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Hydraulics in Civil and Environmental Engineering 6th edition [Mīkstie vāki]

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Andrew Chadwick (former university lecturer, UK), Martin Borthwick (Environment Agency, UK), John Morfett

Formāts: Paperback / softback, 652 pages, height x width: 246x174 mm, weight: 1210 g, 27 Tables, black and white; 231 Line drawings, black and white; 7 Halftones, black and white; 238 Illustrations, black and white
Izdošanas datums: 08-Jun-2021
Izdevniecība: CRC Press
ISBN-10: 0367460890
ISBN-13: 9780367460891

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Civil engineering, surveying & building - (Noliktavā: 9 punkts)

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Formāts: Paperback / softback, 652 pages, height x width: 246x174 mm, weight: 1210 g, 27 Tables, black and white; 231 Line drawings, black and white; 7 Halftones, black and white; 238 Illustrations, black and white
Izdošanas datums: 08-Jun-2021
Izdevniecība: CRC Press
ISBN-10: 0367460890
ISBN-13: 9780367460891

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

Civil engineering, surveying & building - (Noliktavā: 9 punkts)

Speciālā piedāvājuma visas grāmatas: Taylor & Francis offers several science and technology titles with ISE (International Student Edition) prices

Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9780367460891.html

Keywords:

This classic text, now in its sixth edition, combines a thorough coverage of the basic principles of civil engineering hydraulics with a wide-ranging treatment of practical, real-world applications. It now includes a powerful online resource with worked solutions for chapter problems and solution spreadsheets for more complex problems that may be used as templates for similar issues.

Hydraulics in Civil and Environmental Engineering

is structured into two parts to deal with principles and more advanced topics. The first part focuses on fundamentals, such as hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, pipe and open channel flow, wave theory, physical modelling, hydrology and sediment transport. The second part illustrates engineering applications of these principles to pipeline system design, hydraulic structures, river and coastal engineering, including up-to-date environmental implications, as well as a chapter on computational modelling, illustrating the application of computational simulation techniques to modern design, in a variety of contexts.

New material and additional problems for solution have been added to the chapters on hydrostatics, pipe flow and dimensional analysis. The hydrology chapter has been revised to reflect updated UK flood estimation methods, data and software. The recommendations regarding the assessment of uncertainty, climate change predictions, impacts and adaptation measures have been updated, as has the guidance on the application of computational simulation techniques to river flood modelling.

Andrew Chadwick is an honorary professor of coastal engineering and the former associate director of the Marine Institute at the University of Plymouth, UK.

John Morfett was the head of hydraulics research and taught at the University of Brighton, UK.

Martin Borthwick is a consultant hydrologist, formerly a flood hydrology advisor at the UK’s Environment Agency, and previously an associate professor at the University of Plymouth, UK.

Preface

xxi

Acknowledgements

xxiii

Authors

xxv

Short history of hydraulics

xxvii

Introductory notes

xxxi

Principal symbols

xxxv

Part 1 Principles and basic applications

1 Hydrostatics

(26)

1.1 Pressure

(3)

1.1.1 Gauge pressure and absolute pressure

(2)

1.2 Pressure measurement

(3)

1.3 Pressure forces on submerged bodies

(8)

1.3.1 Omnidirectional nature of pressure

(1)

1.3.2 Pressure on plane surfaces

(5)

1.3.3 Pressure on curved surfaces

(3)

1.4 Flotation

(6)

1.4.1 Buoyancy forces

(1)

1.4.2 Stable flotation

(5)

1.5 Summary

(1)

Problems for solution

(4)

Reference

(2)

2 Principles of fluid flow

(44)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Classification of flows

(2)

2.2.1 Steady uniform flow

(1)

2.2.2 Steady non-uniform flow

(1)

2.2.3 Unsteady uniform flow

(1)

2.2.4 Unsteady non-uniform flow

(1)

2.3 Visualisation of flow patterns

(1)

2.3.1 Streamlines

(1)

2.3.2 Streaklines

(1)

