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E-grāmata: Hydrodynamics and Transport for Water Quality Modeling

Steven C. McCutcheon (University of Georgia, Athens, USA), James L. Martin (US Army Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA)

Formāts: 816 pages
Izdošanas datums: 04-May-2018
Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9781351439879

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Formāts: 816 pages
Izdošanas datums: 04-May-2018
Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9781351439879

Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:

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Provides an overview of the basic hydraulic principles for application in surface water quality modeling. The book is intended to support instruction in environmental hydraulics, environmental fate and transport in surface waters, and water quality modeling. Part one introduces the basic principles of momentum, mass, and heat transport, and the remaining three parts concentrate on the theory and practice for streams, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries and coastal areas. Examples and study problems are featured at the end of each chapter. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or.

Hydrodynamics and Transport for Water Quality Modeling presents a complete overview of current methods used to describe or predict transport in aquatic systems, with special emphasis on water quality modeling. The book features detailed descriptions of each method, supported by sample applications and case studies drawn from the authors' years of experience in the field. Each chapter examines a variety of modeling approaches, from simple to complex. This unique text/reference offers a wealth of information previously unavailable from a single source.

The book begins with an overview of basic principles, and an introduction to the measurement and analysis of flow. The following section focuses on rivers and streams, including model complexity and data requirements, methods for estimating mixing, hydrologic routing methods, and unsteady flow modeling. The third section considers lakes and reservoirs, and discusses stratification and temperature modeling, mixing methods, reservoir routing and water balances, and dynamic modeling using one-, two-, and three-dimensional models. The book concludes with a section on estuaries, containing topics such as origins and classification, tides, mixing methods, tidally averaged estuary models, and dynamic modeling. Over 250 figures support the text.

This is a valuable guide for students and practicing modelers who do not have extensive backgrounds in fluid dynamics.

Part I Fundamentals

(192)

1 Fundamental Relationships for Flow and Transport

(86)

I. Mechanistic Versus Empirical Modeling

(1)

II. General Principles

(5)

A. Laws of Conservation

(1)

B. Extrinsic Versus Intrinsic Properties

(1)

C. Net Accumulation: Application of the Laws of Conservation

(2)

D. Control Volumes

(1)

III. Physical Properties of Water

(10)

A. Density and Specific Weight

(2)

B. Compressibility

(1)

C. Newtonian Fluids and Molecular Viscosity

(3)

D. Molecular Diffusivity

(4)

IV. Instantaneous Equations for Fluid Flow and Transport

(7)

A. Fundamental Form of the Conservation Equations

(4)

B. Instantaneous Equation for Continuity of Water

(1)

C. Instantaneous Equations for the Conservation of Momentum

(1)

D. Instantaneous Equations for the Conservation of Constituent Mass or Thermal Energy

(1)

V. Reynolds Time-Averaged Mean Flow and Transport Equations

(14)

A. Turbulent Motion

(2)

B. Statistical Relationships

(5)

C. Turbulence Closure

(6)

VI. Model Complexity: Selection and Development

(30)

A. Model Resolution

(2)

1. Scales of Interest

(4)

2. Time Variation

(2)

3. Spatial Dimensions for Solving the Governing Equations

(1)

4. Methods to Simulate the Water Surface

(2)

5. Turbulence Parameterization

(2)

6. Forcing Functions or Sources and Sinks

(1)

a. Water Mass

(1)

b. Momentum

(1)

c. Constituent Mass

(4)

B. Solution Techniques

(1)

1. Analytical Solutions

(1)

2. Numerical Solution Techniques

(7)

VII. Data Requirements

(15)

A. Boundary Conditions

(1)

B. Initial Conditions

(2)

C. Data for Model Application and Evaluation

(3)

1. Statistical Tests of Paired Observations and Simulations

(7)

2. Sensitivity Analysis

(1)

3. Error Analysis

(1)

D. Data for Evaluation of Environmental Control

(1)

VIII. Definitions

(1)

IX. Dimensionless Numbers

(3)

2 Measurements and Analysis of Flow

(106)

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Measurement of Velocity and Flow

