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E-grāmata: Ice Ages and Interglacials: Measurements, Interpretation, and Models

  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Apr-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030104665
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Ice Ages and Interglacials: Measurements, Interpretation, and ModelsPalielināt
  • Formāts: PDF+DRM
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Apr-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Springer Nature Switzerland AG
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9783030104665
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In a fully updated second edition, this book offers both history and analysis of extreme climate change on Earth. The book provides an complete and independent summary of the latest data on ice ages and interglacial periods, independent of theory or analysis.

This book provides a detailed review of terminations of ice ages, including a very attractive theory based on dust deposits on ice sheets. While other books on ice ages are mostly short, popular, and non-technical, the only book that attempts to deal with the broad issues of what we know about past ice ages and why they occur is the book by Muller and MacDonald (M&M), published by Praxis. However, despite its many good features, this book suffers from an inordinate emphasis on spectral analysis, a lack of coverage of new data, and a very confusing sequence of chapters. As a result, the data and theory are so intimately entwined that it is difficult to separate one from the other. This volume provides an independent and comprehensive summary of the latest data, theories and analysis. This third edition of what has become the premier reference and sourcebook on ice ages addresses recent topics, and includes new references, new data, and a totally new, greatly expanded treatment of terminations of ice ages.
1 History and Description of Ice Ages
1(38)
1.1 Discovery of Ice Ages
1(6)
1.2 Description of Ice Sheets
7(4)
1.3 Vegetation During LGM
11(11)
1.3.1 LGM Climate
11(3)
1.3.2 Global Flora
14(6)
1.3.3 Ice Age Forests
20(2)
1.4 Vegetation and Dust Generation During the LGM
22(17)
1.4.1 Introduction: Effect of Low CO2 on Plants
22(3)
1.4.2 C3 and C4 Flora Differences
25(1)
1.4.3 Effects of Low CO2 on Tree Lines
25(5)
1.4.4 Source of the LGM Dust
30(9)
2 Variability of the Earth's Climate
39(12)
2.1 Factors that Influence Global Climate
39(4)
2.2 Stable Extremes of the Earth's Climate
43(5)
2.3 Ice Ages in the Recent Geological Past
48(3)
3 Ice Core Methodology
51(32)
3.1 History of Ice Core Research
51(6)
3.2 Dating Ice Core Data
57(16)
3.2.1 Introduction
57(1)
3.2.2 Age Markers
58(1)
3.2.3 Counting Layers Visually
59(4)
3.2.4 Layers Determined by Measurement
63(2)
3.2.5 Ice Flow Modeling
65(3)
3.2.6 Other Dating Methods
68(1)
3.2.7 Synchronization of Dating of Ice Cores from Greenland and Antarctica
69(1)
3.2.8 GISP2 Experience
70(1)
3.2.9 Tuning
70(1)
3.2.10 Flimsy Logic
71(2)
3.3 Processing Ice Core Data
73(10)
3.3.1 Temperature Estimates from Ice Cores
73(4)
3.3.2 Temperature Estimates from Borehole Models
77(3)
3.3.3 Climate Variations
80(1)
3.3.4 Trapped Gases
80(3)
4 Ice Core Data
83(36)
4.1 Greenland Ice Core Historical Temperatures
84(5)
4.2 Antarctica Ice Core Historical Temperatures
89(1)
4.2.1 Vostok and EPICA Data
89(1)
4.2.2 Homogeneity of Antarctic Ice Cores
89(1)
4.3 North-South Synchrony
90(11)
4.3.1 Direct Comparison of Greenland and Antarctica Ice Core Records
90(6)
4.3.2 Sudden Changes
96(3)
4.3.3 Interpretation of Sudden Change in Terms of Ocean Circulation
99(2)
4.3.4 Seasonal Variability of Precipitation
101(1)
4.4 Data from High-Elevation Ice Cores
101(1)
4.5 Carbon Dioxide
102(14)
4.5.1 Measurements
102(3)
4.5.2 Explanations
105(11)
4.6 Dust in Ice Cores
116(3)
5 Ocean Sediment Data
119(20)
5.1 Introduction
120(5)
5.2 Chronology
125(4)
5.3 Universality of Ocean Sediment Data
129(1)
5.4 Summary of Ocean Sediment Ice Volume Data
130(2)
5.5 Comparison of Ocean Sediment Data with Polar Ice Core Data
132(3)
5.6 Historical Sea Surface Temperatures
135(1)