2.3.3 One-, two- and three-dimensional flow

(1)

2.4 Fundamental equations of fluid dynamics

(2)

2.4.1 Description and physical basis

(2)

2.4.1.1 Conservation of matter

(1)

2.4.1.2 Conservation of energy and the concept of "work"

(1)

2.4.1.3 Conservation of momentum

(1)

2.4.2 Control volumes

(1)

2.5 Application of the conservation laws to fluid flows

(6)

2.5.1 Continuity equation (principle of conservation of mass)

(1)

2.5.2 Energy equation (principle of conservation of energy)

(3)

2.5.3 Momentum equation (principle of conservation of momentum)

(1)

2.5.4 Energy and momentum coefficients

(1)

2.6 Application of the energy equation

(4)

2.6.1 Modifications to Bernoulli's equation

(1)

2.7 Application of the momentum equation

(7)

2.7.1 Range of applications

(1)

2.7.2 Forces exerted on pipework

(7)

2.8 Velocity and discharge measurement

(5)

2.8.1 Velocity measurement

(1)

2.8.2 Discharge measurement in pipelines

(2)

2.8.3 Discharge through a small orifice

(1)

2.8.4 Discharge through a large orifice

(1)

2.9 Potential flows

(4)

2.9.1 Properties of streamlines

(2)

2.9.1.1 The stream function

(1)

2.9.1.2 The velocity potential function

(1)

2.9.2 Conditions for the validity of a flow net

(1)

2.9.3 Stream and potential functions in Cartesian coordinates

(1)

2.10 Some typical flow patterns

(9)

2.10.1 Uniform rectilinear flow

(2)

2.10.2 Radial flows

(1)

2.10.3 Flows in a curved path

(2)

2.10.4 Vortices

(1)

2.10.4.1 Forced vortex

(1)

2.10.4.2 Free vortex

(1)

2.10.5 Circulation and vorticity

(2)

2.10.6 Combinations of flow patterns

(1)

2.11 Summary

(1)

Problems for Solution

(2)

References

(1)

3 Behaviour of real fluids

(26)

3.1 Real and ideal fluids

(1)

3.2 Viscous flow

(3)

3.2.1 Approach to viscosity

(1)

3.2.2 Definition of viscosity

(2)

3.3 Stability of laminar flows and the onset of turbulence

(2)

3.3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.3.2 Effect of a disturbance in a sheared flow

(1)

3.3.3 Reynolds' experiment

(1)

3.3.4 Reynolds number

(1)

3.4 Shearing action in turbulent flows

(5)

3.4.1 General description

(1)

3.4.2 Simple models of turbulent flows

(3)

3.4.2.1 The "Reynolds' stress" model

(1)

3.4.2.2 Prandtl eddy model

(1)

3.4.3 Velocity distribution in turbulent shear flows

(1)

3.4.3.1 The k-c turbulence model

(1)

3.5 Boundary layer

(9)

3.5.1 Description of a boundary layer

(2)

3.5.2 Boundary layer equations

(4)

3.5.3 Solution of the momentum integral equation

(3)

3.5.3.1 Laminar flow

(1)

3.5.3.2 Turbulent flow

(2)

3.6 Some implications of the boundary layer concept

(3)

3.6.1 "Flow separation"

(1)

3.6.2 Surface roughness and boundary layer development

(1)

3.6.3 "Drag" forces on a body

(1)

3.6.4 Bounded flows

(1)

3.7 Cavitation

(1)

3.8 Surface tension effects

(1)

3.9 Summary

(1)

Problems for solution

(1)

References and further reading

(1)

4 Flow in pipes and closed conduits

(32)

4.1 Introduction

(2)

4.2 Historical context

101

(1)

4.2.1 Laminar and turbulent flow

101

(1)

4.3 Fundamental concepts of pipe flow

102

(2)

4.3.1 Momentum equation

102

(2)

4.3.2 Development of boundary layers

104

(1)

4.4 Laminar flow

104

(3)

4.5 Turbulent flow

107

(10)