(15)

A. Float Methods

(3)

B. Current Meters

(1)

1. Mechanical Current Meters

(2)

2. Acoustic Current Measurement

100

(3)

3. Electromagnetic Current Measurement

103

(2)

4. Deployment of Current Meters

105

(2)

C. Flow Measurements at Control Structures

107

(2)

D. Remote Sensing

109

(1)

III. Measurement of Stage

109

(2)

IV. Computation of Discharge

111

(3)

V. Tracer Studies

114

(19)

A. Measurement of Fluorescent Dyes

115

(3)

B. Properties of Fluorescent Dyes

118

(1)

1. Temperature Effects

118

(1)

2. Background Interference

119

(1)

3. Sorption

119

(1)

4. pH Effects

120

(1)

5. Photodegradation

120

(1)

6. Chemical Reactions and Quenching

120

(1)

7. Density Effects

121

(1)

8. Toxicity

121

(1)

C. Types of Dye Studies

121

(1)

1. Instantaneous Release

121

(3)

2. Continuous Release

124

(7)

D. Planning Dye Studies

131

(1)

1. Estimating Mean Velocities

131

(1)

2. Mixing Considerations

131

(1)

3. Estimating the Quantity of Dye Releases

132

(1)

4. Determining Locations of Sampling Stations

132

(1)

VI. Estimating Design Flows

133

(18)

A. Design Conditions for Dynamic Flows

135

(1)

B. Design Conditions for Steady Flows

135

(3)

1. Extreme-Value-Based Design Flows

138

(1)

a. Distribution-Free Method

138

(5)

b. Known or Estimated Probability Distribution

143

(4)

2. Biologically Based Design Flows

147

(4)

References

151

(8)

Symbols Used in Part I

159

(12)

Problems

171

(9)

Appendixes

180

(19)

I.A Physical Properties of Water

180

(2)

I.B Unit Conversion Factors

182

(9)

I.C Values of Frequency Factor K for Use in the Log Pearson Type III Distribution for Low-Flow Analyses

191

(1)

I.D Values of Frequency Factor K for Use in the Log Pearson Type III Distribution for High-Flow Analyses

192

(1)

I.E Standard Variant Z(u) Associated with Typical Return Intervals

193

(6)

Part II Rivers and Streams

199

(136)

3 Flow Models for Rivers and Streams

199

(22)

I. Introduction

199

(1)

II. Flow Model Complexity

200

(4)

A. Spatial and Temporal Resolution

201

(1)

B. Complexity of Governing Equations

202

(2)

III. Data Requirements

204

(7)

A. Boundary Conditions

205

(1)

B. Channel Geometry

206

(3)

C. Bottom Roughness

209

(1)

D. Model Calibration and Evaluation

210

(1)

IV. Estimating Mixing in Streams and Rivers

211

(10)

A. Methods Based on Shear Stresses

213

(2)

B. Methods Based on Tracer Studies

215

(4)

C. Estimating Mixing Lengths

219

(2)

4 Non-Hydraulic Methods for Flow Estimation

221

(16)

I. Flow Relationships

221

(1)

II. Hydrologic Routing Methods

222

(15)

A. Empirical Techniques

222

(1)

B. Hydrographic Theory

223

(1)

C. Hydrographic Relationships

226

(3)

D. Methods Based on Continuity

229

(8)

5 Hydraulic Methods for Steady Flows

237

(30)

I. Steady, Uniform Flows

237

(11)

A. The Chezy Equation

238

(1)

B. The Manning Equation

239

(7)

C. Simulating Frictional Resistance Using the Manning Equation

246

(2)

II. Hydraulic Methods for Steady, Nonuniform Flows

248

(19)

A. Bernoulli Energy Equation Modified for Friction Losses

248

(1)

B. Classification of Flow Regimes

249

(1)

1. Normal and Critical Flow Conditions

249

(3)

2. Froude Number

252

(1)

3. Hydraulic Jump

253

(1)

4. Classification of Water Surface Profiles

254

(1)

C. Energy Losses and Momentum Corrections

255

(1)

