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E-grāmata: Incidental Findings in Neuroimaging and Their Management: A Guide for Radiologists, Neurosurgeons, and Neurologists

  • Formāts: 346 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 26-May-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Thieme Medical Publishers Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781638535393
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  • Formāts: 346 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 26-May-2020
  • Izdevniecība: Thieme Medical Publishers Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781638535393
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"Incidental Findings in Neuroimaging and Their Management: A Guide for Radiologists, Neurosurgeons, and Neurologists presents a streamlined, case-based approach to 50 commonly seen incidental findings in neuroimaging. Edited by Kaye D. Westmark, Dong H. Kim, and Roy F. Riascos, this unique book provides the necessary knowledge to manage significant unexpected findings-from identification and analysis to efficacious interventions. With collaborative contributions from neuroradiologists, neurosurgeons, neurologists, otolaryngologists, body and musculoskeletal imaging experts, endocrinologists, and hematologists/oncologists, this resource encompasses a wide spectrum of incidental findings. Organized into six sections, the book starts with normal variants that are extremely important to recognize in order to avoid unwarranted additional testing and unnecessary stress for the patient. Subsequent sections detail abnormalities that require extensive clinical evaluation in order to determine ideal management. These include incidental findings for extracranial, extraspinal, intracranial, and intraspinal imaging. The final section outlines CT and MR imaging artifacts that are particularly concerning because they may mimic more dangerous pathologies while degradingimaging quality and obscuring real findings. Key Features Key findings and differential diagnosis are listed for each entity Diagnostic decision trees present algorithms in an easy-to-understand manner Artifact analyses explain the technical reason for each artifact and what can be done to mitigate effects Clinical Q&As connect the radiologic diagnosis with actual case management decisions and provide in-depth background information that is applicable to management in various scenarios This essential guide will help trainee and practicing neuroradiologists, neurosurgeons, and neurologists interpret incidental spine and brain imaging findings and make clinically informed, complex treatment decisions"--

A multidisciplinary guide to managing incidental findings in neuroimaging from top experts

Incidental Findings in Neuroimaging and Their Management: A Guide for Radiologists, Neurosurgeons, and Neurologists presents a streamlined, case-based approach to 50 commonly seen incidental findings in neuroimaging. Edited by Kaye Westmark, Dong Kim, and Roy Riascos, this unique book provides the necessary knowledge to manage significant unexpected findings&;from identification and analysis to efficacious interventions. With collaborative contributions from neuroradiologists, neurosurgeons, neurologists, otolaryngologists, body and musculoskeletal imaging experts, endocrinologists and hematologists/oncologists, this resource encompasses a wide spectrum of incidental findings.

Organized by six sections, the book starts with normal variants that are extremely important to recognize in order to avoid unwarranted additional testing and unnecessary stress for the patient. Subsequent sections detail abnormalities that require extensive clinical evaluation in order to determine ideal management. These include incidental findings for extracranial, extra-spinal, intracranial, and intraspinal imaging. The final section outlines CT and MR imaging artifacts that are particularly concerning because they may mimic more dangerous pathologies while degrading imaging quality and obscuring real findings.

Key Features

  • Key findings and differential diagnosis are listed for each entity
  • Diagnostic decision trees present algorithms in an easy-to-understand manner
  • Artifact analyses explain the technical reason for each artifact and what can be done to mitigate effects
  • Clinical Q&As connect the radiologic diagnosis with actual case management decisions and provide in-depth background information that is applicable to management in various scenarios

This essential guide will help trainee and practicing neuroradiologists, neurosurgeons, and neurologists interpret incidental spine and brain imaging findings and make clinically informed, complex treatment decisions.

This book includes complimentary access to a digital copy on https://medone.thieme.com.

Preface xix
Contributors xxi
Section I Normal Variants
1(34)
1 Persistent Primitive Trigeminal Artery
3(3)
Kaye D. Westmark
Laura Ocasio
Roy F. Riascos
1.1 Case Presentation
3(1)
1.1.1 History and Physical Examination
3(1)
1.2 Differential Diagnosis
4(1)
1.3 Diagnostic Pearls and Pitfalls
4(1)
1.4 Essential Information about Persistent Primitive Trigeminal Arteries
5(1)
2 Arachnoid Granulations
6(3)
Susana Calle
Pejman Rabiei
Shekhar D. Khanpara
Roy F. Riascos
2.1 Case Presentation
6(1)
2.1.1 History and Physical Examination
6(1)
2.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
6(1)
2.2 Differential Diagnosis
6(1)
2.3 Diagnostic Pearls and Pitfalls
7(1)
2.4 Essential Information about Arachnoid Granulations
