| Introduction |
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1 | (3) |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (2) |
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Explanation of Grammar Terms |
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Verbs: Tense, Auxiliary, Modal, Participle, Infinitive, Gerund |
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Linking Words And Phrases |
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6 | (2) |
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Rules for Forming Sentences |
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3 Singular or plural subjects and verbs |
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8 | (2) |
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Singular Verbs with Singular Subjects (One Member of the Panel was Opposed to the Proposal) |
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Plural Verbs with Plural Subjects (Most Members of the Panel Were Opposed to the Proposal) |
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Group Nouns (Police, Government, etc.) + Singular/Plural Verbs |
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The Number of/a Number of/Half of/50 Per Cent of/the Majority of/the Average + Singular/Plural Verbs |
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4 Correct tense formation |
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10 | (2) |
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Present Continuous (It Is Happening) And Present Simple (It Happens) |
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Past Simple (It Happened) And Present Perfect (It Has Happened) |
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Past Continuous (It Was Happening) and Present Perfect Continuous (It Has Been Happening) |
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Past Perfect Simple (It Had Happened) and Past Perfect Continuous (It Had Been Happening) |
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Special Use of Tenses In Academic Writing (As Godfrey Explains) |
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5 Using more than one verb tense |
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12 | (2) |
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Using The Correct Combination of Verb Tenses (The Groups Went Into Separate Rooms So That They Couldn't Hear Each Other) |
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Reporting Information (They Reported That The Results Would Have Important Effects.) |
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14 | (2) |
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Should Have Done (Not Should of Done) |
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Could Do and Managed To Do/Was Able To Do/Succeeded In Doing |
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Did Not Need To and Need Not Have |
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Must Not Have Done and Cannot Hove Done |
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16 | (2) |
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Active and Passive Verbs (The Voters of Merthyr Tydfil Elected Keir Hardie/Keir Hardie Was Elected By The Voters of Merthyr Tydfil.) |
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Passives With Reporting Verbs (Winston Churchill Was Known To Suffer From Short Periods of Depression.) |
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8 Direct and indirect questions |
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18 | (2) |
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Direct Questions (Why Did It Happen?) |
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Indirect Questions (Nobody Is Sure Why It Happened.) |
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20 | (2) |
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`Real' Conditionals (If You Are Self-Employed, Submitting A Tax Return Is A Legal Requirement) |
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`Speculative' Conditionals (If Fast Broadband Access Were Available, It Would Help Local Businesses.) |
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Had... (Had The Company Spent More On Research, It Might Have Remained Competitive.) |
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If It Had Not Been For/Had It Not Been For/But For/Without (If It Had Not Been For/But For The Oil Leak, Bp Would Have Made Record Profits.) |
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If... Were To/If It Were Not For (If The Company Were To Relocate /If It Were Not For Its Increased Export Sales...) |
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10 Time words and phrases |
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22 | (2) |
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Yet/Still (The Full Repercussions of The Economic Crisis Have/Are Yet To Be Felt./These Fundamental Economic Problems Had Still To Be Addressed.) |
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Only/Soon (The Government Took Drastic Action, Only To Discover /Banks Were Soon To Discover That The Position Was Even Worse) |
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Was/Were To... (Inflation Was To Become A Major Problem...) |
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Prove (Strict Economic Policies Proved To Be The Only Solution.) |
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On The Verge of ing/On The Point of ing |
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During The Course... of /In The Process Of |
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Any More/Any Longer/No Longer |
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24 | (2) |
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Only by... (Only by encouraging drivers to scale down the size of their cars will America succeed in reducing its dependence on oil.) |
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What... (What the UK needs is a Minister of Transport with real vision.) |
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It was... that/who (It was the tour operator who had to take responsibility.) |
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Emphatic Adverbs (Undoubtedly, Entirely, Indeed, Quite, Whatsoever) |
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Reflexive Pronouns (The Hotel Con Only Improve If The Management Itself Recognises The Problem.) |
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12 Negative words and phrases |
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26 | (2) |
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No Sooner... Than/Hardly When (No Sooner Had One Crisis Passed Than Another Arose) |
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On No Account/Under No Circumstances/At No Time/In No Way (At No Time Did Anyone Consider The Repercussions of This Action) |
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Not Since/Not Until/Only When (Not Until/Only When The Economy Improved Did Their Popularity Begin To Rise) |
