Preface |
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xix | |
Contributors |
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xxi | |
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Section I Normal Variants |
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1 | (34) |
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1 Persistent Primitive Trigeminal Artery |
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3 | (3) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1.1 History and Physical Examination |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Differential Diagnosis |
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4 | (1) |
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1.3 Diagnostic Pearls and Pitfalls |
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4 | (1) |
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1.4 Essential Information about Persistent Primitive Trigeminal Arteries |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (3) |
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6 | (1) |
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2.1.1 History and Physical Examination |
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6 | (1) |
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2.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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6 | (1) |
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2.2 Differential Diagnosis |
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6 | (1) |
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2.3 Diagnostic Pearls and Pitfalls |
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7 | (1) |
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2.4 Essential Information about Arachnoid Granulations |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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2.5.1 History and Physical Examination |
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7 | (2) |
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3 Asymmetry of the Lateral Ventricles |
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9 | (3) |
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9 | (1) |
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3.1.1 History and Physical Examination |
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9 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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9 | (1) |
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3.2 Differential Diagnosis |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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3.4 Essential Information about Asymmetric Lateral Ventricles |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (2) |
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3.5.1 History and Physical Examination |
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10 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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10 | (2) |
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4 Basal Ganglia/Dentate Nuclei Mineralization |
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12 | (3) |
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12 | (1) |
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4.1.1 History and Physical Examination |
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12 | (1) |
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4.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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12 | (1) |
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4.2 Differential Diagnosis |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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4.4 Essential Information about Basal Ganglia Mineralization |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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4.5.1 History and Physical Examination |
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13 | (1) |
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4.5.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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13 | (2) |
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5 Cavum Septum Pellucidum |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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5.1.1 History and Physical Examination |
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15 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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15 | (1) |
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5.2 Differential Diagnosis |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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5.4 Essential Information about Cavum Septum Pellucidum |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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6.1.1 History and Physical Examination |
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18 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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18 | (1) |
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6.2 Differential Diagnosis |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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6.4 Essential Information about Choroid Fissure Cyst |
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19 | (1) |
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7 Empty Sella Configuration |
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20 | (2) |
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20 | (1) |
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7.1.1 History and Physical Examination |
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20 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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20 | (1) |
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7.2 Differential Diagnosis |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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7.4 Essential Information about Empty Sella |
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21 | (1) |
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8 High-Riding Jugular Bulb |
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22 | (3) |
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22 | (1) |
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8.1.1 History and Physical Examination |
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22 | (1) |
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8.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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22 | (1) |
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8.2 Differential Diagnosis |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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8.5 Essential Information about High-Riding Jugular Bulb |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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8.6.1 History and Physical Examination |
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23 | (1) |
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8.6.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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23 | (2) |
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9 Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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9.1.1 History and Physical Examination |
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25 | (1) |
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9.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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25 | (1) |
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9.2 Differential Diagnosis |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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9.4 Essential Information about Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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9.5.1 History and Physical Examination |
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26 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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27 | (1) |
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10 Prominent Perivascular Space |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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10.1.1 History and Physical Examination |
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28 | (1) |
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10.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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28 | (1) |
