| Introduction |
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1 | (1) |
| How to use this book |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (2) |
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Explanation of grammar terms |
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Verbs: tense, auxiliary, modal, participle, infinitive, gerund |
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Linking words and phrases |
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6 | (2) |
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Rules for Forming Sentences |
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3 Singular Or Plural Subjects And Verbs |
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8 | (2) |
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Singular Verbs With Singular Subjects (One Member Of The Panel Was Opposed To The Proposal) |
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Plural Verbs With Plural Subjects (Most Members Of The Panel Were In Favour Of The Proposal) |
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Group Nouns (Police, Government, Etc.) + Singular/Plural Verbs |
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The Number Of/A Number Of/Half Of/50 Per Cent Of/The Majority Of/The Average + Singular/Plural Verbs |
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4 Correct Tense Formation |
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10 | (2) |
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Present Continuous (It Is Happening) And Present Simple (It Happens) |
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Past Simple (It Happened) And Present Perfect (It Has Happened) |
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Past Continuous (It Was Happening) And Present Perfect Continuous (It Has Been Happening) |
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Past Perfect Simple (It Had Happened) And Past Perfect Continuous (It Had Been Happening) |
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Special Use Of Tenses In Academic Writing (As Godfrey Explains) |
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5 Using More Than One Verb Tense |
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12 | (2) |
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Using The Correct Combination Of Verb Tenses (The Groups Went Into Separate Rooms So That They Couldn't Hear Each Other) |
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Reporting Information (They Reported That The Results Would Have Important Effects) |
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14 | (2) |
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Should Have Done (Not Should Of Done) |
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Could Do And Managed To Do/Was Able To Do/Succeeded In Doing |
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Did Not Need To And Need Not Have |
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Must Not Have Done And Cannot Have Done |
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16 | (2) |
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Active And Passive Verbs (The Voters Of Merthyr Tydfil Elected Keir Hardie/Keir Hardie Was Elected By The Voters Of Merthyr Tydfil) |
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Passives With Reporting Verbs (Winston Churchill Was Known To Suffer From Short Periods Of Depression) |
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8 Direct And Indirect Questions |
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18 | (2) |
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Direct Questions (Why Did It Happen?) |
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Indirect Questions (Nobody Is Sure Why It Happened) |
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20 | (2) |
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`Real' Conditionals (If You Are Self-Employed, Submitting A Tax Return Is A Legal Requirement) |
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`Speculative' Conditionals (If Fast Broadband Access Were Available, It Would Help Local Businesses) |
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Had (Had The Company Spent More On Research, It Might Have Remained Competitive) |
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If It Had Not Been For/Had It Not Been For/But For/Without (If It Had Not Been For/But for The Oil Leak, Bp Would Have Made Record Profits) |
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If ... Were To/If It Were Not for (If The Company Were To Relocate .../If It Were Not for Its Increased Export Sales ...) |
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22 | (2) |
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Using An Adverb (Change Rapidly/Change Extremely Rapidly) |
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Adverbs for Commenting (Clearly, This Situation Could Not Continue) |
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24 | (2) |
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Only By ... (Only By Encouraging Drivers To Scale Down The Size Of Their Cars Will America Succeed In Reducing Its Dependence On Oil) |
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What ... (What The Uk Needs Is A Minister Of Transport With Real Vision) |
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It Was ... That/Who (It Was The Tour Operator Who Had To Take Responsibility) |
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Emphatic Adverbs (Undoubtedly, Entirely, Indeed, Quite, Whatsoever) |
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Reflexive Pronouns (The Hotel Can Only Improve If The Management Itself Recognises The Problem) |
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12 Negative Words And Phrases |
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26 | (2) |
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No Sooner ... Than/Hardly When (No Sooner Had One Crisis Passed Than Another Arose) |
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On No Account/Under No Circumstances/At No Time/In No Way (At No Time Did Anyone Consider The Repercussions Of This Action) |
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Not Since/Not Until/Only When (Not Until/Only When The Economy Improved Did Their Popularity Begin To Rise) |
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No Matter How/What/Who, Etc. (No Matter How Hard They Tried, They Could Not Improve The Economy) |
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No, No One, Nothing + Positive Verb (The Policy Pleased No One) |
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Any, Anyone, Anything + Negative Verb (The Policy Did Not Please Anyone) |
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13 Gerunds And Infinitives |
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28 | (2) |
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Verb + `-Ing' (Avoid Spending, Suggest Changing, Etc.) |