4.5.1 Smooth pipes and the Blasius equation

109

(1)

4.5.2 Artificially rough pipes and Nikuradse's experimental results

109

(1)

4.5.3 Rough and smooth laws of Von Karman and Prandtl

110

(1)

4.5.4 Colebrook-White transition formula

111

(1)

4.5.5 Practical application of the Colebrook-White transition formula

111

(6)

4.5.6 Hazen-Williams formula

117

(1)

4.6 Local head losses

117

(5)

4.7 Partially full pipes

122

(5)

4.8 Summary

127

(1)

Problems for solution

127

(1)

References

128

(3)

5 Open channel flow

131

(60)

5.1 Flow with a free surface

131

(1)

5.2 Flow classification

132

(1)

5.3 Natural and artificial channels and their properties

132

(3)

5.4 Velocity distributions and energy and momentum coefficients

135

(1)

5.5 Laminar and turbulent flow

135

(2)

5.6 Uniform flow

137

(9)

5.6.1 Development of friction formulae

137

(1)

5.6.2 Chezy equation

138

(1)

5.6.3 Manning equation

139

(1)

5.6.4 Evaluation of Manning's n

140

(1)

5.6.5 Uniform flow computations

140

(2)

5.6.6 Channel conveyance

142

(2)

5.6.7 Compound channels

144

(2)

5.7 Rapidly varied flow: the use of energy principles

146

(12)

5.7.1 Applications and methods of solution

146

(1)

5.7.2 Energy equation in open channels

147

(1)

5.7.3 Application of the energy equation

148

(1)

5.7.4 Specific energy

149

(3)

5.7.5 Subcritical, critical and supercritical flow

152

(1)

5.7.6 General equation of critical flow

152

(2)

5.7.7 Critical depth and critical velocity (for a rectangular channel)

154

(1)

5.7.8 Application of the critical depth line

154

(1)

5.7.9 Froude number

155

(3)

5.8 Rapidly varied flow: the use of momentum principles

158

(4)

5.8.1 Hydraulic jump

158

(1)

5.8.2 Momentum equation

159

(1)

5.8.3 Solution of the momentum equation for a rectangular channel

159

(1)

5.8.4 Energy dissipation in a hydraulic jump

160

(1)

5.8.5 Significance of the hydraulic jump equations

161

(1)

5.8.6 Stability of the hydraulic jump

161

(1)

5.8.7 Hydraulic jump length

162

(1)

5.8.8 Occurrence and uses of a hydraulic jump

162

(1)

5.9 Critical depth metres

162

(3)

5.9.1 Derivation of the discharge equation for broad-crested weirs

163

(1)

5.9.2 Venturi flumes

164

(1)

5.10 Gradually varied flow

165

(19)

5.10.1 Significance of bed slope and channel friction

165

(1)

5.10.2 Critical bed slope in a wide rectangular channel

166

(2)

5.10.3 Flow transitions

168

(1)

5.10.4 General equation of gradually varied flow

169

(1)

5.10.5 Classification of flow profiles

170

(3)

5.10.6 Outlining surface profiles and determining control points

173

(1)

5.10.7 Methods of solution of the gradually varied flow equation

174

(10)

5.11 Unsteady flow

184

(3)

5.11.1 Types of unsteady flow

184

(1)

5.11.2 Surge waves

184

(3)

5.11.3 Gradually varied unsteady flow

187

(1)

5.12 Summary

187

(1)

Problems for solution

187

(2)

References

189

(2)

6 Pressure surge in pipelines

191

(18)

6.1 Introduction

191

(3)

6.2 Effect of "rapid" valve closure

194

(1)

6.3 Unsteady compressible flow

194

(9)

6.3.1 General description

194

(3)

6.3.2 Simple equations for "instantaneous" alteration of valve setting in a rigid pipeline

197

(3)

6.3.3 Equations for "instantaneous" valve closure in an elastic pipeline

200

(3)

6.4 Analysis of more complex problems

203

(3)

6.4.1 Description

203

(7)