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10.2 Differential Diagnosis |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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10.5 Essential Information about Prominent Perivascular Space |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (2) |
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10.6.1 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (4) |
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31 | (1) |
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11.1.1 History and Physical Examination |
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31 | (1) |
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11.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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31 | (1) |
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11.2 Differential Diagnosis |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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11.4 Essential Information about Simple Pineal Cyst |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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11.5.1 History and Physical Examination |
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33 | (1) |
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11.5.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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33 | (2) |
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Section II Intracranial Incidental Findings |
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35 | (2) |
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12 Diffuse White Matter Hyperintensities |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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12.3.1 Imaging Findings and impression |
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37 | (1) |
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12.3.2 Additional Imaging Recommended |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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12.4.1 Neurologist History and Physical Examination |
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38 | (1) |
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12.4.2 Recommended Additional Testing |
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38 | (1) |
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12.4.3 2015 MAGNIMS Standardized Brain and Spine MRI Protocol |
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39 | (1) |
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12.4.4 Results of Additional Testing |
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39 | (1) |
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12.4.5 Clinical Impression |
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39 | (1) |
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12.4.6 Management Decision in This Case |
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39 | (1) |
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12.5 Differential Diagnosis of White Matter Lesions |
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39 | (1) |
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12.6 Diagnostic Imaging Pearls |
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39 | (1) |
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12.7 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pitfalls |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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12.9 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pearls: "MS-Like lesions" versus Hypoxic-Ischemic Lesions |
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43 | (1) |
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12.10 Essential Information about Leukoaraiosis ("Age-Related" White Matter Changes and Small-Vessel Ischemic Disease) |
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43 | (1) |
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12.11 Clinical Questions and Answers with a Neurologist about Radiologically Isolated Syndrome |
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43 | (3) |
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13 Brain Capillary Telangiectasias |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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13.4 Clinical Evaluation and Management |
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46 | (1) |
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13.5 Differential Diagnosis |
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47 | (1) |
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13.6 Diagnostic Imaging Pearls |
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47 | (1) |
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13.7 Essential Facts about BCTs |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (4) |
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13.8.1 Companion Case 1: Breast Cancer Metastases |
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48 | (1) |
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13.8.2 Companion Case 2: Recent (Subacute) Pontine Infarct |
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49 | (1) |
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13.8.3 Companion Case 3: Active Pontine Demyelination |
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50 | (1) |
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13.8.4 Companion Case 4: CLIPPERS (Chronic Lymphocytic Inflammation with Pontine Perivascular Enhancement Responsive to Steroids) |
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50 | (1) |
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13.8.5 Companion Case 5: Capillary Telangiectasia |
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51 | (1) |
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13.9 Questions and Answers |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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14 Developmental Venous Anomaly |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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14.5 Differential Diagnosis |
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55 | (1) |
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14.5.1 Diagnostic Imaging and Clinical Pearls |
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55 | (1) |
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14.6 Essential Imaging Facts about DVAs |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (3) |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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14.8 Questions and Answers |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (2) |
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15 Cerebral Cavernous Malformations |
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62 | (10) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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15.3.2 Additional Imaging |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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15.4 Differential Diagnosis |
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62 | (1) |
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15.5 Diagnostic Imaging Pearls |
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63 | (1) |
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15.6 Clinical Evaluation and Management |
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63 | (1) |
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15.6.1 Neurosurgical Evaluation |
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63 | (1) |
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15.6.2 Essential Diagnostic Imaging Information Regarding Cavernous Malformations |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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15.7.1 Companion Cases 1 and 2: Diffuse Axonal Injury |
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64 | (1) |
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15.7.2 Companion Case 3: Amyloid Angiopathy |
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65 | (1) |
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15.7.3 Companion Case 4: Hemorrhagic Metastatic Disease |
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66 | (1) |
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15.7.4 Companion Case: Classic "Popcorn" Appearance of CCM |
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67 | (1) |
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15.8 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (3) |