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Verbs + Infinitive (Refuse To Accept, Fail To Improve, Etc.) |
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Verb + Object + Infinitive (Militant Union Officials Warned/Advised Their Colleagues Not To Accept The Terms) |
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To + `-Ing' (Managers Were Not Accustomed To Listening) |
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30 | (2) |
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Using A/An (He Gave An Opinion) |
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Using And Not Using The (The Opinion He Gave Was Controversial./Opinions On This Issue Vary) |
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15 Relative Clauses: Who, Which, That, Etc. |
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32 | (2) |
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Defining Relative Clauses (A Patent Is A Legal Document That Grants A Monopoly) |
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Non-Defining Relative Clauses (Grace Hopper, Who Was Born In 1906 In New York, Developed Machine-Independent Programming Languages) |
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Who And Whom (Stephen Hawking Is The Physicist With Whom The General Public Is Most Familiar) |
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Whose (The Anti-Vivisection League Is An Organisation Whose Opposition To Experiments On Animals Is Well Known) |
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Of Which, To Which, In Which (A European Conference On Embryo Research, Whose Details/The Details Of Which Have Not Yet Been Announced, Is Likely To Be Held In Milan Next Year) |
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Where (The Treatment Of Anorexia Nervosa And Bulimia Is An Area In Which/Where There Is A Great Deal Of Disagreement) |
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16 Comparing And Contrasting |
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34 | (2) |
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Comparative Adjectives (Better) And Superlative Adjectives (Best) |
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Comparative Adverbs (More Efficiently) And Superlative Adverbs (Most Efficiently) |
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... Than (Better Than/More Efficiently Than) |
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(Not) As As ... (Not As Quickly As) |
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17 Describing Similarities And Differences |
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36 | (2) |
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Modifying Adjectives And Adverbs (Much Greater Than, Slightly Less Powerful Than, Just As Effective As) |
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Numerical Comparisons (Twice As Many As, Six Times Greater Than) |
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Alike/Like/Similar, Resemble |
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In The Same Way/Similarly, Similarity, In Common |
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Dissimilar/Different/Unlike, Differ |
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In Contrast To/Contrary To |
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38 | (2) |
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Nouns Instead Of Verbs, Adjectives Or Phrases (Coverage, Sustainability, Implementation) |
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Nouns Using `-Ing' Forms (The Cleaning Of ...) |
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Nouns With Compound Adjectives (State-Run Organisations) |
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Nouns With `That ...' Clauses (Discuss The View That The Plan Was Not Feasible) |
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19 Commas (1): Correct Uses |
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40 | (2) |
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Commas Between Parts Of A Sentence |
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Other Correct Uses Of Commas (He Was Born In Turku, The Third Largest City In Finland) |
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20 Commas (2): Incorrect Uses |
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42 | (2) |
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When Not To Use A Comma In A Sentence (The Department Of Education Announced, That There Would Be Reforms) |
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Comma `Splicing' - Incorrectly Using A Comma Between Two Complete Sentences (Graphic Design Can Be Seen In Many Places In Modern Life, It Extends Well Beyond The World Of Advertising) |
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44 | (2) |
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Colons Before Lists, Quotations And Explanations |
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The Only Uses Of Semicolons |
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Colons And Semicolons for Lists |
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22 Hyphens, Dashes And Brackets |
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46 | (2) |
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Hyphens for Words That Have More Than One Part (Semi-Detached, State-Of-The-Art) |
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Using Dashes In Sentences And Lists |
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Using Brackets for Extra Information |
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When Either Dashes Or Brackets May Be Used |
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48 | (2) |
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Correct And Incorrect Uses Of Apostrophes With Nouns, Numbers, Capital Letters, Verbs, Etc. |
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Common Mistakes With Apostrophes |
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50 | (2) |
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Use And Position Of Inverted Commas for Quotations |
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Other Uses, E.G. for Terms And Titles |
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52 | (2) |
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For People, Places, Job Titles, Places Of Study, Courses, Events, Organisations, Etc. |
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As Abbreviations for Names Of Organisations, Documents, Qualifications, Etc. (Cnn, Cv, Ba) |
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Connections Within Sentences |
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54 | (2) |
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Even Though/Whilst/Nevertheless |
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56 | (2) |
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In Addition To/As Well As |
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Moreover/Furthermore/In Addition |
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With (The Company Had A Very Successful Year, With Profits of £3.2M) |