6.4.1.1 Conservation of mass

205

(1)

6.4.1.2 The momentum equation

205

(1)

6.5 Concluding remarks

206

(1)

6.6 Summary

207

(1)

Problems for solution

207

(1)

References and further reading

207

(2)

7 Hydraulic machines

209

(16)

7.1 Classification of machines

209

(1)

7.2 Continuous flow pumps

210

(5)

7.2.1 Radial flow (centrifugal) pump

210

(4)

7.2.1.1 Energy transfer in radial flow pumps

210

(2)

7.2.1.2 Energy losses in radial flow pumps

212

(2)

7.2.2 Axial flow machines

214

(1)

7.2.3 "Mixed flow" machines

215

(1)

7.3 Performance data for continuous flow pumps

215

(2)

7.4 Pump selection

217

(1)

7.5 Hydro-power turbines

217

(2)

7.6 Turbine selection

219

(1)

7.7 Cavitation in hydraulic machines

220

(1)

7.8 Summary

221

(1)

Problems for solution

222

(1)

References and further reading

223

(2)

8 Wave theory

225

(70)

8.1 Wave motion

225

(3)

8.2 Linear wave theory

228

(7)

8.2.1 Airy waves

228

(5)

8.2.1.1 Pressure variation induced by wave motion

231

(2)

8.2.2 Influence of water depth on wave characteristics

233

(1)

8.2.2.1 Deep-water approximations

233

(1)

8.2.2.2 Shallow-water approximations

233

(1)

8.2.2.3 Transitional water depth

234

(1)

8.2.3 Group velocity and energy propagation

234

(1)

8.3 Wave transformation and attenuation processes

235

(20)

8.3.1 Refraction

236

(5)

8.3.1.1 Wave breaking

237

(1)

8.3.1.2 Shoaling

238

(1)

8.3.1.3 Refraction and Shoaling

239

(2)

8.3.2 Numerical solution of the wave dispersion equation

241

(9)

8.3.2.1 Seabed friction

244

(2)

8.3.2.2 Wave-current interaction 24S

8.3.2.3 Current refraction

246

(1)

8.3.2.4 Generalised refraction equations for numerical solution techniques

246

(1)

8.3.2.5 Wave conservation equation in wave ray form

247

(2)

8.3.2.6 Wave conservation equation and wave energy conservation equation in Cartesian coordinates

249

(1)

8.3.3 Wave reflection

250

(3)

8.3.3.1 Clapotis gaufre

251

(1)

8.3.3.2 Wave reflection coefficients

252

(1)

8.3.3.3 Predictive equations for wave reflection from rock slopes

252

(1)

8.3.4 Wave diffraction

253

(2)

8.3.4.1 Mathematical formulation of wave diffraction

253

(1)

8.3.4.2 Solutions to the Helmholtz equation

254

(1)

8.3.5 Combined refraction and diffraction

255

(1)

8.4 Surf zone processes

255

(11)

8.4.1 General description of the surf zone

255

(3)

8.4.1.1 Wave breaking

257

(1)

8.4.1.2 Breaker types

257

(1)

8.4.2 Radiation stress (momentum flux) theory

258

(4)

8.4.2.1 Wave set-down and set-up

259

(2)

8.4.2.2 Radiation stress components for oblique waves

261

(1)

8.4.3 Longshore currents

262

(3)

8.4.4 Infragravity waves

265

(1)

8.5 Analysis of wave records: short-term wave statistics

266

(12)

8.5.1 Short-term wave statistics

266

(9)

8.5.1.1 Time-domain analysis

266

(6)

8.5.1.2 Frequency-domain analysis

272

(3)

8.5.2 Directional wave spectra

275

(3)

8.5.2.1 Shoaling and refraction of directional wave spectra

277

(1)

8.5.2.2 Diffraction of directional wave spectra

278

(1)

8.6 Wave prediction from wind records

278

(6)

8.6.1 Storm waves

278

(1)

8.6.2 Methods of predicting waves from wind records

278

(2)