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72 | (15) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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16.3.2 Additional Imaging Performed |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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16.4.1 Neurosurgery Evaluation |
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74 | (1) |
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16.4.2 Clinical Management |
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74 | (1) |
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16.5 Differential Diagnosis for Masses in the Region of the Foramen of Monro |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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16.7 Essential Facts about Colloid Cysts |
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75 | (1) |
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16.7.1 Key Components of the Radiologist's Report |
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75 | (1) |
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16.7.2 Imaging Features of Colloid Cysts |
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75 | (1) |
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16.7.3 Third Ventricular "Risk" Zones |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (8) |
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16.8.1 Companion Cases Demonstrating Variable Appearances of Third Ventricular Colloid Cysts |
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76 | (2) |
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16.8.2 Companion Cases of Entities Which May Mimic Third Ventricular Colloid Cysts |
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78 | (6) |
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16.9 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers |
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84 | (3) |
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87 | (5) |
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87 | (1) |
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17.1.1 History and Physical Examination |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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17.2.1 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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87 | (1) |
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17.2.2 Imaging Guidelines |
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87 | (1) |
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17.3 Clinical Evaluation and Management |
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88 | (1) |
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17.4 Differential Diagnosis |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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17.6 Essential information about arachnoid cysts |
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88 | (2) |
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88 | (1) |
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17.6.2 Galassi Classification |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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17.7.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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90 | (1) |
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17.7.3 Neurosurgical Consultation |
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90 | (1) |
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17.8 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (3) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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18.2.1 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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92 | (1) |
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18.3 Differential Diagnosis |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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18.5 Essential Information about Mega Cisterna Magna |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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18.7 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers |
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94 | (1) |
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19 Benign Enlargement of Subarachnoid Spaces |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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19.2.1 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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95 | (1) |
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19.3 Differential Diagnosis |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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19.5 Essential information about Benign Enlargement of Subarachnoid Spaces |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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19.6.1 Benign Enlargement of Subarachnoid Spaces versus Chronic Subdural Hematomas |
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96 | (1) |
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19.7 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers |
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97 | (1) |
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20 Pituitary Incidentaloma and Incidental Silent Macroadenoma |
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98 | (22) |
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20.1 Pituitary Incidentaloma |
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98 | (10) |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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20.1.4 Clinical Evaluation |
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100 | (1) |
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20.1.5 Imaging Differential Diagnosis of Intrasellar Lesions |
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100 | (1) |
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20.1.6 Diagnostic Imaging Pearls |
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100 | (1) |
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20.1.7 Diagnostic Imaging Pitfalls: Artifacts and "Overcalls" |
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101 | (1) |
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20.1.8 Additional Information Regarding Pituitary Lesion Imaging |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (5) |
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20.2 Incidental Silent Macroadenoma |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (2) |
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20.2.4 Clinical Evaluation |
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112 | (1) |
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20.2.5 Differential Diagnosis of Sellar/Parasellar Masses |
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112 | (1) |
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20.2.6 Diagnostic Imaging and Clinical Pearls and Pitfalls |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (2) |
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20.2.8 Neurosurgery and Endocrinology Questions and Answers |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (3) |
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21 Pituitary Gland: Diffuse Enlargement |
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120 | (9) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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21.3.1 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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120 | (1) |
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21.3.2 Additional Imaging Recommended |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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21.4.1 Endocrinologist Evaluation |
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121 | (1) |
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21.4.2 Recommended Laboratory Testing and Results |
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121 | (1) |
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21.4.3 Clinical Impression |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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21.5 Differential Diagnosis of Diffuse Enlargement of the Pituitary Gland |
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121 | (1) |
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21.6 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pearls |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (4) |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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21.8 Neurosurgery and Endocrinology Questions and Answers |