1. Friction Losses in Steady Nonuniform Flow

255

(1)

2. Minor Losses

256

(1)

3. Kinetic Energy Corrections

257

(1)

D. Application of Nonuniform Flow Concepts

258

(1)

1. The Step Method

258

(3)

2. Iterative Solution

261

(6)

6 Hydraulic Methods for Unsteady Flows

267

(22)

I. Introduction

267

(1)

II. Solution Techniques

268

(9)

A. Method of Characteristics

268

(1)

B. Finite-Difference Methods

269

(5)

C. Finite-Element Methods

274

(1)

D. Numerical Properties

274

(2)

E. Boundary and Initial Conditions

276

(1)

III. Unsteady-Flow Methods

277

(1)

IV. Kinematic-Wave Model

278

(11)

A. Exact Solution

280

(3)

B. Numerical Solution: Backward Finite-Difference Approach

283

(6)

7 Solutions of Complete Unsteady Flow Models

289

(46)

I. Explicit Solution of a Link-Node Model

289

(12)

A. Description of the Method

289

(2)

B. Solution Technique

291

(2)

C. Example Applications

293

(6)

D. Linkage with Water Quality Models

299

(2)

II. Implicit Solution Using the Four-Point Method

301

(14)

A. Numerical Scheme

301

(3)

B. Solution Technique

304

(4)

C. Examples of Implicit Models

308

(2)

D. Linkage with Water Quality Models

310

(5)

References

315

(4)

Symbols Used in Part II

319

(6)

Problems

325

(10)

Part III Lakes and Reservoirs

335

(192)

8 Stratification and Heat Transfer in Lakes and Reservoirs

335

(50)

I. Introduction to Lakes and Reservoirs

335

(1)

II. Origin and Characteristics of Lakes and Reservoirs

336

(7)

A. Origin a Lakes

336

(1)

B. Size and Number

337

(1)

C. Water Use and Reservoir Purpose

338

(4)

D. Important Lentic Zones and Shoreline Conditions

342

(1)

E. Hydraulic Retention Time

343

(1)

III. Stratification in Lakes in Reservoirs

343

(6)

A. Stratification Cycle

344

(3)

B. Classification of Lakes and Reservoirs Based on Stratification

347

(1)

C. Stratification Potential

348

(1)

IV. Temperature Simulation

349

(30)

A. Full Heat Balance

350

(1)

1. Short-Wave Radiation

350

(10)

2. Long-Wave Radiation

360

(1)

3. Back Radiation from Lakes and Reservoirs

361

(1)

4. Evaporation

362

(3)

5. Conduction and Convection

365

(2)

B. Beer's Law and the Solar Radiation Penetration

367

(3)

C. Equilibrium Temperature Method

370

(2)

1. Use of Equilibrium Temperature to Solve for the Heat Flux

372

(2)

2. Coefficient of Heat Exchange

374

(2)

3. Other Methods

376

(1)

D. Data Requirements

377

(2)

V. Ice Formation and Cover

379

(6)

A. Ice Formation

381

(1)

B. Light Penetration Through Ice and Snow

381

(1)

C. Thickening of the Ice Cover

382

(1)

D. Lake Ice Decay

383

(2)

9 Mixing in Lakes and Reservoirs

385

(46)

I. Introduction

385

(2)

II. Inflow Mixing Processes

387

(16)

A. Characteristics of Inflow Mixing

388

(2)

B. Analysis of Inflows

390

(1)

1. Plunge or Separation Point

391

(5)

2. Thickness and Width of Overflow

396

(3)

3. Underflow Mixing

396

(3)

4. Interflows

399

(4)

III. Outflow Mixing Processes

403

(9)

A. Characteristics of Outflow Mixing Processes

403

(1)

B. Analysis of Outflow Processes

404

(8)

IV. Mixing by Wind, Waves, Convective Cooling, and Coriolis Forces

412

(15)

A. Progressive Surface Waves

413

(4)

B. Langmuir Circulation

417

(1)

C. Convective Mixing

418

(1)