8.6.3 Parametric forms for the spectral energy density curve

280

(3)

8.6.4 Effective fetch

283

(1)

8.7 Long-term wave statistics

284

(4)

8.7.1 Application of frequency analysis to wave data

284

(3)

8.7.1.1 Determination of TR year event probability

285

(1)

8.7.1.2 Plotting position formulae

286

(1)

8.7.1.3 Outliers

286

(1)

8.7.1.4 Fitting a PDF

286

(1)

8.7.1.5 Suitability of records

287

(1)

8.7.1.6 Climate change

287

(1)

8.7.2 Encounter probability

287

(1)

8.8 Prediction of extreme still water levels

288

(2)

8.8.1 Principal components

288

(1)

8.8.2 Design extreme still water level

289

(1)

8.8.3 Sea-level rise

290

(1)

8.9 Summary

290

(1)

Problems for solution

291

(1)

References

292

(3)

9 Sediment transport

295

(28)

9.1 Introduction

295

(2)

9.1.1 Characteristics of sands and gravels

296

(1)

9.1.2 Modes of sediment transport

296

(1)

9.2 Threshold of movement

297

(5)

9.2.1 Description of threshold of movement

297

(1)

9.2.2 Parameters of sediment transport

297

(2)

9.2.3 Estimation of bed shear stress

299

(1)

9.2.4 Skin friction bed shear stress in unidirectional flows

299

(1)

9.2.5 Entrainment function

300

(2)

9.3 General description of the mechanics of sediment transport

302

(5)

9.3.1 Conditions at the interface between a flowing fluid and a particulate boundary

302

(1)

9.3.2 Mechanics of particle suspension

303

(4)

9.4 Sediment transport equations

307

(11)

9.4.1 Bedload formulae

307

(5)

9.4.1.1 Tractive force equations

307

(1)

9.4.1.2 Probabilistic equations

308

(4)

9.4.1.3 Total load formulae

312

(1)

9.4.2 Energy (stream power) formula (Bagnold, 1966)

312

(2)

9.4.2.1 Bedload component

312

(1)

9.4.2.2 Suspended load component

313

(1)

9.4.2.3 Total load

313

(1)

9.4.3 Ackers and White (A & W) formula (White, 1972) and in revised form in Ackers (1993)

314

(4)

9.5 Concluding notes on sediment transport

318

(2)

9.5.1 Limitations of transport equations

318

(1)

9.5.2 Sediment transport in estuaries

319

(1)

9.5.3 Marine sediment transport

320

(1)

9.6 Summary

320

(1)

Problems for solution

320

(1)

References

321

(2)

10 Flood hydrology

323

(62)

10.1 Classifications

323

(1)

10.2 Methods of flood prediction for rural catchments

324

(1)

10.3 Catchment descriptors

325

(2)

10.4 Frequency analysis

327

(15)

10.4.1 Annual maxima series

327

(3)

10.4.2 Plotting positions

330

(1)

10.4.3 Generalised logistic distribution

331

(1)

10.4.4 Pooled (regional) frequency analysis

332

(1)

10.4.5 Fitting the GL growth curve using L-moments

333

(3)

10.4.6 Methods for estimating QMED

336

(4)

10.4.7 The log-Pearson type III distribution

340

(2)

10.4.8 Improving the validity of flood frequency analysis

342

(1)

10.5 Rainfall-stream flow modelling

342

(15)

10.5.1 Metric models: the unit hydrograph

343

(4)

10.5.2 Unit hydrograph definition and convolution

347

(2)

10.5.3 Derivation of unit hydrographs

349

(1)

10.5.4 Synthetic unit hydrographs

349

(2)

10.5.5 Baseflow and rainfall separation

351

(1)

10.5.6 Design flood estimation using the unit hydrograph rainfall-run-off model

352

(3)

10.5.7 Conceptual storage-routing models

355

(1)

10.5.8 Data-driven and hybrid metric-conceptual models

356

(1)

10.5.9 Physics-based rainfall-stream flow models

356

(1)