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126 | (3) |
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22 Incidental Glial Neoplasms |
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129 | (11) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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22.2.1 History and Physical Examination |
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129 | (1) |
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22.2.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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129 | (1) |
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22.2.3 Additional Imaging |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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22.3.1 Clinical Impression and Management |
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130 | (1) |
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22.4 Differential Diagnosis |
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130 | (1) |
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22.5 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pearls and Pitfalls |
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131 | (1) |
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22.6 Essential Facts about Gliomas |
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131 | (1) |
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22.7 Clinical Relevance of Genomic Alterations and Correlation with Conventional and Advanced Imaging Techniques |
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132 | (2) |
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22.7.1 Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutations in Gliomas |
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132 | (1) |
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22.7.2 lpl9q Codeletion, IDH Mutated ("Oligodendroglioma Phenotype") |
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132 | (1) |
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22.7.3 ATRX Mutated, lpl9q Intact, IDH Mutated ("Diffuse Astrocytoma Phenotype") |
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132 | (1) |
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22.7.4 IDH-Mutated GBM ("Secondary GBM Phenotype") |
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133 | (1) |
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22.7.5 IDHwt GBM ("Primary GBM Phenotype") |
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133 | (1) |
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22.7.6 MGMT promoter methylation |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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22.8.1 History and Physical Examination |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (2) |
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22.8.3 Clinical Evaluation |
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136 | (1) |
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22.9 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (5) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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23.2.1 History and Physical Examination |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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23.2.3 Additional Tests to Consider |
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141 | (1) |
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23.3 Neurosurgical Consultation |
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141 | (1) |
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23.4 Differential Diagnosis of Dural Based Masses |
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141 | (1) |
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23.5 Diagnostic Pearls and Pitfalls |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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23.6.2 Imaging Description and Impression |
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142 | (1) |
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23.6.3 Neurosurgery Consultation |
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142 | (1) |
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23.7 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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Section III Head and Neck-Associated Incidental Findings |
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145 | (2) |
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24 Head and Neck-Related Incidental Findings |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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24.1.2 Clinical Evaluation |
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147 | (1) |
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24.1.3 Differential Diagnosis |
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148 | (1) |
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24.1.4 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pearls and Pitfalls |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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24.2 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst |
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149 | (2) |
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149 | (1) |
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24.2.2 Clinical Evaluation |
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149 | (1) |
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24.2.3 Differential Diagnosis |
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150 | (1) |
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24.2.4 Imaging Pearls and Pitfalls |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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24.3 Prominent Nasopharyngeal Soft Tissue |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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24.3.2 Clinical Management |
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151 | (1) |
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24.3.3 Differential Diagnosis |
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|
151 | (1) |
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24.3.4 Imaging Pearls and Pitfalls |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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24.4 Incidental Enlarged Lymph Node |
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152 | (2) |
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152 | (1) |
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24.4.2 Clinical Management |
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153 | (1) |
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24.4.3 Differential Diagnosis |
|
|
153 | (1) |
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24.4.4 Imaging Pearls and Pitfalls |
|
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Section IV Spinal Incidental Findings |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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25.2.1 History and Physical Examination |
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157 | (1) |
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25.2.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
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157 | (1) |
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25.2.3 Additional Imaging to Be Considered for Further Evaluation |
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158 | (1) |
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|
159 | (1) |
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25.4 Differential Diagnosis |
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160 | (1) |
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25.5 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pearls |
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161 | (1) |
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25.6 Essential Information about the Os Odontoideum |
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161 | (1) |
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25.6.1 Embryology of C2 and Its Odontoid Process |
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161 | (1) |
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25.6.2 Os Odontoideum: Classification Schemes |
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162 | (1) |
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25.6.3 Controversial Etiology |
|
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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25.7.1 Case 1: Type 2 Odontoid Fracture |
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162 | (1) |
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25.7.2 Case 2: Chronic Odontoid Fracture with Nonunion |
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163 | (1) |
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25.7.3 Case 3:0s Terminate Persistens |
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163 | (1) |
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25.7.4 Case 4: Os Odontoideum versus Large Os Terminale |
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164 | (1) |
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25.7.5 Case 5: Os Odontoideum |
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164 | (1) |
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25.7.6 Case 6: Massive "Os Odontoideum" |
|
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165 | (1) |
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25.7.7 Case 7: Basilar Process Mimicking a Condylus Tertius |
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166 | (1) |
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25.7.8 Case 8: Dystrophic Ossification in the Region of the Dens |
|
|
167 | (1) |
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25.8 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers |
|
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (5) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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26.2.1 History and Physical Examination |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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26.4 Differential Diagnosis |
|
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171 | (1) |
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|
172 | (1) |
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26.6 Essential Information about Spinal Meningeal Cysts |
|
|
172 | (1) |
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|
173 | (1) |
|
26.7.1 History and Physical Examination |
|
|
173 | (1) |
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|
173 | (1) |
|
26.7.3 Clinical Evaluation |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
26.8 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers |
|
|
174 | (2) |
|
27 Approach to the Solitary Vertebral Lesion on Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
|
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176 | (1) |
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176 | (14) |
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|
176 | (1) |
|
27.2.1 History and Physical Examination |
|
|
176 | (1) |
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|
176 | (1) |
|
27.3 Recommended Management |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
27.4 Differential Diagnosis for a Focal Vertebral Lesion on MRI That Is Hyperintense T1 Weighted Images |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
27.5 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pearls: An Approach to the Solitary Vertebral Lesion Detected Incidentally on MRI |
|
|
177 | (4) |
|
27.6 Essential Facts about Hemangiomas |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
27.6.2 Imaging Appearance |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
27.7.1 Companion Case 1: Typical Hemangioma |
|
|
182 | (1) |
|
27.7.2 Companion Case 2: Aggressive Hemangioma |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
27.7.3 Companion Case 3: Intraosseous lipoma |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
27.7.4 Companion Case 4: Atypical Hemangioma |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
27.7.5 Companion Case 5: Focal Red Marrow |
|
|
186 | (2) |
|
27.7.6 Companion Case 6: Appearance of a Typical Hemangioma on Fat-Suppressed T2W Images |
|
|
188 | (2) |
|
28 Diffusely Abnormal Marrow Signal within the Vertebrae on MRI |
|
|
190 | (1) |
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|
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|
|
190 | (1) |
|
28.2 Diffuse Abnormal Marrow: Normal Variant |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
28.2.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
28.2.3 Additional Testing Options |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
28.2.4 Clinical Evaluation |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
28.2.5 Differential Diagnosis of Diffuse, Heterogeneous Marrow Signal |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
28.2.6 Essential Information regarding Bone Marrow Signal on MRI |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
28.2.7 Pearls and Pitfalls in Interpretation of Bone Marrow Signal on MRI |
|
|
192 | (2) |
|
28.2.8 Companion Case: Examples of Adult Normal Bone Marrow on MRI |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
28.3 Diffuse Bone Marrow Signal Abnormality: Hairy Cell Leukemia |
|
|
195 | (4) |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
28.3.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
|
|
195 | (2) |
|
28.3.3 Clinical Evaluation |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
28.3.4 Differential Diagnosis of the Most Common Causes of Diffuse Abnormality of the Bone Marrow Signal (Hypointense on T1 Wis) |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
28.3.5 Essential Information regarding Hairy Cell Leukemia |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
28.4.3 Clinical Evaluation |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
28.4.4 Differential Diagnosis of Multifocal Vertebral Lesions |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
28.4.5 Pearls and Pitfalls of Imaging Interpretation in Multiple Myeloma |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
28.4.6 Essential Clinical and Imaging Information Regarding Multiple Myeloma |
|
|
201 | (2) |
|
29 Filum Terminale Lipoma |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
29.3 Differential Diagnosis |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
29.5 Essential Information about Filum Terminale Lipoma |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
29.6 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
30 Ventriculus Terminalis |
|
|
205 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
30.3 Differential Diagnosis |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
30.5 Essential Information about ventriculus Terminalis |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
30.6 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
31 Prominent Central Canal |
|
|
207 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
31.3 Differential Diagnosis |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
31.5 Essential Information about Prominent Central Canal |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
31.6 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
32.3 Differential Diagnosis |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
32.5 Essential Information about Low-Lying Conus |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
32.6 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
33 Incidental Solitary Sclerotic Bone Lesion |
|
|
211 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
33.4 Clinical Evaluation and Management |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
33.5 Imaging Differential Diagnosis |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
33.6 Distinguishing a Bone Island from a Solitary Sclerotic Metastasis: Diagnostic Imaging Pearls |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
33.8 Essential Information about Bone Islands |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
33.9.1 Case 1: Typical Bone Island on CT and MRI |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
33.9.2 Case 2: Solitary Prostate Cancer Metastasis |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
33.9.3 Case 3: Benign Notochordal Cell Tumor |
|
|
215 | (4) |
|
Section V Extraspinal Incidental Findings |
|
|
219 | (2) |
|
34 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
34.1.4 Additional Testing Needed and Rationale |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
34.1.5 Management Decision |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (2) |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
34.2.4 Additional Evaluation Needed and Rationale |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
34.2.5 Management Decision |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
34.3 Differential Diagnosis |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
34.4 Diagnostic Imaging Pearls and Pitfalls |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
34.5 Essential Additional Information about Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
|
226 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