5.7 Ice-Rafted Debris
136(3)
6 Other Data Sources
139(16)
6.1 Devil's Hole
139(7)
6.1.1 Devil's Hole Data
139(2)
6.1.2 Comparison of Devil's Hole Data with Ocean Sediment Data
141(2)
6.1.3 Devil's Hole: Global or Regional Data?
143(1)
6.1.4 Comparison of Devil's Hole Data with Vostok Data
143(2)
6.1.5 The Continuing Controversy
145(1)
6.2 Speleothems in Caves
146(1)
6.3 Magnetism in Rocks and Loess
147(1)
6.3.1 Magnetism in Loess
147(1)
6.3.2 Rock Magnetism in Lake Sediments
148(1)
6.4 Pollen Records
148(2)
6.5 Physical Indicators
150(2)
6.5.1 Ice Sheet Moraines
150(1)
6.5.2 Coral Terraces
151(1)
6.5.3 Mountain Glaciers
151(1)
6.6 Red Sea Sediments
152(3)
7 Overview of the Various Models for Ice Ages
155(30)
7.1 Introduction
157(1)
7.2 Variability of the Sun
158(1)
7.3 Astronomical Theory
158(2)
7.4 Volcanism
160(4)
7.5 Greenhouse Gases
164(1)
7.6 Role of the Oceans
164(13)
7.6.1 Glacial-Interglacial Cycles: The Consensus View
164(4)
7.6.2 Sudden Climate Change---The Consensus View
168(3)
7.6.3 Wunsch's Objections
171(6)
7.7 Models Based on Clouds
177(6)
7.7.1 Extraterrestrial Dust Accretion
178(1)
7.7.2 Clouds Induced by Cosmic Rays
178(4)
7.7.3 Ocean-Atmosphere Model
182(1)
7.8 Models Based on the Southern Hemisphere
183(2)
8 Variability of the Earth's Orbit: Astronomical Theory
185(42)
8.1 Introduction
185(3)
8.2 Variability of the Earth's Orbit
188(4)
8.2.1 Variability Within the Orbital Plane
188(4)
8.2.2 Variability of the Orbital Plane
192(1)
8.3 Calculation of Solar Intensities
192(2)
8.4 Importance of Each Orbital Parameter
194(3)
8.5 Historical Solar Irradiance at Higher Latitudes
197(2)
8.6 Connection Between Solar Variability and Glaciation/Deglaciation Cycles According to Astronomical Theory
199(21)
8.6.1 Models for Ice Volume
201(8)
8.6.2 Review of the Imbries' Model
209(4)
8.6.3 Memory Model
213(1)
8.6.4 Modification of Paillard Model
213(7)
8.7 Models Based on Eccentricity or Obliquity
220(7)
8.7.1 A Model Based on Eccentricity
220(2)
8.7.2 The Middle-Pleistocene Transition (MPT)
222(5)
9 Comparison of Astronomical Theory with Data
227(22)
9.1 Ice Volume Versus Solar Input
227(10)
9.2 Spectral Analysis
237(12)
9.2.1 Introduction
237(4)
9.2.2 Spectral Analysis of Solar and Paleoclimate Data
241(8)
10 Interglacials
249(8)
11 Terminations of Ice Ages
257(62)
11.1 Abstract
262(1)
11.2 Background
263(3)
11.3 Terminations
266(5)
11.4 North or South (or Both)?
271(5)
11.5 Models Based on CO2 and the Southern Hemisphere
276(3)
11.6 Climate Models for Terminations of Ice Ages
279(6)
11.7 Model Based on Solar Amplitudes
285(3)
11.8 Dust as the Driver for Terminations
288(22)
11.8.1 Introduction
288(1)
11.8.2 Antarctic Dust Data
289(1)
11.8.3 Correlation of Ice Core Dust Data with Terminations
290(6)
11.8.4 Dust Levels on the Ice Sheets
296(7)
11.8.5 Optical Properties of Surface Deposited Dust
303(1)
11.8.6 Source of the Dust
304(2)
11.8.7 Ice Sheet Margins
306(4)
11.9 Model Based on Solar Thresholds
310(3)
11.10 The Milankovitch Model Versus the Most Likely Model
313(6)
11.10.1 Criteria for a Theory
313(1)
11.10.2 The "Milankovitch" Model
314(2)
11.10.3 The Most Likely Model
316(2)
11.10.4 Unanswered Questions
318(1)
12 Status of Our Understanding
319(8)
References 327(16)
Index 343
Donald Rapp has had a long and varied science and engineering career with since receiving his Ph.D. from the University of California in January 1960. He was a professor for 14 years, and achieved the rank of full professor at the age of 40. Over the years, he has developed a unique talent to move into a field, research it thoroughly, and write an incisive, perceptive summary of that field. His capabilities are widely sought for writing summary technical reports and technical proposals.





He has published numerous scientific papers and eight textbooks: Quantum Mechanics, Statistical Mechanics, Solar Energy, Financial Bubbles, Human Missions to Mars, Use of Extraterrestrial Materials in Human Missions to Mars and the Moon, The Climate Debate, and Assessing Climate Change.





His eight books are summarized at:





http://home.earthlink.net/~drdrapp
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