10.6 Summary of design flood procedures for rural catchments

357

(1)

10.7 Flood routing

358

(9)

10.7.1 General principles

358

(1)

10.7.2 Reservoir routing

358

(4)

10.7.3 Channel routing

362

(5)

10.8 Design floods for reservoir safety

367

(2)

10.9 Methods of flood prediction for urban catchments

369

(6)

10.9.1 Rational method

369

(5)

10.9.2 Wallingford procedure surface run-off model

374

(1)

10.9.3 Drainage network analysis

374

(1)

10.9.4 Supplementary information regarding urban drainage analysis

374

(1)

10.9.5 Sustainable urban drainage systems

374

(1)

10.10 Climate change impacts in flood hydrology

375

(1)

10.11 Assessing uncertainty

376

(3)

10.11.1 Rainfall-streamflow model calibration

376

(2)

10.11.2 Model uniqueness and uncertainty

378

(1)

10.12 Summary

379

(1)

Problems for solution

379

(2)

References

381

(4)

11 Dimensional analysis and the theory of physical models

385

(28)

11.1 Introduction

385

(1)

11.2 Idea of "similarity"

386

(1)

11.3 Dimensional homogeneity and its implications

387

(1)

11.4 Dimensional analysis

388

(3)

11.5 Dimensional analysis involving more variables

391

(1)

11.5.1 Buckingham's method

391

(1)

11.5.2 Matrix method

392

(1)

11.6 Applications of dynamic similarity

392

(8)

11.6.1 Pipe flow

392

(3)

11.6.2 Free surface flows

395

(2)

11.6.3 Hydraulic machines

397

(3)

11.6.3.1 Pumps

397

(1)

11.6.3.2 Turbines

398

(2)

11.7 Hydraulic models

400

(9)

11.7.1 River models

401

(3)

11.7.2 Models of estuarial and coastal hydraulics

404

(3)

11.7.2.1 Estuarial models

404

(1)

11.7.2.2 Coastal models

405

(2)

11.7.3 Models of hydraulic structures

407

(2)

11.8 Summary

409

(1)

Problems for solution

409

(1)

References

410

(3)

Part 2 Aspects of hydraulic engineering

12 Pipeline systems

413

(26)

12.1 Introduction

413

(1)

12.2 Design of a simple pipe system

413

(3)

12.2.1 Aspects of design

413

(1)

12.2.2 Energy line and hydraulic gradient

414

(1)

12.2.2.1 Pipe materials and jointing systems

415

(1)

12.2.3 Thrust blocks

415

(1)

12.2.4 Air valves and washouts

415

(1)

12.3 Series, parallel and branched pipe systems

416

(4)

12.3.1 Introduction

416

(1)

12.3.2 Series solution

416

(1)

12.3.3 Parallel solution

417

(1)

12.3.4 Branched solution

417

(3)

12.4 Distribution systems

420

(6)

12.4.1 General design considerations

420

(1)

12.4.2 Hydraulic analysis

420

(1)

12.4.3 Loop method

421

(3)

12.4.4 Nodal method

424

(2)

12.4.5 Complex networks

426

(1)

12.5 Design of pumping mains

426

(5)

12.5.1 Introduction

426

(1)

12.5.2 Hydraulic design

426

(3)

12.5.3 Economics of pumping mains

429

(1)

12.5.4 Detail design

430

(1)

12.6 Surge protection

431

(6)

12.6.1 General description

431

(1)

12.6.2 Simple surge tower

431

(3)

12.6.3 Surge protection for hydroelectric schemes

434

(6)

12.6.3.1 Surge protection in pumped mains

435

(2)

12.7 Summary

437

(1)

References and further reading

437

(2)

13 Hydraulic structures

439

(46)

13.1 Introduction

439

(1)

13.2 Thin plate (sharp-crested) weirs

440

(8)

13.2.1 Rectangular weirs

440

(6)

13.2.1.1 Rectangular weir equation

440

(3)

13.2.1.2 Modifications to the rectangular weir equation

443

(3)