7(1)
2.5 Companion Case
7(2)
2.5.1 History and Physical Examination
7(2)
3 Asymmetry of the Lateral Ventricles
9(3)
Susana Calle
Pejman Rabiei
Shekhar D. Khanpara
Roy F. Riascos
3.1 Case Presentation
9(1)
3.1.1 History and Physical Examination
9(1)
3.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
9(1)
3.2 Differential Diagnosis
10(1)
3.3 Diagnostic Pearls
10(1)
3.4 Essential Information about Asymmetric Lateral Ventricles
10(1)
3.5 Companion Case
10(2)
3.5.1 History and Physical Examination
10(1)
3.5.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
10(2)
4 Basal Ganglia/Dentate Nuclei Mineralization
12(3)
Susana Calle
Pejman Rabiei
Shekhar D. Khanpara
Roy F. Riascos
4.1 Case Presentation
12(1)
4.1.1 History and Physical Examination
12(1)
4.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
12(1)
4.2 Differential Diagnosis
13(1)
4.3 Diagnostic Pearls
13(1)
4.4 Essential Information about Basal Ganglia Mineralization
13(1)
4.5 Companion Case
13(1)
4.5.1 History and Physical Examination
13(1)
4.5.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
13(2)
5 Cavum Septum Pellucidum
15(1)
Susana Calle
Pejman Rabiei
Shekhar D. Khanpara
Roy F. Riascos
5.1 Case Presentation
15(1)
5.1.1 History and Physical Examination
15(1)
5.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
15(1)
5.2 Differential Diagnosis
15(1)
5.3 Diagnostic Pearls
16(1)
5.4 Essential Information about Cavum Septum Pellucidum
16(1)
5.5 Companion Cases
16(2)
5.5.1 Companion Case 1
16(1)
5.5.2 Companion Case 2
17(1)
6 Choroid Fissure Cyst
18(1)
Susana Calle
Pejman Rabiei
Shekhar D. Khanpara
Roy F. Riascos
6.1 Case Presentation
18(1)
6.1.1 History and Physical Examination
18(1)
6.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
18(1)
6.2 Differential Diagnosis
19(1)
6.3 Diagnostic Pearls
19(1)
6.4 Essential Information about Choroid Fissure Cyst
19(1)
7 Empty Sella Configuration
20(2)
Susana Calle
Pejman Rabiei
Shekhar D. Khanpara
Roy F. Riascos
7.1 Case Presentation
20(1)
7.1.1 History and Physical Examination
20(1)
7.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
20(1)
7.2 Differential Diagnosis
21(1)
7.3 Diagnostic Pearls
21(1)
7.4 Essential Information about Empty Sella
21(1)
8 High-Riding Jugular Bulb
22(3)
Susana Calle
Pejman Rabiei
Shekhar D. Khanpara
Roy F. Riascos
8.1 Case Presentation
22(1)
8.1.1 History and Physical Examination
22(1)
8.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
22(1)
8.2 Differential Diagnosis
23(1)
8.3 Diagnostic Pearls
23(1)
8.4 Pitfalls
23(1)
8.5 Essential Information about High-Riding Jugular Bulb
23(1)
8.6 Companion Case
23(1)
8.6.1 History and Physical Examination
23(1)
8.6.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
23(2)
9 Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna
25(1)
Susana Calle
Pejman Rabiei
Shekhar D. Khanpara
Roy F. Riascos
9.1 Case Presentation
25(1)
9.1.1 History and Physical Examination
25(1)
9.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
25(1)
9.2 Differential Diagnosis
25(1)
9.3 Diagnostic Pearls
26(1)
9.4 Essential Information about Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna
26(1)
9.5 Companion Case
26(2)
9.5.1 History and Physical Examination
26(1)
9.5.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
27(1)
10 Prominent Perivascular Space
28(1)
Susana Calle
Pejman Rabiei
Shekhar D. Khanpara
Roy F. Riascos
10.1 Case Presentation
28(1)
10.1.1 History and Physical Examination
28(1)
10.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
28(1)
10.2 Differential Diagnosis
29(1)
10.3 Diagnostic Pearls
29(1)
10.4 Pitfalls
29(1)
10.5 Essential Information about Prominent Perivascular Space
29(1)
10.6 Companion Case
29(2)
10.6.1 Imaging Findings and Impression
29(2)
11 Simple Pineal Cyst
31(4)
Susana Calle
Pejman Rabiei
Shekhar D. Khanpara
Roy F. Riascos
11.1 Case Presentation
31(1)
11.1.1 History and Physical Examination
31(1)
11.1.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
31(1)
11.2 Differential Diagnosis
32(1)
11.3 Diagnostic Pearls
32(1)
11.4 Essential Information about Simple Pineal Cyst
32(1)
11.5 Companion Case
33(1)
11.5.1 History and Physical Examination
33(1)
11.5.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
33(2)
Section II Intracranial Incidental Findings
35(2)
12 Diffuse White Matter Hyperintensities
37(1)
Carlos A. Perez
John A. Lincoln
12.1 Introduction
37(1)
12.2 Case Presentation
37(1)
12.2.1 History
37(1)
12.3 Imaging Analysis
37(1)
12.3.1 Imaging Findings and impression
37(1)
12.3.2 Additional Imaging Recommended
37(1)
12.4 Clinical Evaluation
38(1)
12.4.1 Neurologist History and Physical Examination
38(1)
12.4.2 Recommended Additional Testing
38(1)
12.4.3 2015 MAGNIMS Standardized Brain and Spine MRI Protocol
39(1)
12.4.4 Results of Additional Testing
39(1)
12.4.5 Clinical Impression
39(1)
12.4.6 Management Decision in This Case
39(1)
12.5 Differential Diagnosis of White Matter Lesions
39(1)
12.6 Diagnostic Imaging Pearls
39(1)
12.7 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pitfalls
39(1)
12.8 Companion Cases
40(1)
12.8.1 Companion Case 1
40(1)
12.8.2 Companion Case 2
41(1)
12.8.3 Companion Case 3
42(1)
12.9 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pearls: "MS-Like lesions" versus Hypoxic-Ischemic Lesions
43(1)
12.10 Essential Information about Leukoaraiosis ("Age-Related" White Matter Changes and Small-Vessel Ischemic Disease)
43(1)
12.11 Clinical Questions and Answers with a Neurologist about Radiologically Isolated Syndrome
43(3)
13 Brain Capillary Telangiectasias
46(1)
Emilio P. Supsupin Jr.
13.1 Introduction
46(1)
13.2 Case Presentation
46(1)
13.3 Imaging Analysis
46(1)
13.3.1 Imaging Findings
46(1)
13.4 Clinical Evaluation and Management
46(1)
13.5 Differential Diagnosis
47(1)
13.6 Diagnostic Imaging Pearls
47(1)
13.7 Essential Facts about BCTs
47(1)
13.8 Companion Cases
48(4)
13.8.1 Companion Case 1: Breast Cancer Metastases
48(1)
13.8.2 Companion Case 2: Recent (Subacute) Pontine Infarct
49(1)
13.8.3 Companion Case 3: Active Pontine Demyelination
50(1)
13.8.4 Companion Case 4: CLIPPERS (Chronic Lymphocytic Inflammation with Pontine Perivascular Enhancement Responsive to Steroids)
50(1)
13.8.5 Companion Case 5: Capillary Telangiectasia
51(1)
13.9 Questions and Answers
52(1)
13.10 Key Point Summary
53(1)
14 Developmental Venous Anomaly
54(1)
Emilio P. Supsupin Jr.
14.1 Introduction
54(1)
14.2 Case Presentation
54(1)
14.3 Imaging Analysis
54(1)
14.3.1 Imaging Findings
54(1)
14.3.2 Impression
54(1)
14.4 Clinical Evaluation
54(1)
14.5 Differential Diagnosis
55(1)
14.5.1 Diagnostic Imaging and Clinical Pearls
55(1)
14.6 Essential Imaging Facts about DVAs
56(1)
14.7 Companion Cases
56(3)
14.7.1 Companion Case 1
56(2)
14.7.2 Companion Case 2
58(1)
14.8 Questions and Answers
59(1)
14.9 Key Point Summary
60(2)
15 Cerebral Cavernous Malformations
62(10)
Emilio P. Supsupin Jr.
Mark Dannenbaum
15.1 Introduction
62(1)
15.2 Case Presentation
62(1)
15.3 Imaging Analysis
62(1)
15.3.1 Imaging Findings
62(1)
15.3.2 Additional Imaging
62(1)
15.3.3 Imaging Findings
62(1)
15.3.4 Impression
62(1)
15.4 Differential Diagnosis
62(1)
15.5 Diagnostic Imaging Pearls
63(1)
15.6 Clinical Evaluation and Management
63(1)
15.6.1 Neurosurgical Evaluation
63(1)
15.6.2 Essential Diagnostic Imaging Information Regarding Cavernous Malformations
63(1)
15.7 Companion Cases
64(1)
15.7.1 Companion Cases 1 and 2: Diffuse Axonal Injury
64(1)
15.7.2 Companion Case 3: Amyloid Angiopathy
65(1)
15.7.3 Companion Case 4: Hemorrhagic Metastatic Disease
66(1)
15.7.4 Companion Case: Classic "Popcorn" Appearance of CCM
67(1)
15.8 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
67(2)
15.9 Key Point Summary
69(3)
16 Colloid Cyst
72(15)
Christopher R. Conner
Hussein A. Zeineddine
Kaye D. Westmark
Arthur L. Day
16.1 Introduction
72(1)
16.2 Case presentation
72(1)
16.2.1 Clinical History
72(1)
16.3 Imaging Analysis
73(1)
16.3.1 Imaging Findings
73(1)
16.3.2 Additional Imaging Performed
73(1)
16.4 Clinical Evaluation
74(1)
16.4.1 Neurosurgery Evaluation
74(1)
16.4.2 Clinical Management
74(1)
16.5 Differential Diagnosis for Masses in the Region of the Foramen of Monro
74(1)
16.6 Pearls and Pitfalls
75(1)
16.7 Essential Facts about Colloid Cysts
75(1)
16.7.1 Key Components of the Radiologist's Report
75(1)
16.7.2 Imaging Features of Colloid Cysts
75(1)
16.7.3 Third Ventricular "Risk" Zones
75(1)
16.8 Companion Cases
76(8)
16.8.1 Companion Cases Demonstrating Variable Appearances of Third Ventricular Colloid Cysts
76(2)
16.8.2 Companion Cases of Entities Which May Mimic Third Ventricular Colloid Cysts
78(6)
16.9 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
84(3)
17 Arachnoid Cysts
87(5)
Phillip A. Choi
Susana Calle
Pejman Rabiei
Shekhar D. Khanpara
Roy F. Riascos
Dong H. Kim
17.1 Case Presentation
87(1)
17.1.1 History and Physical Examination
87(1)
17.2 Imaging Analysis
87(1)
17.2.1 Imaging Findings and Impression
87(1)
17.2.2 Imaging Guidelines
87(1)
17.3 Clinical Evaluation and Management
88(1)
17.4 Differential Diagnosis
88(1)
17.5 Diagnostic Pearls
88(1)
17.6 Essential information about arachnoid cysts
88(2)
17.6.1 Etiology
88(1)
17.6.2 Galassi Classification
88(2)
17.7 Companion Case
90(1)
17.7.1 History
90(1)
17.7.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
90(1)
17.7.3 Neurosurgical Consultation
90(1)
17.8 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
90(2)
18 Mega Cisterna Magna
92(3)
Cole T. Lewis
Octavio Arevalo
Rajan P. Patel
David I. Sandberg
18.1 Case Presentation
92(1)
18.1.1 History
92(1)
18.2 Imaging Analysis
92(1)
18.2.1 Imaging Findings and Impression
92(1)
18.3 Differential Diagnosis
93(1)
18.4 Diagnostic Pearls
93(1)
18.5 Essential Information about Mega Cisterna Magna
93(1)
18.6 Companion Case
93(1)
18.7 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
94(1)
19 Benign Enlargement of Subarachnoid Spaces
95(1)
Cole T. Lewis
Octavio Arevalo
Rajan P. Patel
David I. Sandberg
19.1 Case Presentation
95(1)
19.1.1 History
95(1)
19.2 Imaging Analysis
95(1)
19.2.1 Imaging Findings and Impression
95(1)
19.3 Differential Diagnosis
96(1)
19.4 Diagnostic Pearls
96(1)
19.5 Essential information about Benign Enlargement of Subarachnoid Spaces
96(1)
19.6 Companion Case
96(1)
19.6.1 Benign Enlargement of Subarachnoid Spaces versus Chronic Subdural Hematomas
96(1)
19.7 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
97(1)
20 Pituitary Incidentaloma and Incidental Silent Macroadenoma
98(22)
Wesley H. Jones
Katie B. Cuttenberg
Kaye D. Westmark
Spiros L. Blackburn
20.1 Pituitary Incidentaloma
98(10)
20.1.1 Introduction
98(1)
20.1.2 Case Presentation
98(1)
20.1.3 Imaging Analysis
99(1)
20.1.4 Clinical Evaluation
100(1)
20.1.5 Imaging Differential Diagnosis of Intrasellar Lesions
100(1)
20.1.6 Diagnostic Imaging Pearls
100(1)
20.1.7 Diagnostic Imaging Pitfalls: Artifacts and "Overcalls"
101(1)
20.1.8 Additional Information Regarding Pituitary Lesion Imaging
102(1)
20.1.9 Companion Cases
103(5)
20.2 Incidental Silent Macroadenoma
108(1)
20.2.1 Introduction
108(1)
20.2.2 Case Presentation
109(1)
20.2.3 Imaging Analysis
110(2)
20.2.4 Clinical Evaluation
112(1)
20.2.5 Differential Diagnosis of Sellar/Parasellar Masses
112(1)
20.2.6 Diagnostic Imaging and Clinical Pearls and Pitfalls
112(1)
20.2.7 Companion Case
113(2)
20.2.8 Neurosurgery and Endocrinology Questions and Answers
115(2)
20.3 Key Point Summary
117(3)
21 Pituitary Gland: Diffuse Enlargement
120(9)
Saint-Aaron L. Morris
Kaye D. Westmark
Spiros L. Blackburn
Katie B. Guttenberg
21.1 Introduction
120(1)
21.2 Case Presentation
120(1)
21.2.1 History
120(1)
21.3 Imaging Analysis
120(1)
21.3.1 Imaging Findings and Impression
120(1)
21.3.2 Additional Imaging Recommended
120(1)
21.4 Clinical Evaluation
121(1)
21.4.1 Endocrinologist Evaluation
121(1)
21.4.2 Recommended Laboratory Testing and Results
121(1)
21.4.3 Clinical Impression
121(1)
21.4.4 Recommendations
121(1)
21.5 Differential Diagnosis of Diffuse Enlargement of the Pituitary Gland
121(1)
21.6 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pearls
121(1)
21.7 Companion Cases
122(4)
21.7.1 Companion Case 1
122(2)
21.7.2 Companion Case 2
124(1)
21.7.3 Companion Case 3
125(1)
21.8 Neurosurgery and Endocrinology Questions and Answers
126(3)
22 Incidental Glial Neoplasms
129(11)
Keith Kerr
Nitin Tandon
Raul F. Valenzuela
Yoshua Esquenazi
22.1 Introduction
129(1)
22.2 Case Presentation
129(1)
22.2.1 History and Physical Examination
129(1)
22.2.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
129(1)
22.2.3 Additional Imaging
130(1)
22.3 Clinical Evaluation
130(1)
22.3.1 Clinical Impression and Management
130(1)
22.4 Differential Diagnosis
130(1)
22.5 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pearls and Pitfalls
131(1)
22.6 Essential Facts about Gliomas
131(1)
22.7 Clinical Relevance of Genomic Alterations and Correlation with Conventional and Advanced Imaging Techniques
132(2)
22.7.1 Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutations in Gliomas
132(1)
22.7.2 lpl9q Codeletion, IDH Mutated ("Oligodendroglioma Phenotype")
132(1)
22.7.3 ATRX Mutated, lpl9q Intact, IDH Mutated ("Diffuse Astrocytoma Phenotype")
132(1)
22.7.4 IDH-Mutated GBM ("Secondary GBM Phenotype")
133(1)
22.7.5 IDHwt GBM ("Primary GBM Phenotype")
133(1)
22.7.6 MGMT promoter methylation
133(1)
22.8 Companion Case
134(1)
22.8.1 History and Physical Examination
134(1)
22.8.2 Imaging Analysis
134(2)
22.8.3 Clinical Evaluation
136(1)
22.9 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
136(2)
22.10 Key Point Summary
138(2)
23 Incidental Meningioma
140(5)
Phillip A. Choi
Pejman Rabiei
Shekhar D. Khanpara
Mohamed Elgendy
Roy F. Riascos
Dong H. Kim
23.1 Introduction
140(1)
23.2 Case Presentation
140(1)
23.2.1 History and Physical Examination
140(1)
23.2.2 Imaging Findings
140(1)
23.2.3 Additional Tests to Consider
141(1)
23.3 Neurosurgical Consultation
141(1)
23.4 Differential Diagnosis of Dural Based Masses
141(1)
23.5 Diagnostic Pearls and Pitfalls
141(1)
23.6 Companion Case
142(1)
23.6.1 History
142(1)
23.6.2 Imaging Description and Impression
142(1)
23.6.3 Neurosurgery Consultation
142(1)
23.7 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
143(1)
23.8 Key Point Summary
144(1)
Section III Head and Neck-Associated Incidental Findings
145(2)
24 Head and Neck-Related Incidental Findings
147(1)
Mumtaz B. Syed
Maria O. Patino
Jeanie M. Choi
Ron J. Kami
24.1 Parotid Mass
147(1)
24.1.1 Case Presentation
147(1)
24.1.2 Clinical Evaluation
147(1)
24.1.3 Differential Diagnosis
148(1)
24.1.4 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pearls and Pitfalls
148(1)
24.1.5 Essential Facts
148(1)
24.2 Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
149(2)
24.2.1 Case Presentation
149(1)
24.2.2 Clinical Evaluation
149(1)
24.2.3 Differential Diagnosis
150(1)
24.2.4 Imaging Pearls and Pitfalls
150(1)
24.2.5 Essential Facts
150(1)
24.3 Prominent Nasopharyngeal Soft Tissue
151(1)
24.3.1 Case Presentation
151(1)
24.3.2 Clinical Management
151(1)
24.3.3 Differential Diagnosis
151(1)
24.3.4 Imaging Pearls and Pitfalls
151(1)
24.3.5 Essential Facts
151(1)
24.4 Incidental Enlarged Lymph Node
152(2)
24.4.1 Case Presentation
152(1)
24.4.2 Clinical Management
153(1)
24.4.3 Differential Diagnosis
153(1)
24.4.4 Imaging Pearls and Pitfalls
153(1)
24.4.5 Essential Facts
154(1)
24.5 Key Point Summary
154(1)
Section IV Spinal Incidental Findings
155(2)
25 Os Odontoideum
157(1)
Daniel R. Monsivais
Kaye D. Westmark
Susana Calle
Daniel H. Kim
25.1 Introduction
157(1)
25.2 Case Presentation
157(1)
25.2.1 History and Physical Examination
157(1)
25.2.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
157(1)
25.2.3 Additional Imaging to Be Considered for Further Evaluation
158(1)
25.3 Clinical Evaluation
159(1)
25.4 Differential Diagnosis
160(1)
25.5 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pearls
161(1)
25.6 Essential Information about the Os Odontoideum
161(1)
25.6.1 Embryology of C2 and Its Odontoid Process
161(1)
25.6.2 Os Odontoideum: Classification Schemes
162(1)
25.6.3 Controversial Etiology
162(1)
25.7 Companion Cases
162(1)
25.7.1 Case 1: Type 2 Odontoid Fracture
162(1)
25.7.2 Case 2: Chronic Odontoid Fracture with Nonunion
163(1)
25.7.3 Case 3:0s Terminate Persistens
163(1)
25.7.4 Case 4: Os Odontoideum versus Large Os Terminale
164(1)
25.7.5 Case 5: Os Odontoideum
164(1)
25.7.6 Case 6: Massive "Os Odontoideum"
165(1)
25.7.7 Case 7: Basilar Process Mimicking a Condylus Tertius
166(1)
25.7.8 Case 8: Dystrophic Ossification in the Region of the Dens
167(1)
25.8 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
168(1)
25.9 Key Point Summary
169(2)
26 Tarlov'sCyst
171(5)
Leo Hochhauser
Kaye D. Westmark
Karl Schmitt
26.1 Introduction
171(1)
26.2 Case Presentation
171(1)
26.2.1 History and Physical Examination
171(1)
26.2.2 Imaging Analysis
171(1)
26.3 Clinical Evaluation
171(1)
26.4 Differential Diagnosis
171(1)
26.5 Diagnostic Pearls
172(1)
26.6 Essential Information about Spinal Meningeal Cysts
172(1)
26.7 Companion Case
173(1)
26.7.1 History and Physical Examination
173(1)
26.7.2 Imaging Analysis
173(1)
26.7.3 Clinical Evaluation
174(1)
26.8 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
174(2)
27 Approach to the Solitary Vertebral Lesion on Magnetic Resonance Imaging
176(1)
Behrang Amini
Krina Patel
Richard M. Westmark
Kaye D. Westmark
Anneliese Gonzalez
27 A Introduction
176(14)
27.2 Case Presentation
176(1)
27.2.1 History and Physical Examination
176(1)
27.2.2 Imaging Analysis
176(1)
27.3 Recommended Management
177(1)
27.4 Differential Diagnosis for a Focal Vertebral Lesion on MRI That Is Hyperintense T1 Weighted Images
177(1)
27.5 Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Pearls: An Approach to the Solitary Vertebral Lesion Detected Incidentally on MRI
177(4)
27.6 Essential Facts about Hemangiomas
181(1)
27.6.1 Demographics
181(1)
27.6.2 Imaging Appearance
181(1)
27.7 Companion Cases
182(1)
27.7.1 Companion Case 1: Typical Hemangioma
182(1)
27.7.2 Companion Case 2: Aggressive Hemangioma
183(1)
27.7.3 Companion Case 3: Intraosseous lipoma
184(1)
27.7.4 Companion Case 4: Atypical Hemangioma
185(1)
27.7.5 Companion Case 5: Focal Red Marrow
186(2)
27.7.6 Companion Case 6: Appearance of a Typical Hemangioma on Fat-Suppressed T2W Images
188(2)
28 Diffusely Abnormal Marrow Signal within the Vertebrae on MRI
190(1)
Behrang Amini
Krina Patel
Kaye D. Westmark
Anneliese Gonzalez
28.1 Introduction
190(1)
28.2 Diffuse Abnormal Marrow: Normal Variant
190(1)
28.2.1 Case Presentation
190(1)
28.2.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
191(1)
28.2.3 Additional Testing Options
191(1)
28.2.4 Clinical Evaluation
192(1)
28.2.5 Differential Diagnosis of Diffuse, Heterogeneous Marrow Signal
192(1)
28.2.6 Essential Information regarding Bone Marrow Signal on MRI
192(1)
28.2.7 Pearls and Pitfalls in Interpretation of Bone Marrow Signal on MRI
192(2)
28.2.8 Companion Case: Examples of Adult Normal Bone Marrow on MRI
194(1)
28.3 Diffuse Bone Marrow Signal Abnormality: Hairy Cell Leukemia
195(4)
28.3.1 Case Presentation
195(1)
28.3.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
195(2)
28.3.3 Clinical Evaluation
197(1)
28.3.4 Differential Diagnosis of the Most Common Causes of Diffuse Abnormality of the Bone Marrow Signal (Hypointense on T1 Wis)
197(1)
28.3.5 Essential Information regarding Hairy Cell Leukemia
198(1)
28.4 Multiple Myeloma
199(1)
28.4.1 Case Presentation
199(1)
28.4.2 Imaging Findings
199(1)
28.4.3 Clinical Evaluation
200(1)
28.4.4 Differential Diagnosis of Multifocal Vertebral Lesions
201(1)
28.4.5 Pearls and Pitfalls of Imaging Interpretation in Multiple Myeloma
201(1)
28.4.6 Essential Clinical and Imaging Information Regarding Multiple Myeloma
201(2)
29 Filum Terminale Lipoma
203(1)
Cole T. Lewis
Octavio Arevalo
Rajan P. Patel
David I. Sandberg
29.1 Case Presentation
203(1)
29.1.1 History
203(1)
29.2 Imaging Analysis
203(1)
29.3 Differential Diagnosis
204(1)
29.4 Diagnostic Pearls
204(1)
29.5 Essential Information about Filum Terminale Lipoma
204(1)
29.6 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
204(1)
30 Ventriculus Terminalis
205(2)
Cole T. Lewis
Octavio Arevalo
Rajan P. Patel
David I. Sandberg
30.1 Case Presentation
205(1)
30.2 Imaging Analysis
205(1)
30.3 Differential Diagnosis
206(1)
30.4 Diagnostic Pearls
206(1)
30.5 Essential Information about ventriculus Terminalis
206(1)
30.5.1 Etiology
206(1)
30.5.2 Imaging Pitfalls
206(1)
30.5.3 Follow-up
206(1)
30.6 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
206(1)
31 Prominent Central Canal
207(2)
Cole T. Lewis
Octavio Arevalo
Rajan P. Patel
David I. Sandberg
31.1 Case Presentation
207(1)
31.2 Imaging Analysis
207(1)
31.3 Differential Diagnosis
207(1)
31.4 Diagnostic Pearls
208(1)
31.5 Essential Information about Prominent Central Canal
208(1)
31.5.1 Etiology
208(1)
31.5.2 Imaging Pitfalls
208(1)
31.5.3 Follow-up
208(1)
31.6 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
208(1)
32 Low-Lying Conus
209(2)
Cole T. Lewis
Octavio Arevalo
Rajan P. Patel
David I. Sandberg
32.1 Case Presentation
209(1)
32.2 Imaging Analysis
209(1)
32.3 Differential Diagnosis
209(1)
32.4 Imaging Pearls
209(1)
32.5 Essential Information about Low-Lying Conus
209(1)
32.5.1 Etiology
209(1)
32.5.2 Imaging Pitfalls
209(1)
32.5.3 Follow-up
209(1)
32.6 Neurosurgery Questions and Answers
210(1)
33 Incidental Solitary Sclerotic Bone Lesion
211(8)
Behrang Amini
Susana Calle
Octavio Arevalo
Richard M. Westmark
Kaye D. Westmark
33.1 Introduction
211(1)
33.2 Case Presentation
211(1)
33.3 Imaging Analysis
211(1)
33.4 Clinical Evaluation and Management
212(1)
33.5 Imaging Differential Diagnosis
212(1)
33.6 Distinguishing a Bone Island from a Solitary Sclerotic Metastasis: Diagnostic Imaging Pearls
212(1)
33.7 Clinical Pearls
212(1)
33.8 Essential Information about Bone Islands
213(1)
33.9 Companion Cases
213(1)
33.9.1 Case 1: Typical Bone Island on CT and MRI
213(1)
33.9.2 Case 2: Solitary Prostate Cancer Metastasis
214(1)
33.9.3 Case 3: Benign Notochordal Cell Tumor
215(4)
Section V Extraspinal Incidental Findings
219(2)
34 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
221(1)
Eduardo J. Matta
Steven S. Chua
Kaustubh C. Shiralkar
Chakradhar R. Tbupili
34.1 Casel
221(1)
34.1.1 History
221(1)
34.1.2 Imaging Findings
221(1)
34.1.3 Impression
221(1)
34.1.4 Additional Testing Needed and Rationale
221(1)
34.1.5 Management Decision
221(1)
34.2 Case 2
222(2)
34.2.1 History
222(1)
34.2.2 Imaging Findings
222(1)
34.2.3 Impression
222(1)
34.2.4 Additional Evaluation Needed and Rationale
222(1)
34.2.5 Management Decision
223(1)
34.3 Differential Diagnosis
224(1)
34.4 Diagnostic Imaging Pearls and Pitfalls
224(1)
34.5 Essential Additional Information about Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
225(1)
34.6 Key Point Summary
225(1)
35 Renal Mass
226(6)
Steven S. Chua
Chakradhar R. Thupili
Eduardo J. Matta
Kaustubh C. Shiralkar
35.1 Case 1
226(1)
35.1.1 Imaging Impression
226(1)
35.1.2 Diagnostic Testing Needed
226(1)
35.1.3 Imaging Interpretation
226(1)
35.2 Case 2
227(1)
35.2.1 Imaging Impression
227(1)
35.2.2 Additional Testing Needed
227(1)
35.2.3 Imaging Interpretation
227(1)
35.3 Differential Diagnosis
228(1)
35.4 Diagnostic Pitfalls and Pearls
229(1)
35.5 Essential Facts about Renal Masses Detected Incidentally on MRI
229(3)
36 Renal Cyst
232(5)
Steven S. Chua
Chakradhar R. Thupili
Kaustubh C. Shiralkar
Eduardo J. Matta
36.1 Case Presentation
232(1)
36.2 Diagnostic Testing Needed
233(1)
36.3 Imaging Diagnosis
234(1)
36.4 Diagnostic Pitfalls and Pearls
235(1)
36.5 Management of Incidentally Identified Renal Cysts by MR Imaging
235(2)
37 Thyroid Mass
237(5)
Steven S. Chua
Eduardo J. Matta
Kaustubh C. Shiralkar
Chakradhar R. Thupili
37.1 Casel
237(2)
37.1.1 Imaging Impression
237(1)
37.1.2 Additional Testing Needed: Thyroid Ultrasound
237(1)
37.1.3 Imaging Interpretation
238(1)
37.2 Case 2
239(1)
37.2.1 Imaging Impression
239(1)
37.2.2 Additional Testing Needed
239(1)
37.2.3 Imaging Impression
240(1)
37.3 Diagnostic Pearls and Pitfalls
240(1)
37.4 Essential Facts about Thyroid Nodules Detected Incidentally on MRI
240(2)
38 Adrenal Mass
242(7)
Chakradhar R. Thupili
Steven S. Chua
Kaustubh C. Shiralkar
Eduardo J. Matta
38.1 Casel
242(1)
38.1.1 Imaging Impression
242(1)
38.1.2 Additional Testing Needed
242(1)
38.1.3 Imaging Impression
242(1)
38.2 Case 2
243(1)
38.2.1 Imaging Impression
243(1)
38.2.2 Additional Testing Needed
243(1)
38.2.3 Imaging Impression
244(1)
38.3 Case 3
244(1)
38.3.1 Imaging Impression
245(1)
38.4 Diagnostic Pearls and Pitfalls
245(1)
38.5 Essential Facts about Adrenal Incidentalomas Detected on MRI
245(3)
38.6 Key Point Summary
248(1)
39 Retroperitoneal Lymph Nodes
249(1)
Kaustubh G. Shiralkar
Eduardo J. Matta
Steven S. Chua
Chakradhar R. Thupili
39.1 Casel
249(1)
39.1.1 History
249(1)
39.1.2 Most Likely Imaging Diagnosis for Case 1
249(1)
39.2 Case 2
250(1)
39.2.1 History
250(1)
39.2.2 Most Likely Imaging Diagnosis for Case 2
250(1)
39.3 Differential Considerations and Diagnostic Checklist
251(1)
39.4 Additional Essential Information Regarding Incidentally Detected "Lymphadenopathy"
251(1)
39.4.1 Definitions and Key Facts
251(1)
39.4.2 Imaging and Workup
251(1)
39.5 Key Point Summary
252(1)
40 Incidental Pelvic Mass
253(1)
Kaustubh G. Shiralkar
Eduardo J. Matta
Steven S. Chua
Chakradhar R. Thupili
40.1 Case Presentation
253(1)
40.2 Imaging Findings and Impression
253(1)
40.2.1 Additional Testing Needed
253(1)