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No Matter How/What/Who, Etc. (No Matter How Hard They Tried, They Could Not Improve The Economy) |
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No, No One, Nothing + Positive Verb (The Policy Pleased No One) |
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Any, Anyone, Anything + Negative Verb (The Policy Did Not Please Anyone) |
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13 Gerunds and infinitives |
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28 | (2) |
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Verb + ing (Avoid Spending, Suggest Changing, Etc.) |
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Gerund As Subject (Persuading The Workforce Proved Very Difficult.) |
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Verbs + Infinitive (Refuse To Accept, Fail To Improve, Etc.) |
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Verb + Object + Infinitive (Militant Union Officials Warned/Advised Their Colleagues Not To Accept The Terms.) |
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Infinitive For Purpose (They Made Various Concessions To Persuade The Workforce To Agree.) |
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To + `-Ing' (Managers Were Not Accustomed To Listening.) |
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30 | (2) |
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Using A/An (He Gave An Opinion) |
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Using and Not Using The (The Opinion He Gave Was Controversial./Opinions On This Issue Vary.) |
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15 Relative clauses: who, which, that, etc. |
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32 | (2) |
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Defining Relative Clauses (A Potent Is A Legal Document That Grants A Monopoly.) |
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Non-Defining Relative Clauses (Grace Hopper, Who Was Born In 1906 In New York, Developed Machine-Independent Programming Languages.) |
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Whom and Who (Stephen Hawking Is The Physicist With Whom The General Public Is Most Familiar.) |
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Whose (The Anti-Vivisection League Is An Organisation Whose Opposition To Experiments On Animals Is Well Known.) |
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Of Which, To Which, In Which (A European Conference On Embryo Research, Whose Details/The Details of Which Have Not Yet Been Announced, Is Likely To Be Held In Milan Next Year.) |
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Where (The Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Is An Area In Which/Where There Is A Great Deal of Disagreement.) |
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16 Comparing and contrasting |
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34 | (2) |
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Comparative Adjectives (Better) and Superlative Adjectives (Best) |
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Comparative Adverbs (More Efficiently) and Superlative Adverbs (Most Efficiently) |
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Than (Better Than/More Efficiently Than) |
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(Not) As... As (Not As Quickly As) |
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17 Describing similarities and differences |
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36 | (2) |
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Modifying Adjectives and Adverbs (Much Greater Than, Slightly Less Powerful Than, Just As Effective As) |
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Numerical Comparisons (Twice As Many As, Six Times Greater Than) |
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Alike/Like/Similar, Resemble |
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In The Same Way/Similarly, Similarity, In Common |
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Dissimilar/Different/Unlike, Differ |
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In Contrast To/Contrary To |
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38 | (2) |
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Nouns Instead of Verbs, Adjectives or Phrases (Coverage, Sustainability, Implementation) |
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Nouns Using `-ing' Forms (the Cleaning of...) |
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Nouns With Compound Adjectives (State-Run Organisations) |
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Nouns With `That...' (Discuss the View That the Plan was not Feasible) |
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19 Commas (1): correct uses |
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40 | (2) |
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Commas Between Parts of A Sentence |
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Other Correct Uses of Commas (He Was Born In Turku, The Third Largest City In Finland.) |
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20 Commas (2): Incorrect Uses |
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42 | (2) |
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When Not To Use A Comma In A Sentence (The Department of Education Announced, That There Would Be Reforms.) |
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`Comma Splicing' -- Incorrectly Using A Comma Between Two Complete Sentences (Graphic Design Can Be Seen In Many Places In Modern Life, It Extends Well Beyond The World of Advertising.) |
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44 | (2) |
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Colons Before Lists, Quotations and Explanations |
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The Only Uses of Semicolons |
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Colons and Semicolons For Lists |
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22 Hyphens, Dashes and Brackets |
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46 | (2) |
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Hyphens For Words That Have More Than One Part (Semi-Detached, State-Of-The-Art) |
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Using Dashes In Sentences and Lists |
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Using Brackets For Extra Information |
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When Either Dashes Or Brackets May Be Used |
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48 | (2) |
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Correct and Incorrect Uses of Apostrophes With Nouns, Numbers, Capital Letters, Verbs, etc. |
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Common Mistakes With Apostrophes |
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50 | (2) |
