| Foreword |
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xv | |
| Preface |
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xvii | |
| Author |
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xix | |
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1 | (8) |
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1.1 Freshwater resources and groundwater resources |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Anthropocentric vision |
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2 | (1) |
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1.3 Hydrogeology within hydrology |
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3 | (1) |
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1.4 Basics about groundwater: partially and fully saturated zones |
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3 | (1) |
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1.5 Prospecting groundwater |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (5) |
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6 | (3) |
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2 Hydrologic balance and groundwater |
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9 | (36) |
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2.1 Water cycle and balance assessments |
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9 | (4) |
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13 | (2) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (12) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (3) |
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19 | (8) |
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27 | (5) |
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27 | (2) |
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Water table fluctuation method |
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29 | (1) |
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Chloride mass balance method |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (13) |
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37 | (8) |
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3 Groundwater terminology and examples of occurrences |
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45 | (14) |
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45 | (5) |
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3.2 Examples of occurrences |
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50 | (9) |
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Aquifers separated by confining units: lateral and vertical leakages |
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50 | (1) |
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Partitioned aquifers resulting from recent horst/graben tectonics |
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51 | (1) |
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Aquifers in successive thrust faults and sheets |
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51 | (1) |
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Fractured bedrock and colluvium of variable lithology |
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51 | (1) |
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Perched aquifer and heterogeneous bedrock aquifer |
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52 | (1) |
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Variable interactions between aquifers induced by human activities |
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53 | (1) |
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A semicon fined to unconfined drained chalk aquifer |
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54 | (1) |
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Karstic groundwater system |
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54 | (1) |
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Groundwater flow direction in a limestone aquifer and the influence of the base water level |
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55 | (1) |
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Importance of a clear and justified geological interpretation |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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4 Saturated groundwater flow |
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59 | (48) |
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4.1 Representative elementary volume (REV) concept |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (8) |
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61 | (3) |
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64 | (5) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (4) |
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69 | (1) |
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Simplified Bernoulli equation and piezometric head |
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70 | (2) |
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Practical measurements of the piezometric head |
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72 | (1) |
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4.4 Darcy's law and hydraulic conductivity |
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73 | (7) |
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73 | (1) |
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Specific discharge and velocities |
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74 | (1) |
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Hydraulic conductivity and intrinsic permeability |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (3) |
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4.5 Heterogeneity: Upscaled, equivalent, and averaged hydraulic conductivity values |
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80 | (2) |
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Equivalent averaged hydraulic conductivity values for flow parallel or perpendicular to stratified layers |
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80 | (2) |
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Geostatistically derived equivalent averaged hydraulic conductivity values |
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82 | (1) |
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4.6 Application of Darcy's law in heterogeneous and fractured media |
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82 | (7) |
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Local and regional groundwater flow |
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82 | (5) |
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Hydraulic conductivity and groundwater flow in fractured rocks |
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87 | (2) |
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4.7 Limitations of the validity of Darcy's law |
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89 | (3) |
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4.8 Transmissivity concept |
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92 | (1) |
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4.9 Equations of the steady-state groundwater flow (saturated conditions) |
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93 | (2) |
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4.10 Storage variation under saturated conditions |
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95 | (5) |
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Specific storage coefficient or specific storativity definition |
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95 | (1) |
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Effective stress and Terzaghi concept |
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96 | (1) |
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Specific storage coefficient and development of the mass balance equation |
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97 | (3) |
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4.11 Equations of the transient groundwater flow |
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100 | (7) |
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3D groundwater flow equations |
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100 | (1) |
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2D vertical groundwater flow equations |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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2D horizontal groundwater flow equations in confined conditions |
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102 | (1) |
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2D horizontal groundwater flow equations in unconfined conditions |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (3) |
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5 Hydraulic conductivity measurements |
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107 | (48) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (4) |
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Empirical relations based on grain size distribution |
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108 | (1) |
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Constant head permeameter |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Oedometer and isotropic tests |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (3) |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (30) |
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Design, procedures, and measurements |
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115 | (2) |
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Interpretation of steady-state data |
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117 | (8) |
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Interpretation of transient data |
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125 | (19) |
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5.5 Other measurements methods |
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144 | (11) |
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Lugeon test or packer test |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Jacob and Lohman solution for an artesian flowing well test |
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146 | (1) |
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Inverse auger hole, infiltrometer, or Porchet method |
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147 | (1) |
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Field-based air permeameter measurements |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (6) |
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6 Land subsidence induced by pumping and drainage |
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155 | (18) |
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155 | (1) |
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6.2 Effective stress and water pressure variations in depth |
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155 | (3) |
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6.3 Coupling groundwater flow and geomechanical aspects in porous media |
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158 | (4) |
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Variation of the specific storage coefficient |
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159 | (1) |
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Variation of the permeability |
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160 | (2) |
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6.4 Examples of sinking cities and famous case studies |
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162 | (5) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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6.5 New developments in measurements and remediation |
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167 | (6) |
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170 | (3) |
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7 Introduction to groundwater quality and hydrochemistry |
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173 | (30) |
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7.1 Introduction and units |
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173 | (5) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (4) |
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7.2 Natural solutes and main physicochemical characteristics of groundwater |
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178 | (10) |
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Major and minor constituents |
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178 | (1) |
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TDS, electrical conductivity, and DOC |
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179 | (2) |
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Electroneutrality or electrical charge balance |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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Carbonate system, pHs, Langelier saturation index, and hardness |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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Dissociation, dissolution, and precipitation, rock weathering |
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186 | (2) |
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Cation exchange capacity, sodium adsorption ratio |
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188 | (1) |
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7.3 Graphs, diagrams, and multivariate analysis of chemical groundwater compositions |
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188 | (6) |
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Conventional bar and pie charts |
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189 | (1) |
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Semi-log Schoeller diagram |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (2) |
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Principal component analysis and self-organizing maps |
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194 | (1) |
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7.4 Groundwater quality standards |
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194 | (2) |
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General background and context |
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194 | (1) |
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Drinking water quality standards |
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195 | (1) |
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7.5 Groundwater sampling and monitoring strategies |
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196 | (7) |
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Depth-averaged versus multilevel sampling |
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197 | (1) |
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Sampling procedure and representativity of the sampled groundwater |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (4) |
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8 Contaminant transport, residence times, prevention, and remediation |
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203 | (88) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (31) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (12) |
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219 | (3) |
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222 | (2) |
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Solute mass conservation equation in groundwater |
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224 | (3) |
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Immobile water effect/matrix diffusion |
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227 | (4) |
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Reactive solute transport |
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231 | (4) |
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8.3 NAPL contaminant transport |
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235 | (7) |
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NAPL solubility in groundwater |
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235 | (2) |
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NAPL affinity for solids and groundwater |
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237 | (1) |
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Vapor mobility of NAPL organic contaminants |
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237 | (1) |
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NAPL mobility in unsaturated and saturated zones |
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238 | (4) |
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8.4 In situ remediation of contaminated groundwater |
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242 | (5) |
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Source cleanup and containment-stabilization |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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Soil vapor extraction and air sparging |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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Reactive barriers and zones |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (8) |
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Tracer tests configurations |
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249 | (4) |
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Tracers, injection, and sampling operations |
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253 | (2) |
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8.6 Transport and residence times |
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255 | (5) |
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Piston-flow groundwater age: an idealized concept |
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255 | (1) |
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Groundwater age: A misleading term |
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256 | (1) |
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The statistical approach for calculating ages: Mean age and residence time |
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256 | (4) |
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8.7 Isotopes and environmental tracer interpretations |
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260 | (11) |
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260 | (8) |
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268 | (3) |
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8.8 Vulnerability and protection of groundwater |
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271 | (20) |
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272 | (1) |
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Vulnerability and sensitivity mapping |
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273 | (6) |
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279 | (12) |
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9 Groundwater flow and transport under partially saturated conditions |
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291 | (14) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (3) |
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9.3 Partially saturated flow |
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294 | (5) |
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Hydraulic conductivity under partially saturated conditions |
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294 | (3) |
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Darcy-Buckingham law under partially saturated conditions |
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297 | (1) |
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Generalized storage coefficient under partially saturated conditions or moisture capacity |
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297 | (1) |
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Richards equation for flow under partially saturated conditions |
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298 | (1) |
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9.4 Contamination and transport under partially saturated conditions |
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299 | (6) |
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NAPL contamination and multiphase flow |
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300 | (3) |
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303 | (2) |
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10 Salinization and density dependent groundwater flow and transport |
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305 | (18) |
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10.1 Salinization processes |
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305 | (9) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (3) |
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Contamination by seawater |
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309 | (2) |
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Field measurements and sampling |
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311 | (3) |
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10.2 Saltwater-freshwater interface concept |
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314 | (1) |
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10.3 Coupled density dependent groundwater flow and solute transport equations |
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315 | (8) |
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Density dependent flow equations |
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315 | (2) |
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Density dependent solute transport equation |
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317 | (1) |
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Constitutive or state equations |
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318 | (1) |
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Boussinesq approximation and usual assumptions for seawater intrusions |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (4) |
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11 Heat transfer in aquifers and shallow geothermy |
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323 | (22) |
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323 | (1) |
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11.2 Heat transfer processes, equations, and properties |
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324 | (7) |
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324 | (2) |
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Heat advection and convection |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (2) |
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Heat conservation equation |
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329 | (1) |
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Dimensionless numbers for assessing the most important processes |
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329 | (2) |
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11.3 Hydrogeological methodology for shallow geothermal projects |
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331 | (14) |
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Introduction to shallow thermal energy storage systems |
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331 | (5) |
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Closed-loop shallow geothermal systems |
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336 | (1) |
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Open-loop shallow geothermal systems |
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337 | (1) |
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Geothermal systems in old flooded mines |
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338 | (2) |
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340 | (5) |
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12 Methodology for groundwater flow and solute transport modeling |
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345 | (62) |
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12.1 Introduction and definitions |
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345 | (4) |
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Definitions and terminology |
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345 | (4) |
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Purposes and methodology overview |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (13) |
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Processes to be simulated |
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349 | (3) |
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352 | (1) |
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Steady-state versus transient simulations |
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353 | (1) |
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Dimensionality of the model |
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354 | (4) |
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Conceptual choices for fractured and karst media |
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358 | (2) |
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Interactions with surface waters and integrated models |
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360 | (1) |
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Other choices and assumptions |
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361 | (1) |
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12.3 Initial and boundary conditions |
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362 | (10) |
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362 | (1) |
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362 | (10) |
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12.4 Model design and data input |
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372 | (2) |
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373 | (1) |
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Hydrogeological parameters |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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12.5 Calibration, validation, sensitivity analysis, and inverse modeling |
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374 | (13) |
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375 | (4) |
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379 | (3) |
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382 | (4) |
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Uncertainty of predictions |
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386 | (1) |
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12.6 Introduction to groundwater geostatistics and probability |
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387 | (8) |
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Continuous random geostatistical variables |
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387 | (3) |
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Probability and Bayesian approach |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (1) |
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Geostatistics for modeling heterogeneity |
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391 | (4) |
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12.7 Prediction focused approaches based on Bayesian evidential learning |
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395 | (12) |
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396 | (11) |
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13 Main principles of numerical techniques used in groundwater modeling |
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407 | (52) |
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13.1 Introduction and terminology |
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407 | (1) |
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13.2 Numerical techniques for groundwater flow modeling |
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408 | (29) |
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Finite difference method (FDM) |
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408 | (14) |
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Finite element method (FEM) |
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422 | (14) |
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Finite volume method (FVM) |
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436 | (1) |
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13.3 Numerical techniques for solute transport modeling |
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437 | (22) |
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Numerical Peclet and Courant numbers |
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438 | (1) |
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439 | (1) |
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Eulerian or grid-based methods |
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440 | (6) |
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Eulerian-Lagrangian methods |
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446 | (4) |
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450 | (2) |
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Reactive transport modeling |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (6) |
| Index |
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459 | |
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