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58 | (2) |
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Cause/Bring About/Be Responsible For |
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Because/Because Of/As/Since/Due To/Owing To/On Account Of |
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60 | (2) |
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Result From/Stem From/Lead To/Result In |
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62 | (2) |
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Referring To Other Parts Of An Essay |
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Respectively/The Former/The Latter |
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In The Following/As We Shall See |
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31 Using Pronouns Correctly |
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64 | (2) |
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Using Pronouns Carefully To Avoid Confusion |
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Making Clear What They, Them, It, She, Him, Etc. Refer To |
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Uses Of This, These, That And Those |
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Using Such To Refer To Something Already Mentioned (Green Business Methods Can Be Expensive, But Such Methods Can Enhance A Company's Image) |
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32 Avoiding Repetition Of Words |
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66 | (2) |
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Using One(s), The One Or The Ones Instead Of Repeating Nouns |
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Using Do So Instead Of Repeating Verbs |
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Leaving Out Words Rather Than Repeating Them |
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Using Synonyms To Avoid Repetition |
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68 | (2) |
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Correctly Repeating The Same Grammatical Structure Within A Sentence (Television Was Originally Designed To Educate, (To) Inform And (To) Entertain The Masses) |
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70 | (2) |
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Using Present Participles In Sentences (Facing The Effects Of A Recession In The Early 1990S, The Country's Car Industry Was Obliged To Restructure) |
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Using Past Participles In Sentences (Exports, Driven By An International Marketing Campaign, Grew Over The Next Few Years) |
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72 | (2) |
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Incorrectly Writing Sentences That Are Not Complete (Unlike Most Of The Research That Has Been Done Into This Issue) |
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What A Complete Sentence Requires |
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36 Avoiding Long And Disorganised Sentences |
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74 | (2) |
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Including Too Much In A Single Sentence |
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Using Appropriate Linking |
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Using Parallel Structures And Appropriate Punctuation |
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Presenting Points In Separate Sentences Rather Than One Long Sentence |
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37 Avoiding Too Many Short Sentences |
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76 | (2) |
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Linking Points And Information In A Longer Sentence Rather Than Producing A Series Of Short Sentences |
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38 Building Successful Long Sentences |
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78 | (2) |
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A Step-By-Step Guide To Linking Points And Information In Order To Create Clear And Effective Long Sentences |
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39 Hedging (1): With Verbs And Adverbs |
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80 | (2) |
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Using Verbs (Appear, Seem / Can, Could / Indicate / Contribute To, Etc.) |
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Using Adverbs (Perhaps, Sometimes, Seldom, Etc.) |
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40 Hedging (2): With Adjectives And Phrases |
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82 | (2) |
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Using Adjectives (It Is Possible / Is/Are Unlikely To, Etc.) |
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`It' + Passive Verb Phrases (It Is Generally Accepted That ... Etc.) |
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Phrases Used To Hedge (In Some Respects, On Balance, Etc.) |
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Qualifying A Statement (Insofar As, In The Sense That, Etc.) |
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84 | (2) |
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Defining A Term Used (An Optical Fibre Is A Thin Strand Of Glass That Is Designed To Transmit Light) |
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Nouns Used for Categorising (Process, Device, Etc.) |
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Verbs Used for Giving Definitions (Refers To, Describes, Etc.) |
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42 Introducing An Example |
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86 | (2) |
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An Example Of /For Example/For Instance/Such As |
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Other Phrases for Giving Examples |
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88 | (2) |
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Referring To Sources Of Information |
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Ways Of Referring To Authors, Scientists, Researchers, Etc. |
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Appropriate Verb Tenses for Referring To Sources |
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90 | (2) |
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Presenting Information In Your Own Words |
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Using Synonyms Of The Original Words |
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Changing The Form Of The Original Words |
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Changing The Grammar Of The Original Words |
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92 | (2) |
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Appropriate Words And Phrases For |
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Describing How Research Was Carried Out |