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Use and Position of Inverted Commas For Quotations |
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Other Uses, E.G. For Terms and Titles |
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52 | (2) |
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For People, Places, Job Titles, Places of Study, Courses, Events, Organisations, etc. |
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As Abbreviations For Names of Organisations, Documents, Qualifications, Etc. (Cnn, Cv, Ba) |
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Connections Within Sentences |
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54 | (2) |
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Even Though/Whilst/Nevertheless |
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56 | (2) |
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In Addition To/As Well As |
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Moreover/Furthermore/In Addition |
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With (The Company Had A Very Successful Year, With Profits of £3.2M.) |
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58 | (2) |
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Cause/Bring About/Trigger |
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Because/Because Of/As/Since/Due To/Owing To/On Account Of |
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60 | (2) |
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Result From/Stem From/Lead To/Result In/Produce |
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62 | (2) |
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Referring To Other Parts of An Essay |
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Respectively/The Former/The Latter |
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In The Following/As We Shall See |
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31 Using Pronouns Correctly |
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64 | (2) |
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Using Pronouns Carefully To Avoid Confusion |
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Making Clear What They, Them, It, She, Him, Etc. Refer To |
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Uses of This, These, That and Those |
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Using Such To Refer To Something Already Mentioned (Green Business Methods Can Be Expensive, But Such Expenditure Can Be Worthwhile In Terms of A Company's Image.) |
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32 Avoiding Repetition of Words |
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66 | (2) |
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Using One(S), The One Or The Ones Instead of Repeating Nouns |
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Using Do So Instead of Repeating Verbs |
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Leaving Out Words Rather Than Repeating Them |
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Using Synonyms To Avoid Repetition |
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68 | (2) |
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Correctly Repeating The Same Grammatical Structure Within A Sentence (Television Was Originally Designed To Educate, (To) Inform and (To) Entertain The Masses.) |
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70 | (2) |
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Using Present Participles In Sentences (Facing The Effects of A Recession In The Early 1990S, The Country's Car Industry Was Obliged To Restructure.) |
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Using Past Participles In Sentences (The Product, Launched In 2008, Was An Instant Success./ Having Lost The Support of His Party, He Resigned As Leader.) |
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72 | (2) |
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Incorrectly Writing Sentences That Are Not Complete (Unlike Most of The Research That Has Been Done Into This Issue.) |
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What A Complete Sentence Requires |
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36 Avoiding Long and Disorganised Sentences |
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74 | (2) |
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Including Too Much In A Single Sentence |
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Using Appropriate Linking |
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Using Parallel Structures and Appropriate Punctuation |
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Presenting Points In Separate Sentences Rather Than One Long Sentence |
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37 Avoiding Too Many Short Sentences |
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76 | (2) |
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Linking Points and Information In A Longer Sentence Rather Than Producing A Series of Short Sentences |
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38 Building Successful Long Sentences |
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78 | (2) |
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A Step-By-Step Guide To Linking Points and Information In Order To Create Clear and Effective Long Sentences |
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80 | (2) |
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Generally/In General/On The Whole/By and Large, etc. |
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40 Qualifying A Statement |
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82 | (2) |
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To Some Extent/To A Degree |
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In The Sense That/In That/To The Extent That/Insofar As |
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With Regard To/In Terms Of |
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Hedging: Seem/Appear Probability Language Tentative Phrases (It May Be That.) |
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84 | (2) |
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Defining A Term Used (An Optical Fibre Is A Thin Strand of Glass That Is Designed To Transmit Light.) |
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Nouns Used For Categorising (Process, Device, Etc.) |
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Verbs Used For Giving Definitions (Refers To, Describes, Etc.) |
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42 Introducing An Example |
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86 | (2) |
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An Example Of.../For Example/For Instance/Such As |
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Other Phrases For Giving Examples |
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88 | (2) |