D. Internal Waves, Seiches and Upwelling

418

(8)

E. Earth's Rotation--the Coriolis Force

426

(1)

V. Reservoir Management and Mixing Processes

427

(4)

10 Water Balances and Multidimensional Models

431

(96)

I. Introduction

431

(1)

II. Water Balance for Lakes and Reservoirs

432

(17)

A. Components of the Water Balance

433

(1)

1. Storage

433

(3)

2. Inflow and Outflow Measurements

436

(1)

3. Direct Precipitation onto the Lake Surface

437

(1)

4. Evaporation

438

(6)

5. Groundwater Seepage and Infiltration

444

(2)

B. Reservoir Routing Methods

446

(3)

III. Zero-Dimensional or Box Models of Lake and Reservoir Quality

449

(4)

IV. One-Dimensional, Longitudinal Models of Lakes and Reservoirs

453

(2)

V. One-Dimensional, Vertical Models of Lakes and Reservoirs

455

(19)

A. Mixed Layer Models

456

(8)

B. Vertical Turbulent Diffusion Models

464

(1)

1. Empirical Expressions

464

(7)

2. Dye or Tracer Studies to Determine Vertical Mixing

471

(3)

VI. Two-Dimensional (Laterally Averaged) Models

474

(12)

A. Box Model Approach

475

(5)

B. Hydrodynamic and Mass Transport Models

480

(6)

VII. Two-Dimensional Depth Averaged Models

486

(2)

VIII. Three-Dimensional Models

488

(3)

References

491

(10)

Symbols Used in Part III

501

(6)

Problems

507

(20)

Part IV Estuaries

527

(254)

11 Introduction to Estuaries

527

(16)

I. Introduction

527

(1)

II. General Characteristics of Estuaries

527

(7)

A. Chemical Characteristics

528

(1)

B. Density

529

(1)

C. Tides and the Salt-Wedge Estuary

530

(4)

III. Classification Schemes

534

(9)

A. Geomorphology

534

(1)

B. Degree of Stratification

535

(8)

12 Factors Affecting Transport and Mixing in Estuaries

543

(26)

I. Introduction

543

(1)

II. Tides

543

(13)

A. Tidal Amplitudes

544

(9)

B. Tidal Currents

553

(3)

III. The Coriolis Force

556

(2)

IV. Freshwater Inflow

558

(1)

V. Meteorological Effects

559

(2)

VI. Bathymetry

561

(1)

VII. Model Complexity

562

(7)

A. Spatial and Temporal Resolution

563

(1)

1. Spatial Resolution

564

(2)

2. Temporal Resolution

566

(2)

B. Complexity of Governing Equations

568

(1)

13 Turbulent Mixing and Dispersion in Estuaries

569

(24)

I. Eddy Viscosity and Eddy Diffusivity

569

(6)

A. Formulation of Coefficients

570

(2)

B. The Closure Problem

572

(1)

1. Zero-Equation Closure

572

(1)

2. One-Equation Closure

573

(1)

3. Two-Equation Closure

573

(1)

4. Turbulent Stress and Flux Equation Closure

574

(1)

II. Dispresion in Estuaries

575

(1)

III. Estimation of Mixing Terms

576

(17)

A. Eddy Viscosity and Eddy Diffusivity

576

(10)

B. Dispersion

586

(7)

14 Tidally Averaged Estuarine Models

593

(50)

I. Introduction

593

(6)

II. Fraction of Freshwater Method

599

(2)

III. Modified Tidal Prism Method

601

(3)

IV. Pritchard's Method

604

(5)

V. Lung and O'Connor's Method

609

(7)

VI. Computing Tidal Transport from Measured or Predicted Velocities

616

(27)

A. Computing Tidally Averaged Advection and Dispersion

616

(2)

1. Computing Tidally Averaged Advection

618

(1)

2. Computing Tidally Averaged Dispersion

619

(9)

3. Numerical Diffusion

628

(1)

B. Spatial Averaging of Fine Scale Intratidal Simulations

628

(1)

C. The Lagrangian Transport Equation

629

(5)