40.2.2 Pelvic Ultrasound Findings and Impression
253(1)
40.3 Essential Information regarding Ovarian Serous Cystadenomas
254(1)
40.4 Essential Information about Incidental Pelvic Masses Detected on Lumbosacral MRI or CT
255(2)
40.5 Key Point Summary
257(2)
Section VI Artifacts That May Obscure Pathology and Simulate Disease Entities
259(2)
41 Computed Tomography Artifacts
261(1)
Clark W. Sitton
Kaye D. Westmark
41.1 Computed Tomography Angiography
261(1)
41.1.1 Case Presentation: CTA Artifacts Mimicking Carotid Artery Dissection
261(1)
41.1.2 Companion Cases
262(6)
41.1.3 Case Presentation: CTA Artifact Mimicking Partial Basilar Artery Thrombosis
268(4)
41.2 Beam Hardening Artifact Mimics a Brain Tumor
272(3)
41.3 Ring Detector Artifact Simulates a Mass in the Basal Ganglia
275(2)
42 MRI Patient-Related Motion Artifacts
277(17)
Clark W. Sitton
Alexander B. Simonetta
Kaye D. Westmark
42.1 Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Artifacts
277(4)
42.1.1 Case Presentation
277(1)
42.1.2 Differential Diagnosis
277(1)
42.1.3 Differential Diagnostic Pearls and Pitfalls
278(1)
42.1.4 Artifact Problem-Solving: Additional Evaluation Recommended in Difficult Cases
278(1)
42.1.5 Essential Information
278(1)
42.1.6 Companion Case
279(2)
42.2 Pulsatile Motion Artifact
281(3)
42.2.1 Case Presentation
281(1)
42.2.2 Artifact Problem-Solving: Additional Evaluation or Sequence Modifications Recommended in Difficult Cases
282(1)
42.2.3 Essential Information: Motion Artifact on MRI Creating Pseudo-Lesions
282(1)
42.2.4 Companion Case
283(1)
42.3 Slow Flow in Vessels Creating Artifacts on MRI
284(1)
42.3.1 Case Presentation
284(2)
42.3.2 Differential Diagnostic Pearls
286(1)
42.3.3 Artifact Problem-Solving: Additional Evaluation to Consider in Difficult Cases
286(1)
42.3.4 Essential Facts: Artifacts Produced by Flowing Blood on MRI
286(1)
42.3.5 Companion Cases
287(4)
42.4 Random Patient Motion
291(3)
42.4.1 Case Presentation
291(3)
43 Magnetic Susceptibility-Related Artifacts on MRI
294(13)
Clark W. Sitton
Alexander B. Simonetta
Kaye D. Westmark
43.1 General Magnetic Susceptibility-Related Artifacts
294(5)
43.1.1 Case 1 Presentation
294(1)
43.1.2 Imaging Findings
294(1)
43.1.3 Essential Facts about Magnetic Susceptibility Artifacts in MR Imaging
294(1)
43.1.4 Companion Cases
295(4)
43.2 Vascular Stent Artifacts
299(8)
43.2.1 History
299(1)
43.2.2 Imaging Findings
299(1)
43.2.3 Differential Diagnosis
300(1)
43.2.4 Imaging Impression
300(1)
43.2.5 Essential Information regarding Stent-Related Artifacts
301(1)
43.2.6 Common Artifactual Phenomenon Simulating Abnormalities on 2D TOF MRA
301(1)
43.2.7 Companion Cases
301(6)
44 MRI Technical and Sequence-Specific Artifacts
307(14)
Alexander B. Simonetta
Seferino Romo
Kaye D. Westmark
44.1 Pulse Sequence-Specific Artifacts: FLAIR
307(7)
44.1.1 Case 1 Presentation
307(1)
44.1.2 Imaging Findings
307(1)
44.1.3 Differential Diagnosis of Subarachnoid FLAIR Hyperintensity
307(1)
44.1.4 Pearls and Pitfalls of FLAIR Imaging
308(1)
44.1.5 Essential Facts about FLAIR Imaging
308(1)
44.1.6 Companion Cases
309(3)
44.1.7 Case 2 Presentation
312(1)
44.1.8 Imaging Findings
312(1)
44.1.9 Differential Diagnosis
313(1)
44.1.10 Essential Information regarding the T1W-FLAIR Sequence
313(1)
44.1.11 Companion Case
313(1)
44.2 Hardware/Room-Related MR Artifacts
314(1)
44.2.1 Case 1 Presentation
314(1)
44.2.2 Imaging Findings
314(1)
44.2.3 Companion Case 1
315(1)
44.2.4 Companion Case 2
316(1)
44.2.5 Imaging Findings
316(1)
44.3 Nonspecific Pulse Sequence Technical Artifacts: Wraparound Artifact with and without the Use of Parallel Imaging Techniques
317(1)
44.3.1 Case 1 Presentation
317(4)
44.3.2 Imaging Findings
317(1)
44.3.3 Essential Information regarding Wraparound Artifact
317(1)
44.3.4 Companion Case
318(1)
44.3.5 Imaging Findings
318(1)
44.3.6 Essential Information about Parallel Imaging and Reconstruction Artifacts
319(1)
44.3.7 Companion Case 1
319(1)
44.3.8 Companion Case 2
320(1)
Index 321