35.1.1 Imaging Impression |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
35.1.2 Diagnostic Testing Needed |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
35.1.3 Imaging Interpretation |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
35.2.1 Imaging Impression |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
35.2.2 Additional Testing Needed |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
35.2.3 Imaging Interpretation |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
35.3 Differential Diagnosis |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
35.4 Diagnostic Pitfalls and Pearls |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
35.5 Essential Facts about Renal Masses Detected Incidentally on MRI |
|
|
229 | (3) |
|
|
232 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
36.2 Diagnostic Testing Needed |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
36.4 Diagnostic Pitfalls and Pearls |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
36.5 Management of Incidentally Identified Renal Cysts by MR Imaging |
|
|
235 | (2) |
|
|
237 | (5) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
237 | (2) |
|
37.1.1 Imaging Impression |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
37.1.2 Additional Testing Needed: Thyroid Ultrasound |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
37.1.3 Imaging Interpretation |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
37.2.1 Imaging Impression |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
37.2.2 Additional Testing Needed |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
37.2.3 Imaging Impression |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
37.3 Diagnostic Pearls and Pitfalls |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
37.4 Essential Facts about Thyroid Nodules Detected Incidentally on MRI |
|
|
240 | (2) |
|
|
242 | (7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
38.1.1 Imaging Impression |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
38.1.2 Additional Testing Needed |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
38.1.3 Imaging Impression |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
38.2.1 Imaging Impression |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
38.2.2 Additional Testing Needed |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
38.2.3 Imaging Impression |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
38.3.1 Imaging Impression |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
38.4 Diagnostic Pearls and Pitfalls |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
38.5 Essential Facts about Adrenal Incidentalomas Detected on MRI |
|
|
245 | (3) |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
39 Retroperitoneal Lymph Nodes |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
39.1.2 Most Likely Imaging Diagnosis for Case 1 |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
39.2.2 Most Likely Imaging Diagnosis for Case 2 |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
39.3 Differential Considerations and Diagnostic Checklist |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
39.4 Additional Essential Information Regarding Incidentally Detected "Lymphadenopathy" |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
39.4.1 Definitions and Key Facts |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
39.4.2 Imaging and Workup |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
40 Incidental Pelvic Mass |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
40.2 Imaging Findings and Impression |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
40.2.1 Additional Testing Needed |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
40.2.2 Pelvic Ultrasound Findings and Impression |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
40.3 Essential Information regarding Ovarian Serous Cystadenomas |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
40.4 Essential Information about Incidental Pelvic Masses Detected on Lumbosacral MRI or CT |
|
|
255 | (2) |
|
|
257 | (2) |
|
Section VI Artifacts That May Obscure Pathology and Simulate Disease Entities |
|
|
259 | (2) |
|
41 Computed Tomography Artifacts |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
|
|
41.1 Computed Tomography Angiography |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
41.1.1 Case Presentation: CTA Artifacts Mimicking Carotid Artery Dissection |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
|
262 | (6) |
|
41.1.3 Case Presentation: CTA Artifact Mimicking Partial Basilar Artery Thrombosis |
|
|
268 | (4) |
|
41.2 Beam Hardening Artifact Mimics a Brain Tumor |
|
|
272 | (3) |
|
41.3 Ring Detector Artifact Simulates a Mass in the Basal Ganglia |
|
|
275 | (2) |
|
42 MRI Patient-Related Motion Artifacts |
|
|
277 | (17) |
|
|
|
|
42.1 Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Artifacts |
|
|
277 | (4) |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
42.1.2 Differential Diagnosis |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
42.1.3 Differential Diagnostic Pearls and Pitfalls |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
42.1.4 Artifact Problem-Solving: Additional Evaluation Recommended in Difficult Cases |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
42.1.5 Essential Information |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
279 | (2) |
|
42.2 Pulsatile Motion Artifact |
|
|
281 | (3) |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
42.2.2 Artifact Problem-Solving: Additional Evaluation or Sequence Modifications Recommended in Difficult Cases |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
42.2.3 Essential Information: Motion Artifact on MRI Creating Pseudo-Lesions |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
42.3 Slow Flow in Vessels Creating Artifacts on MRI |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
|
284 | (2) |
|
42.3.2 Differential Diagnostic Pearls |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
42.3.3 Artifact Problem-Solving: Additional Evaluation to Consider in Difficult Cases |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
42.3.4 Essential Facts: Artifacts Produced by Flowing Blood on MRI |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
287 | (4) |
|
42.4 Random Patient Motion |
|
|
291 | (3) |
|
|
291 | (3) |
|
43 Magnetic Susceptibility-Related Artifacts on MRI |
|
|
294 | (13) |
|
|
|
|
43.1 General Magnetic Susceptibility-Related Artifacts |
|
|
294 | (5) |
|
43.1.1 Case 1 Presentation |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
43.1.3 Essential Facts about Magnetic Susceptibility Artifacts in MR Imaging |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
295 | (4) |
|
43.2 Vascular Stent Artifacts |
|
|
299 | (8) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
43.2.3 Differential Diagnosis |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
43.2.4 Imaging Impression |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
43.2.5 Essential Information regarding Stent-Related Artifacts |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
43.2.6 Common Artifactual Phenomenon Simulating Abnormalities on 2D TOF MRA |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
|
301 | (6) |
|
44 MRI Technical and Sequence-Specific Artifacts |
|
|
307 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
44.1 Pulse Sequence-Specific Artifacts: FLAIR |
|
|
307 | (7) |
|
44.1.1 Case 1 Presentation |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
44.1.3 Differential Diagnosis of Subarachnoid FLAIR Hyperintensity |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
44.1.4 Pearls and Pitfalls of FLAIR Imaging |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
44.1.5 Essential Facts about FLAIR Imaging |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
309 | (3) |
|
44.1.7 Case 2 Presentation |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
44.1.9 Differential Diagnosis |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
44.1.10 Essential Information regarding the T1W-FLAIR Sequence |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
44.2 Hardware/Room-Related MR Artifacts |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
44.2.1 Case 1 Presentation |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
44.3 Nonspecific Pulse Sequence Technical Artifacts: Wraparound Artifact with and without the Use of Parallel Imaging Techniques |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
44.3.1 Case 1 Presentation |
|
|
317 | (4) |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
44.3.3 Essential Information regarding Wraparound Artifact |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
44.3.6 Essential Information about Parallel Imaging and Reconstruction Artifacts |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
320 | (1) |
Index |
|
321 | |