D. Computing the Stokes Drift

634

(6)

E. A Final Note on Tidal Averaging

640

(3)

15 Dynamic Modeling of Estuaries

643

(138)

I. Introduction

643

(2)

II. Factors That Distinguish Modeling Approaches

645

(23)

A. Forces and Boundary Conditions

646

(1)

1. Riverine Boundary Conditions

646

(1)

2. Open Water Boundary Conditions

646

(1)

3. Forces Due to the Coriolis Effect, Atmospheric Pressure, Barotropic Setup, and Baroclinic Pressure

647

(2)

4. Water Surface Conditions

649

(1)

5. Bottom Boundary Conditions

650

(3)

6. Shoreline Conditions

653

(2)

B. Dimensionality

655

(1)

C. Grid Structure

655

(1)

1. Horizontal Finite Difference Grids

656

(1)

a. Rectangular Grids with Fixed-Grid Spacing

656

(1)

b. Stretched Rectangular Grids

656

(2)

c. Curvilinear Boundary-Fitted Coordinate Systems

658

(4)

d. Adaptive Grids

662

(1)

2. Vertical Coordinate Systems

663

(1)

a. Cartesian Vertical Coordinate

663

(1)

b. Streched Grid

664

(1)

c. Isopycnic Coordinate System

665

(1)

3. Finite Element Grids

666

(1)

D. Numerical Solution Scheme

666

(2)

III. One-Dimensional Models of Estuaries

668

(10)

A. Examples of Available Models

671

(1)

1. Branch-Network Flow Model

671

(1)

2. CE-QUAL-RIV1

672

(1)

3. Dynamic Estuary Model (DEM)

672

(1)

4. EXPLORE-1

673

(1)

5. MIT Transient Water Quality Network Model

673

(1)

B. Case Study

674

(4)

IV. Two-Dimensional (Horizontal Plane) Models

678

(12)

A. Examples of Available Models

680

(1)

1. TABS-MD and RMA2-WES

681

(1)

2. WIFM-SAL

682

(1)

3. HSCTM-2D

683

(1)

4. FESWMS-2DH

683

(1)

5. Tidal, Residual, Intertidal Mudflat Model

684

(1)

6. SIMSYS2D or SWIFT2D

685

(1)

7. CAFEX

686

(1)

8. H.S. Chen's Model

687

(1)

9. FETRA, Sediment-Contaminant Transport Model

687

(1)

10. NELEUS

688

(1)

11. SEDZL

688

(1)

12. Other Models

689

(1)

B. Case Study

689

(1)

V. Two-Dimensional (Vertical Plane) Models

690

(11)

A. Examples of Available Models

694

(1)

1. CE-QUAL-W2

694

(1)

2. Blumberg's Model

695

(1)

B. Case Study

695

(6)

VI. Three-Dimensional Models

701

(17)

A. Examples of Available Models

709

(1)

1. CH3D/CH3D-WES

709

(1)

2. EHSM3D

709

(1)

3. John Paul's Hydrodynamic Model

709

(1)

4. ECOM-3D/POM

709

(1)

5. Model for Estuarine and Coastal Circulation and Assessment (MECCA)

710

(1)

6. EFDC/HEM3D

710

(1)

7. HOTDIM

711

(1)

8. RMA Models

711

(1)

9. TEMPEST

711

(1)

B. Case Study

711

(7)

VII. Coupling Flow and Water Quality Models

718

(3)

A. Directly Linked Models

718

(1)

B. Indirect Linkage

719

(2)

References

721

(26)

Symbols Used in Part IV

747

(16)

Problems

763

(9)

Appendixes

772

(9)

IV.A. Node Factors (fi) at the Middle of Each Calendar Year (1990-2029)

772

(4)

IV.B. Equilibrium Argument (V(o) + Alpha(o)) for the Greenwich Meridian at the Beginning of Each Calender Year (1990-2029)

776

(5)

Index

781

Martin, James L.; McCutcheon, Steven C.

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Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/97813514398796e.html

Keywords:

E-grāmata: Hydrodynamics and Transport for Water Quality Modeling

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