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Presenting The Results Of Research |
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Giving Conclusions Drawn From Data |
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94 | (2) |
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Avoiding Inappropriately Colloquial/Informal Language |
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Correctly Using I And There for Objective/Impersonal Language (It Could Be Argued That .../There Are Several Reasons for ...) |
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When To Use L/We Appropriately |
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96 | (2) |
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Writing In An Academic Style Using |
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48 The Language Of Argument |
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98 | (2) |
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Describing What Your Essay Will Contain |
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Summarising Your Point Of View |
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Supporting Your Views And Claims |
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Commenting On Opposing Views |
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Drawing Conclusions And Making Recommendations |
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49 The Language Of Critique |
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100 | (2) |
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Using Positive And Negative Adjectives (Excellent, Flawed, Etc.) |
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Using Positive And Negative Verbs To Comment (Praise, Validate, Question, Etc.) |
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Structures for Presenting Personal Negative Views (The Drawback With, The Analysis Overlooks, Etc.) |
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50 Using Prepositions (1) |
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102 | (2) |
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Using Prepositions In Academic Work |
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With Relative Pronouns (On Which, for Whom) |
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51 Using Prepositions (2) |
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104 | (2) |
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How To Avoid Common Mistakes With Prepositions |
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Prepositional Phrases With Similar Meanings But Different Prepositions (In Line With/In Keeping With, Etc.) |
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106 | (2) |
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Forming Longer Words Using Prefixes (Irrelevant) And Suffixes (Relevance) |
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Using Longer Words Instead Of Simple Ones |
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Using Suffixes And Prefixes To Enhance Vocabulary Use |
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53 Using Single Words for Impact |
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108 | (2) |
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Using An Effective Single Word |
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110 | (2) |
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Definition And Examples (Bring About, Put Up With) |
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Inappropriate Use Because Of Being Too Informal |
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Appropriate Phrasal Verbs for Academic Writing |
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112 | (2) |
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Adjective + Noun (Brief Account, Primary Concern, Etc.) |
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Adverb + Adjective/Past Participle (Highly Significant, Widely Adopted, Etc.) |
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Verb + Adverb (Analyse Closely, Examine Critically, Etc.) |
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114 | (2) |
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Verb + Noun (Give Feedback, Provide Evidence, Etc.) |
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Noun + Noun (Business Opportunity, Research Findings, Etc.) |
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57 Commonly Misused Words |
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116 | (2) |
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Mistakes Caused By Confusing Nouns And Verbs (Effect/Affect) |
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Words That Are Similar In Form But Different In Meaning (Insure/Ensure/Assure) |
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Other Words Often Incorrectly Used (Infer/Imply) |
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58 Commonly Confused Words -- Homonyms |
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118 | (2) |
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Words That Sound The Same But Have Different Meanings And Spellings (Bear/Bare) |
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Its/It's, There/They're/Their, Your/You're, Who's/Whose |
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120 | (2) |
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Changing The Ends Of Words To Form Other Words (Reliable → Reliably, Opportunity → Opportunities, Deter → Deterrent) |
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Spelling When A Prefix Is Used (Unnecessary) |
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60 Common Spelling Mistakes |
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122 | (2) |
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Avoiding Spelling Mistakes That Involve |
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Words That Are Not Spelt As They Sound |
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Double And Single Letters In One Word |
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Examples Of Differences Between British And American Spelling |
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61 Writing An Email To Your Tutor |
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124 | (2) |
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Including A Clear And Useful Subject Line |
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Using Correct Punctuation |
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Writing Clear Sentences With Clear Connections In Them |
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Using Appropriate Words And Correct Spelling |
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62 Covering Letters And Cvs |
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126 | (3) |
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| Key |
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129 | (20) |
| Index |
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149 | |
