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E-grāmata: Improving Import Food Safety [Wiley Online]

Edited by (Covance Laboratories Inc), Edited by (Covance Laboratories Inc), Edited by (University of Wisconsin - Madison)
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Food safety has been a global concern for many years. While global sourcing of foods and ingredients provides great opportunity for variety and diversity of cultural products, there are significant risks. Programs that regulate food safety and quality in countries around the world vary in their scope and effectiveness, with many being underfunded. Rapidly developing countries may lack the expertise, laboratory resources for testing, and established inspection programs to adequately promote the safety of foods. Rather, these countries may be more focused on providing enough food for their citizens. Lack of documentation or traceability in the exporting country can further exacerbate the situation. Of course, safety problems in food imported from more developed countries also occur, and the source of food borne disease outbreaks are found regularly within the United States.

Improving Import Food Safety gathers together vital information on the food safety programs of national governments, the food industry, and the testing industry. Chapters have been contributed by authors from the United States, Latin America, Europe, and Asia. Readers will learn about a variety of regulatory approaches to food safety at the federal and state levels in the United States, as well as in selected countries and within the food industry itself. They will also gain insights into the nature and source of safety problems, in addition to approaches to food safety around the world.

The book is divided into three sections:





Highlighting Key Issues: authors illustrate the millions of permutations for the origin of ingredients, discussing the difficulty if policing imports, providing a unique perspective on the economic situation in China and insight into development of support for small farm producers in Mexico. Legal and Regulatory Issues/Structures in the USA and Abroad: describes the legal and regulatory system in the European Union, the United States, and China, plus a chapter addressing global approaches to fraud. Potential Strategies to Improve Import Safety: presents strategies to deal with what are ultimately global issues, but on multiple levels. Perspectives are provided by authors from Industry, and industry trade association, academia, and a recently semi-retired, global ambassador or food safety.