13.2.2 "Submergence" and the modular limit

446

(1)

13.2.3 Vee weirs

447

(1)

13.2.4 Plate weirs of special form

448

(1)

13.3 Long-based weirs

448

(4)

13.3.1 Rectangular (broad-crested) weir

448

(2)

13.3.2 Round-nosed weirs

450

(1)

13.3.3 Crump weirs

450

(2)

13.4 Flumes

452

(7)

13.4.1 Flume design methodology

455

(4)

13.5 Spillways

459

(11)

13.5.1 Gravity (ogee) spillways

460

(4)

13.5.2 Siphon spillways

464

(4)

13.5.2.1 Operational problems with siphon spillways

465

(1)

13.5.2.2 Discharge through a siphon spillway

465

(2)

13.5.2.3 Design improvements to siphon spillways

467

(1)

13.5.3 Shaft (morning glory) spillways

468

(2)

13.6 Stepped spillways

470

(1)

13.7 Energy dissipators

470

(3)

13.7.1 Stilling basin

470

(2)

13.7.2 Submerged bucket

472

(1)

13.7.3 Ski jump/deflector bucket

472

(1)

13.8 Control gates

473

(5)

13.8.1 Regulation of irrigation flows

476

(1)

13.8.2 Spillway flow

476

(2)

13.9 Lateral discharge structures

478

(4)

13.9.1 Equations for lateral flow

478

(4)

13.10 Outlet structures

482

(1)

13.11 Summary

483

(1)

References and further reading

483

(2)

14 Computational hydraulics

485

(38)

14.1 Overview

485

(1)

14.2 Mathematical models and numerical models

486

(1)

14.3 Derivation of conservation equations

487

(4)

14.3.1 Continuity equation

487

(1)

14.3.2 Equations for the acceleration of the fluid

488

(1)

14.3.3 Forces and momentum

489

(1)

14.3.4 Navier-Stokes equation for laminar flow

489

(1)

14.3.5 Continuity and Navier-Stokes equations for turbulent flows

490

(1)

14.3.6 Treatment of the turbulent stresses

490

(1)

14.4 Differential equations and finite difference schemes

491

(6)

14.4.1 Some important partial differential equations

491

(1)

14.4.2 Discretisation of differential equations

491

(1)

14.4.3 Forward, backward and central differences

492

(2)

14.4.4 Explicit and implicit schemes

494

(1)

14.4.5 Behaviour of finite difference schemes: requirements

495

(1)

14.4.6 Behaviour of finite difference schemes: problems

496

(1)

14.5 Boundary conditions and initial conditions

497

(1)

14.5.1 Boundary conditions

497

(1)

14.5.2 Initial conditions

497

(1)

14.6 Applications of computational hydraulics

497

(23)

14.6.1 Gradually varying head

498

(3)

14.6.2 Surge tower (incompressible surge in pipelines)

501

(3)

14.6.3 Unsteady flows in rivers

504

(6)

14.6.4 Compressible surge in pipelines: the method of characteristics

510

(3)

14.6.5 Characteristic equations for boundary conditions

513

(7)

14.6.6 Implicit finite difference schemes

520

(1)

14.7 Concluding notes

520

(1)

14.8 Summary

521

(1)

References and further reading

521

(2)

15 River and canal engineering

523

(36)

15.1 Introduction

523

(1)

15.2 Optimisation of a channel cross section

523

(2)

15.3 Unlined channels

525

(3)

15.3.1 Current patterns in channels

525

(2)

15.3.2 Stable channels and the "regime" concept

527

(1)

15.4 Design of stable alluvial channels

528

(6)

15.4.1 "Regime" approach

528

(1)

15.4.2 Rational approach to channel design

529

(2)

15.4.3 "Tractive force" approach

531

(3)

15.5 Morphology of natural channels

534

(2)

15.5.1 Discharge

534

(1)

15.5.2 "Braiding" and "meandering"

534

(2)

15.6 Computational river modelling

536

(8)

15.6.1 Model types and applicability

537

(1)

