Representative to the Conference on Disarmament

Papildus informācija

Humanitarian disarmament is not new, but instead represents a re-emergence of a long-standing sensibility in disarmament discourse
Acknowledgements xi
Table of Cases
xiii
Table of Treaties
xiv
List of Abbreviations
xvi
1 Introduction
1(12)
I The Context
1(1)
II The Argument
2(2)
III Some Terminology
4(5)
A Disarmament
4(2)
B Humanitarianism
6(1)
C Humanitarian Disarmament
7(2)
IV Overview of the Book
9(4)
2 The Origins of Humanitarian Disarmament
13(35)
I Introduction
13(2)
II The Emergence of Modern Humanitarianism
15(4)
III Humanitarian Disarmament Prior to the First World War
19(14)
A The St Petersburg Declaration: the First Treaty Prohibition of a Weapon
20(2)
B The Hague Peace Conference 1899: an Exercise of Humanitarian Disarmament?
22(1)
1 The Invitation
23(2)
2 The Outcomes
25(4)
3 Civil Society and Public Opinion
29(1)
C The Second Hague Peace Conference 1907: Disarmament Waning
30(3)
IV Interwar Humanitarian Disarmament: The League of Nations
33(13)
A The Evolution of Humanitarianism in the Interwar Years
33(2)
B The Rise of Disarmament in the League
35(3)
1 Civil Society, the League and Disarmament
38(3)
2 The Temporary Mixed Commission on Armaments: Institutionalised Engagement with Civil Society
41(2)
3 Geneva Protocol 1925: Humanitarian Response to the War
43(1)
C The League's Legacy of Humanitarian Disarmament
44(2)
V Conclusion
46(2)
3 The Manhattan Project to `Operation Rolling Thunder' Humanitarian Disarmament Sidelined
48(32)
I Introduction
48(2)
II Weapons Development in the Second World War
50(6)
A Advent of Large-Scale Aerial Bombing
51(1)
B Development of Landmines Technology
52(2)
C Incendiary Weapons
54(1)
D Nuclear Weapons
55(1)
III Resistance to Humanitarian Disarmament
56(9)
A Mutation of Public Morality
56(3)
B Institutionalised Humanitarianism
59(2)
C Marginalising Disarmament in the United Nations Charter
61(4)
IV Disarmament in the Early United Nations
65(5)
V Humanitarian Discourse in the Law of Armed Conflict
70(8)
A The 1949 Geneva Conventions
71(4)
B The ICRC's Indiscriminate Warfare Framework
75(3)
VI Conclusion
78(2)
4 Humanitarian Disarmament Rising The Vietnam War and the Campaigns against Indiscriminate Weapons
80(32)
I Introduction
80(3)
II The Humanitarian Catastrophe in Vietnam
83(7)
A Incendiary Weapons, Especially Napalm
83(2)
B Herbicides
85(3)
C Anti-Personnel Landmines
88(2)
III Two Humanitarian Campaigns against Weapons in Vietnam
90(16)
A The First Campaign: Attempting to Bring Weapons into the Scope of the Geneva Law of Armed Conflict
91(1)
1 The 1965 Resolution of the International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
92(2)
2 The Work of the Conference of Government Experts 1971-3
94(2)
3 Government Experts on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons 1973-6
96(2)
4 The Diplomatic Conference for the 1977 Protocols
98(2)
B The Second Campaign: the `Human Rights in Armed Conflict' Initiative
100(1)
1 Background to Resolution XXIII
101(1)
2 The Reports of the UN Secretary-General
102(4)
IV The 1980 Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons: Humanitarian Disarmament Realised (in Part)
106(4)
V Conclusion
110(2)
5 Humanitarian Disarmament Triumphant? The Anti-Personnel Landmines Convention 1997
112(32)
I Introduction
112(2)
II The Backdrop to the APLM Convention
114(6)
A The Failure of Protocol II, CCW 1980
115(2)
B The Persistence of Prohibitionist States, Albeit a Changing Line-Up
117(2)
C Humanitarianism Re-emerges
119(1)
III Towards Legal Change: from Restrictions to Prohibition
120(4)
A The First CCW Review Conference: Too Little, Too Late
120(2)
B The Ottawa Process
122(1)
C The Anti-Personnel Landmines Convention
123(1)
IV The APLM Convention as Humanitarian Exemplar?
124(17)
A Challenging Existing Negotiating Paradigms
125(3)
B Increasing Transparency of Disarmament Diplomacy
128(1)
C Verification
129(1)
1 Rejecting the Distinction between Cooperative and Intrusive Verification
130(3)
2 Post-EIF Implementation and Verification as Humanitarian Exemplar
133(2)
D Victim Assistance
135(1)
1 The Inclusion of the Victim Assistance Provisions
136(3)
2 The Implementation of the Victim Assistance Provisions Post-EIF
139(2)
V Humanitarian Disarmament Perfected?
141(2)
VI Conclusion
143(1)
6 Humanitarian Disarmament Consolidated? The Convention on Cluster Munitions
144(36)
I Introduction
144(3)
II Humanitarian Concerns about Cluster Munitions
147(4)
III The Convention on Cluster Munitions: Consolidating Humanitarian Disarmament
151(12)
A The Campaigns against Indiscriminate Weapons
151(5)
B The CCW Review Process: Explosive Remnants of War
156(3)
C Leaving the Multilateral Architecture
159(2)
D The Oslo Process
161(1)
E The Convention on Cluster Munitions
162(1)
IV Defining Cluster Munitions: Advancing Humanitarian Disarmament
163(10)
A The Difficulty with Defining Cluster Munitions
164(1)
B How the Definition Evolved
165(4)
C Why Reversing the Burden of Proof Matters for Humanitarian Disarmament
169(4)
V User State Responsibility in Humanitarian Disarmament
173(5)
A The Treaty's Provisions on Victim Assistance
173(2)
B The User State Responsibility Issue
175(3)
VI Conclusion
178(2)
7 The Humanitarian Campaigns against Nuclear Weapons
180(34)
I Introduction
180(3)
II 1945-74: from Hiroshima to the Hague
183(9)
A The Early Responses: Concerns about Destructive Capacity
184(3)
B Health and Environmental Concerns
187(5)
III The Ending of the Cold War: Two Humanitarian Disarmament Initiatives
192(5)
A The World Court Project
193(3)
B The CTBT: Leaving the Conference on Disarmament
196(1)
IV The Humanitarian Initiative Emerges
197(7)
A Stirrings
198(2)
B A Turning Point
200(4)
V The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
204(8)
A An Important Milestone, despite Lack of Universal Support
205(1)
B Victim Assistance
206(3)
C Nuclear Disarmament Comes Home
209(3)
VI Conclusion
212(2)
8 Rethinking Humanitarian Disarmament
214(29)
I Introduction
214(3)
II The Politics of Humanitarian Practice and Discourse
217(7)
A The Apolitical Posture
217(3)
B Obscuring Structural Injustice
220(1)
C Humanitarian Disarmament Discourses
221(3)
III Humanitarianism's Complicity with Militarism
224(5)
A Introduction
224(1)
B Counter or Complicity?
224(3)
C Application to Humanitarian Disarmament Campaigns
227(2)
IV Humanitarianism's Imperative of Action
229(8)
A Introduction
229(1)
B The Imperative of Action
229(1)
C The Imperative of (Military) Action and Humanitarian Disarmament
230(7)
V Hierarchies of Suffering and the Construction of `Pariah Weapons'
237(4)
A Introduction
237(1)
B Hierarchies of Humanity
238(1)
C Hierarchies of Weapons?
239(2)
VI Conclusion
241(2)
9 Conclusion
243(4)
Index 247
Treasa Dunworth is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law, University of Auckland, New Zealand. She has acted as consultant for the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, providing legal advice regarding nuclear weapons disarmament. In 2017, she joined the delegation of United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) at the negotiations for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons Treaty.