Readers will find this book noteworthy because of the diverse topics and perspectives offered on the challenges of keeping food safe in a global economy. Authors come from a variety of backgrounds, and each has provided a unique perspective on this critical topic. The volume is aimed at importers and exporters of food and ingredients; food microbiologists, food safety and QC/QA personnel; regulatory and legal personnel in food manufacturing companies; food policy makers and regulatory officials and facility and graduate students in food science.
Contributors xiii
Preface xvii
Acknowledgment xix
Part I Highlighting Key Issues
1(86)
Chapter 1 Emerging Global Food System Risks and Potential Solutions
3(18)
Shaun Kennedy
Overview
3(1)
Supply Chain Complexity
4(2)
Increasing Role of Imports
6(1)
Unusual Sources for Imports
7(3)
Other Emerging Food Safety Risks
10(1)
Economically Motivated Adulteration
11(2)
Other Emerging Intentional Threats
13(2)
Potential Solutions
15(4)
Conclusions
19(1)
References
19(2)
Chapter 2 A Cooperative Federal-State Approach for Monitoring Imported Foods: Reviewing the New York State Model
21(24)
Joe Corby
Introduction
21(2)
State and Local Government Strengths
23(2)
The New York Model for a Cooperative Federal-State Approach for Monitoring the Safety of Imported Food
25(10)
Examples of Violative Imported Food Products Found in the Pilot Cooperative Project
35(6)
Discussion
41(1)
Conclusions
42(1)
References
42(3)
Chapter 3 The Impact of the Chinese Development Model on Food Safety
45(20)
Wenran Jiang
Introduction
45(1)
China's Explosive Economic Growth and its Impact
46(5)
China as a Growing Food Superpower
51(2)
China's Food Safety Regimes
53(4)
China's Food Safety Challenges
57(4)
Conclusions
61(1)
Notes
62(1)
References
63(2)
Chapter 4 The Role of Public-Private Partnerships on the Access of Smallholder Producers of Mexican Cantaloupe to Fresh Produce Export Markets
65(22)
Belem Avendano
Clare Narrod
Marites Tiongco
Foodborne Outbreaks and the Increasing Demand for Food Safety in Fruit and Vegetables
66(5)
Production Trends of the Cantaloupe Industry in Mexico
71(3)
Responses to Food Safety Problems Associated with Cantaloupe Outbreaks
74(2)
Major Barriers to Market Access for Small Mexican Producers in the Cantaloupe Supply Chain
76(2)
The Role of Private-Public Partnerships in Facilitating Smallholders to Overcome Barriers to Export Market Entry
78(3)
Summary and Conclusions
81(1)
Notes
82(1)
References
83(4)
Part II Legal and Regulatory Issues/Structures in the United States and Abroad
87(130)
Chapter 5 Improving US Regulation of Imported Foods
89(22)
Neal Fortin
Introduction
89(2)
The Major Federal Agencies
91(1)
The FDA Import Process
92(1)
Prior Notice of Import
93(5)
USDA's Import System
98(2)
Other Import Controls
100(3)
Country-of-origin Labeling
103(1)
Challenges Facing Import Regulation
104(2)
International Standards - Codex
106(1)
Conclusions
106(2)
References
108(3)
Chapter 6 EU Food Safety Regulation and Trust-enhancing Principles
111(22)
Ellen Vos
Introduction
111(1)
Food Regulation: Between Market and Safety
112(2)
The EU's Failings in Ensuring Food Safety
114(1)
The EU's New Regime on Food Safety Regulation
115(3)
Restoring Trust in EU Decision-making on Foods
118(7)
Concluding Remarks
125(1)
Acknowledgment
126(1)
Notes
126(3)
References
129(4)
Chapter 7 Experience of Food Safety Authorities in Europe and the Rapid Alert System
133(18)
Roger Wood
Introduction
133(1)
The EU Approach to Legislation in the Food Sector
134(1)
Food Crises
135(1)
Risk Assessment and Risk Management and the EFSA
136(5)
The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed
141(7)
Notes
148(3)
Chapter 8 The Development of and Challenges Facing Food Safety Law in the People's Republic of China
151(44)
Yuanyuan Shen
Introduction
151(2)
From "Food Hygiene" to "Food Safety": A Brief History of the Development of China's Food Safeguard System (1978-2009)
153(12)
China's Food Safeguard System Today
165(16)
The Challenges China Faces in Food Safeguard Improvement
181(5)
Conclusions
186(1)
Acknowledgments
187(1)
Notes
187(5)
References
192(3)
Chapter 9 Defining Food Fraud and the Chemistry of the Crime
195(22)
John Spink
Introduction
195(1)
Food Fraud
196(7)
Diversion, Parallel Trade, and Gray Market
203(1)
Criminology and the Chemistry of the Crime
204(4)
Improving Import Food Safety
208(5)
Conclusions
213(1)
References
214(3)
Part III Potential Strategies to Improve Import Safety
217(118)
Chapter 10 Tracking and Managing the Next Crisis
219(16)
Henry Chin
Nancy Rachman
Maia Jack
Introduction
219(1)
Tracking the Next Crisis
220(7)
Issue Management Tools
227(6)
Conclusion
233(1)
Notes
234(1)
Chapter 11 Food Product Tracing
235(16)
Jennifer McEntire
Introduction
235(1)
Current US Recordkeeping Requirements
236(1)
Global Recordkeeping Guidance and Practices
237(1)
Commercial Product Tracing Standards
238(3)
Food Industry Factors Affecting Traceability
241(3)
Recommendations for Product Tracing
244(2)
Commingling-A Special Case for Product Tracing
246(1)
Traceability Versus Recall Ability
247(1)
Product Tracing as a Food Safety Tool for Imports
247(1)
References
248(3)
Chapter 12 Improving the Safety of Imported Foods with Intelligent Systems: The Case of United States-Mexico Fresh Produce Supply Chain
251(24)
William Nganje
Na Hu
Timothy Richards
Albert Kagan
Introduction
252(7)
Assessment of Threat and Vulnerability
259(2)
Data and Procedure
261(2)
Optimal Control Procedure
263(2)
Results and Discussion
265(4)
Notes
269(1)
Appendix
270(2)
References
272(3)
Chapter 13 Testing with Confidence in the Pursuit of Global Food Safety
275(18)
Ronald L. Johnson
Robert E. Koeritzer
Introduction
275(4)
AOAC® International: Official Methods of Analysissm
279(1)
Evolution of Method Development and Validation
280(1)
AOAC Research Institute
280(4)
Initial Step in AOAC Harmonization of Rapid Microbiological Test Kits
284(5)
The AOAC Guidelines Under Revision
289(2)
References
291(2)
Chapter 14 Global Food Protection: A New Organization is Needed
293(10)
William H. Sperber
Introduction
293(1)
Background
294(4)
Proposal
298(3)
Conclusion
301(1)
Note
302(1)
References
302(1)
Chapter 15 Summary and Recommendations for the Safety of Imported Foods
303(32)
Lorna Zach
M. Ellin Doyle
Vicki Bier
Chuck Czuprynski
Introduction
305(1)
Summary of Current Concerns
306(10)
Recommendations to Improve the Safety of Imported Foods
316(5)
Concluding Recommendations
321(7)
Conclusion
328(1)
Acknowledgments
328(1)
Notes
329(1)
References
329(6)
Index 335
The Editors

Wayne Ellefson, Covance Laboratories, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.

Lorna Zach, Center for Human Performance and Risk Analysis, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA and System Solutions for the Food Industry, Mt. Horeb, Wisconsin, USA.

Darryl Sullivan, Covance Laboratories, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.