15.6.2 Advantages and limitations

538

(1)

15.6.3 Model accuracy

538

(2)

15.6.4 Schematisation and discretisation

540

(1)

15.6.5 Calibration and verification

541

(1)

15.6.6 Modelling bridges

542

(1)

15.6.7 Morphological computational river modelling

543

(1)

15.6.8 Recent commercial models

544

(1)

15.7 Flood discharges in compound channels

544

(6)

15.7.1 Introduction

544

(1)

15.7.2 Straight compound channels

545

(4)

15.7.3 Curved and meandering compound channels

549

(1)

15.8 River engineering

550

(4)

15.8.1 Traditional river engineering

550

(1)

15.8.2 Training

550

(1)

15.8.3 Flood alleviation measures

551

(1)

15.8.4 Environmentally sound river engineering

552

(2)

15.9 Summary

554

(1)

References

554

(5)

16 Coastal engineering

559

(38)

16.1 Introduction

559

(1)

16.2 Action of waves on beaches

560

(1)

16.3 Sediment transport

560

(6)

16.3.1 Cross-shore transport on beaches

561

(2)

16.3.1.1 Equilibrium profiles and the depth of closure

562

(1)

16.3.1.2 Bruun rule for beach erosion resulting from sea-level rise

563

(1)

16.3.1.3 Accretion/erosion predictors

563

(1)

16.3.2 Longshore transport ("littoral drift")

563

(3)

16.3.2.1 Estimating longshore transport

564

(2)

16.4 Shoreline evolution modelling

566

(3)

16.4.1 Coastal profile and coastal area models

568

(1)

16.5 Natural bays, coastal cells and shoreline management planning

569

(2)

16.5.1 Natural bays

569

(1)

16.5.2 Coastal cells

569

(1)

16.5.3 Shoreline management planning

570

(1)

16.6 Understanding coastal system behaviour

571

(2)

16.7 Coastal defence principles

573

(2)

16.7.1 Project design framework

574

(1)

16.8 Coastal defence techniques

575

(9)

16.8.1 Artificial headlands

575

(1)

16.8.2 Breakwaters and rip-rap

576

(4)

16.8.3 Groynes

580

(2)

16.8.4 Beach nourishment

582

(1)

16.8.5 Sea walls

582

(1)

16.8.6 Managed retreat

583

(1)

16.9 Wave modelling

584

(3)

16.9.1 Forward-tracking ray models

585

(1)

16.9.2 Backtracking ray models

586

(1)

16.9.3 Finite difference refraction models

586

(1)

16.9.4 Finite difference combined refraction and diffraction models

586

(1)

16.9.5 Mild slope equation and model systems

586

(1)

16.9.6 Boussinesq equations and model systems

587

(1)

16.9.7 Some sources of further reference for coastal wave modelling

587

(1)

16.10 Adaptation to climate change

587

(3)

16.11 Recent European developments in coastal engineering and management

590

(2)

16.12 Concluding remarks

592

(1)

16.13 Summary

592

(1)

References

592

(5)

Postscript

597

(2)

Appendix A: Moments of area

599

(4)

Index

603

Andrew Chadwick is Honorary Professor of Coastal Engineering at the University of Plymouth. From 2006 to 2009, he led the UK contribution to the European Network for Coastal Research. He subsequently worked in the Caribbean, establishing coastal management tools and investigating engineering adaptation options to climate change. He has a substantive publication record and has been a member of the editorial Panel for Maritime Engineering, the review board for the Journal of Hydraulic Research, and the EPSRC Peer Review College.

John Morfett was head of hydraulics research and taught at the University of Brighton, UK.

Martin Borthwick is a consultant flood hydrologist and Visiting Research Fellow at the University of Plymouth. He is a Chartered Civil Engineer with over 25 years experience as a former lecturer and Associate Professor in hydrology, river engineering, and hydraulics at the University of Plymouth, following professional practice in flood risk management. From 2019 2020, he was an Advisor in the National Flood Hydrology Team at the Environment Agency, UK.

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