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Referring To Sources of Information |
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Ways of Referring To Authors, Scientists, Researchers, etc. |
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Appropriate Verb Tenses For Referring To Sources |
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90 | (2) |
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Presenting Information In Your Own Words |
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Using Synonyms of The Original Words |
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Changing The Form of The Original Words |
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Changing The Grammar of The Original Words |
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92 | (2) |
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Appropriate Words and Phrases For |
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Describing How Research Was Carried Out |
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Presenting The Results of Research |
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Giving Conclusions Drawn From Data |
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94 | (2) |
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Avoiding Inappropriately Colloquial/Informal Language |
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Correctly Using It and There For Objective/Impersonal Language (It Could Be Argued That.../There Are Several Reasons For...) |
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When To Use I/We Appropriately |
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96 | (2) |
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Writing In An Academic Style Using |
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48 The Language of Argument |
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98 | (2) |
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Describing What Your Essay Will Contain |
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Summarising Your Point of View |
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Supporting Your Views and Claims |
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Commenting On Opposing Views |
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Drawing Conclusions and Making Recommendations |
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100 | (2) |
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Using An Adverb (Change Rapidly/Change Extremely Rapidly) |
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Adverbs For Commenting (Clearly, This Situation Could Not Continue.) |
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50 Using Prepositions (1) |
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102 | (2) |
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Using Prepositions In Academic Work |
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With Relative Pronouns (On Which, For Whom) |
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51 Using Prepositions (2) |
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104 | (2) |
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How To Avoid Common Mistakes With Prepositions |
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Prepositional Phrases With Similar Meanings But Different Prepositions (In View Of/With A View To) |
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106 | (2) |
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Forming Longer Words Using Prefixes (Irrelevant) and Suffixes (Relevance) |
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Using Longer Words Instead of Simple Ones |
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53 Using Single Words For Impact |
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108 | (2) |
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Using An Effective Single Word |
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110 | (2) |
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Definition and Examples (Bring About, Put Up With) |
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Inappropriate Use Because of Being Too Informal |
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Appropriate Phrasal Verbs For Academic Writing |
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55 Commonly Misused Words 1 |
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12 | (102) |
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Mistakes Cause By Confusing Nouns and Verbs (Effect/Affect) |
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Words That Are Similar In Form But Different In Meaning (Insure/Ensure/Assure) |
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Other Words Often Incorrectly Used (Infer/Imply) |
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56 Commonly Confused Words -- Homonyms |
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114 | (2) |
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Words That Sound The Same But Have Different Meanings and Spellings (Bear/Bare) |
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Its/It's, There/They're/Their, Your/You're, Who's/Whose |
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116 | (2) |
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Changing The Ends of Words To Form Other Words (Reliable → Reliably, Opportunity → Opportunities, Deter → Deterrent) |
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Spelling When A Prefix Is Used (Unnecessary) |
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58 Common Spelling Mistakes 1 |
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118 | (2) |
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Avoiding Spelling Mistakes That Involve |
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Words That Are Not Spelt As They Sound |
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Double and Single Letters In One Word |
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Examples of Differences Between British and American Spelling |
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59 Writing An Email To Your Tutor |
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120 | (2) |
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Including A Clear and Useful Subject Line |
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Using Appropriate Words and Correct Spelling |
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Using Correct Punctuation |
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Writing Clear Sentences With Clear Connections In Them |
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60 Covering Letters and Cvs |
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122 | (3) |
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| Key |
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125 | (20) |
| Index |
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145 | |
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām