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E-grāmata: Industrial Applications of Renewable Plastics: Environmental, Technological, and Economic Advances

(Plastics Consultant, Les Ulis, France)
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Sērija : Plastics Design Library
  • Izdošanas datums: 10-Nov-2016
  • Izdevniecība: William Andrew Publishing
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323480666
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Industrial Applications of Renewable Plastics: Environmental, Technological, and Economic AdvancesPalielināt
  • Formāts: EPUB+DRM
  • Sērija : Plastics Design Library
  • Izdošanas datums: 10-Nov-2016
  • Izdevniecība: William Andrew Publishing
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323480666
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Industrial Applications of Renewable Plastics: Environmental, Technological, and Economic Advances provides practical information to help engineers and materials scientists deploy renewable plastics in the plastics market. It explores the uses, possibilities, and problems of renewable plastics and composites to assist in material selection and rejection. The designer’s main problems are examined, along with basic reminders that deal with structures and processing methods that can help those who are generally familiar with metals understand the unique properties of plastic materials.

The book offers a candid overview of main issues, including conservation of fossil resources, geopolitical considerations, greenhouse effects, competition with food crops, deforestation, pollution, and disposal of renewable plastics. In addition, an overview of some tools related to sustainability (Life cycle assessments, CO2 emissions, carbon footprint, and more) is provided.

The book is an essential resource for engineers and materials scientists involved in material selection, design, manufacturing, molding, fabrication, and other links in the supply chain of plastics. The material contained is of great relevance to many major industries, including automotive and transport, packaging, aeronautics, shipbuilding, industrial and military equipment, electrical and electronics, energy, and more.

  • Provides key, enabling information for engineers and materials scientists looking to increase the use of renewable plastic materials in their work
  • Presents practical guidance to assist in materials selection, processing methods, and applications development, particularly for designers more familiar with other materials, such as metals
  • Includes a candid discussion of the pros and cons of using renewable plastics, considering the technical, economic, legal, and environmental aspects

Papildus informācija

Detailed, authoritative coverage of the different types, costs, properties, and applications of a range of renewable plastics
Preface xv
Acronyms and Abbreviations xxi
1 Outline of the Actual Situation of Plastics Compared to Conventional Materials
1(34)
1.1 Polymers: The Industrial and Economic Reality Compared to Traditional Materials
2(10)
1.1.1 Plastic and Metal Consumption
2(2)
1.1.2 Mechanical Properties
4(2)
1.1.3 Thermal and Electrical Properties
6(4)
1.1.4 Durability
10(1)
1.1.5 Material Costs
11(1)
1.2 What Are Thermoplastics, Thermoplastic Elastomer, Thermosets, Composites, and Hybrids?
12(7)
1.2.1 Thermoplastics
12(4)
1.2.2 Thermoplastic Elastomers
16(1)
1.2.3 Thermosets
16(2)
1.2.4 Polymer Composites
18(1)
1.2.5 Hybrid Materials
18(1)
1.3 Plastics: An Answer to the Designer's Main Problems
19(3)
1.3.1 Economic Requirements
19(1)
1.3.2 Technical Requirements
20(1)
1.3.3 Marketing Requirements
20(1)
1.3.4 Sustainability and Environmental Requirements
20(1)
1.3.5 Some Weaknesses of Polymer Materials
21(1)
1.3.6 Waste Disposal: Recycling
21(1)
1.3.7 Beware: Health and Safety Concerns, Regulation Compliance
21(1)
1.4 Outline of the Technical and Economic Possibilities of Processing
22(9)
1.4.1 Thermoplastic Processing
23(2)
1.4.2 Thermoset Processing
25(2)
1.4.3 Composite Processing
27(3)
1.4.4 Hybrid Processing
30(1)
1.4.5 Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Prototyping and e-Manufacturing
30(1)
1.5 The Final Material/Process/Cost Compromise
31(1)
1.6 Useful Source Examples for Initiation of In-Depth Studies
31(4)
Further Reading
33(2)
2 Genesis of Renewable Plastics and Integration in the Plastics Stream
35(32)
2.1 Inescapable Strengthening of Environmental Concerns
35(2)
2.1.1 Toxicity and Pollution
36(1)
2.1.2 The Recycling of Polymers
37(1)
2.2 Development of Bioplastics From Renewable Sources
37(1)
2.2.1 Development of Biothermoplastics From Renewable Sources
37(1)
2.2.2 Development of Biothermosets From Renewable Sources
38(1)
2.3 Pros and Cons of Renewable and Oil-Sourced Plastics
38(2)
2.3.1 Renewable Plastics Derived From Natural Polymers
38(1)
2.3.2 Traditional Plastics From Bioblocks: Drop-In Solutions
39(1)
2.3.3 Traditional Plastics From Plastics Waste Recycling
39(1)
2.4 Brief Remarks on Processing and Recycling of Renewable Plastics
40(1)
2.5 Pay Close Attention to Carbon Biobased Content, Testing and Certification
40(2)
2.6 List of Commercial Offer Examples
42(1)
2.7 Examples of Useful Sources for Initiation of In-Depth Studies
42(25)
Further Reading
66(1)
3 Recycling: The First Source of Renewable Plastics
67(48)
3.1 Outline
68(18)
3.1.1 Environmental Benefits
69(2)
3.1.2 Economy
71(4)
3.1.3 Reliability
75(3)
3.1.4 Example of Recycling Loop Effects on Performances
78(1)
3.1.5 Legislation, Standards, and Related Publications
79(7)
3.2 Recycling Methods
86(16)
3.2.1 Reprocessing of Processing Scraps and Mechanical Recycling
88(2)
3.2.2 Recycled Material Upgrading
90(7)
3.2.3 Chemical Recycling
97(2)
3.2.4 Solvent Recycling
99(2)
3.2.5 Thermal Recycling
101(1)
3.2.6 Energy Recovery
101(1)
3.2.7 Anaerobic Biodegradation of Biodegradable Plastics With Gas Recovery
102(1)
3.2.8 Enzymatic Depolymerization of Poly lactic Acid
102(1)
3.2.9 The REnescience Process Recovering Plastics and Metals From Municipal Solid Waste Without Sorting
102(1)
3.3 Sectorial Routes for Recycling
102(3)
3.3.1 Used Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles: Realities of Everyday Life
103(1)
3.3.2 High-Density Polyethylene Bottles
104(1)
3.3.3 Electricity and Electronics-to-Electricity and Electronics Recycling: FR Applications
104(1)
3.3.4 Auto-to-Auto Recycling
104(1)
3.3.5 Recycling and Reprocessing of Building Products
105(1)
3.4 CO2 Emission, Greenhouse Effect, and Carbon Footprint
105(2)
3.4.1 Some Real Facts and Figures
106(1)
3.4.2 Statistical Analysis of Some Real Examples
107(1)
3.5 Recyclate Property Examples
107(5)
3.5.1 Polyamides Examples
107(3)
3.5.2 Polystyrene and ABS Examples
110(1)
3.5.3 Polypropylene Examples
110(1)
3.5.4 Examples of Polycarbonate, PC/ABS, and PC/PBT Alloys
110(1)
3.5.5 Examples of Polyetherimide
110(2)
3.6 Recycled Materials Often Bring Also Cost and Pollution Savings
112(1)
3.7 Some Limitations to Recycled Material Use
113(2)
3.7.1 UL's Recommendations on the Use of Regrind
113(1)
3.7.2 Producer Recommendations
113(1)
Further Reading
114(1)
4 Renewable Plastics Derived From Natural Polymers
115(40)
4.1 Brief Inventory of Renewable Polymers
116(1)
4.2 Ready-to-Use Thermoplastic Blends and Derivatives of Starch
117(7)
4.2.1 Mater-Bi® by Novamont
117(1)
4.2.2 Bioplast by Biotec
118(3)
4.2.3 Solanyl, Optimum FlourPlast, and Optimum Optinyl by Rodenburg and Solanyl Bioplastics
121(1)
4.2.4 BIOPAR® by BIOP Biopolymer Technologies AG
121(1)
4.2.5 Plantic by Plantic
122(1)
4.2.6 Cornpole by Japan Corn Starch
122(1)
4.2.7 Wuhan Huali Environment Protection---PSM
122(1)
4.2.8 GAIALENE® by Roquette
123(1)
4.2.9 Biolice by Limagrain
123(1)
4.3 Polylactic Acid
124(11)
4.3.1 Properties of PLA Compounds
125(3)
4.3.2 Formulation
128(6)
4.3.3 Alloys Extend the Application Field of Bioplastics
134(1)
4.4 Cellulose Derivatives
135(12)
4.4.1 Cellulose Esters
136(10)
4.4.2 Proprietary Grades of Ready-to-Use Cellulose-Based Plastics
146(1)
4.5 Various Aliphatic Polyesters
147(6)
4.5.1 Example of Mirel by Metabolix
148(1)
4.5.2 Examples of Polyhydroxybutyrate and Polyhydroxybutyrate--Valerate Derivatives
148(1)
4.5.3 Examples of Polyhydroxybutyrate-Hexanoate
149(1)
4.5.4 Example of Poly(4-Hydroxybutyric Acid)
149(3)
4.5.5 Example of Minerv Polyhydroxyalkanoate by BIO-ON
152(1)
4.6 Liquid Wood Based on Lignin---Arboform by Tecnaro
153(1)
4.7 Self-Reinforced Composite Produced From Cereals: VEGEMAT® by Vegeplast
153(2)
Further Reading
153(2)
5 Biobricks: The Breakthrough of Drop-In Solutions
155(216)
5.1 A Broad Panel of Biomonomers and Bioblocks "Similar" to Fossil Molecules
157(7)
5.1.1 Hydrocarbons
158(1)
5.1.2 Alcohol Routes
159(2)
5.1.3 Acid Routes
161(1)
5.1.4 Miscellaneous Routes
162(2)
5.2 Brief Inventory of Renewable Polymers
164(1)
5.3 Polyethylene
165(25)
5.3.1 Renewable Polyethylene
165(1)
5.3.2 Reminder of Fossil-Sourced Polyethylene General Properties
166(19)
5.3.3 Renewable Polyethylene Application Examples
185(5)
5.4 Renewable Thermoplastic Polyesters: Polyethylene Terephthalate, Polybutylene Terephthalate, Polyethylene Furanoate
190(24)
5.4.1 Bio-Polyethylene Terephthalate
190(1)
5.4.2 Polyethylene Furanoate
191(1)
5.4.3 Partially Biobased Polybutylene Terephthalate
192(1)
5.4.4 Reminder of Fossil-Sourced Polyethylene Terephthalate and Polybutylene Terephthalate General Properties
192(10)
5.4.5 Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers---TPEE or COPE or TPC-ET
202(10)
5.4.6 Polybutylene Succinate
212(1)
5.4.7 Polytrimethylene Terephthalate
212(2)
5.5 Renewable Polyamides
214(21)
5.5.1 Polyamides With Long Hydrocarbon Segments: PA 11, 1010, 1012
216(9)
5.5.2 Polyamides Alternating Long and Short Hydrocarbon Segments: PA 610, 510, 512, 514, 410
225(10)
5.5.3 Polyamides With Short Hydrocarbon Segments: PA 56
235(1)
5.6 Renewable Polyurethanes
235(24)
5.6.1 Natural Oil Polyols
235(1)
5.6.2 CO2-Containing Polyols
236(1)
5.6.3 Bioisocyanate Cross-Linker for Polyurethanes
237(1)
5.6.4 Applications
238(1)
5.6.5 Examples of Polyurethane Players
239(1)
5.6.6 Reminder of Fossil Polyurethane General Properties
239(20)
5.7 Renewable Unsaturated Polyesters
259(14)
5.7.1 Renewable Grades
259(2)
5.7.2 Applications
261(1)
5.7.3 Reminder of Fossil-Sourced Unsaturated Polyester General Properties
261(12)
5.8 Renewable Acrylics
273(11)
5.8.1 Biosourced Polymers
273(1)
5.8.2 Reminder of Fossil-Sourced Acrylic General Properties
273(11)
5.9 Renewable Phenol Formaldehyde Resins
284(6)
5.9.1 Biosourced Phenolic Resins
284(1)
5.9.2 Reminder of Fossil-Sourced Phenolic Resin General Properties
285(5)
5.10 Renewable Epoxy Resins
290(20)
5.10.1 Natural-Sourced Epoxidized Oils and Epichlorohydrin
290(7)
5.10.2 Reminder of Fossil-Sourced Epoxy Resin General Properties
297(13)
5.11 Renewable Polycarbonate
310(14)
5.11.1 Biosourced Polycarbonates
310(2)
5.11.2 Reminder of Fossil-Sourced Polycarbonate Resin General Properties
312(12)
5.12 Renewable Polypropylene: A Promising Way
324(19)
5.12.1 Natural-Sourced Polypropylene
324(1)
5.12.2 Reminder of Fossil-Sourced Polypropylene Resin General Properties
324(19)
5.13 Renewable Polyvinyl Chloride
343(21)
5.13.1 Natural-Sourced Polyvinyl Chloride
343(1)
5.13.2 Reminder of Fossil-Sourced Polyvinyl Chloride Resin General Properties
343(21)
5.14 Thermosetting Cyanate Ester Resins
364(1)
5.15 Thermosetting Furan Resins
364(1)
5.16 Drying Vegetable Oils
364(7)
Further Reading
365(6)
6 Renewable Alloys, Compounds, Composites, and Additives
371(66)
6.1 Miscellaneous Proprietary Alloys and Compounds Primarily Based on Renewable Polymers
372(4)
6.1.1 Impact-Modified Alloys and Copolymers of Polylactic Acid
372(1)
6.1.2 BIO-FLEX® by FKuR
373(1)
6.1.3 BioHybrid by Cardia Bioplastics Combining Thermoplastic Starch and Biodegradable Polymers
373(1)
6.1.4 Bioceres by FuturaMat
373(1)
6.1.5 Examples of Polyester and Algae (Solaplast by Algix)
373(2)
6.1.6 Natur-Tec®: Undefined Biobased and Biodegradable Compounds by Northern Technologies International Corporation
375(1)
6.1.7 Other Examples of Compounds Primarily Based on Renewable Polymers
376(1)
6.2 Hybrid Solutions: Proprietary Alloys and Compounds Based on Renewable and Fossil Polymers
376(8)
6.2.1 Terratek® Proprietary Blends of Wheat Starch and Polypropylene
376(1)
6.2.2 Examples of Blends of Starch and Fossil Styrenic Polymers
377(1)
6.2.3 BioHybrid by Cardia Bioplastics Combining Thermoplastic Starch and Fossil Polymers
377(1)
6.2.4 Other Examples of Compounds Containing Starch
378(1)
6.2.5 Examples of Ternary Compounds of Biodegradable Polyesters and Starch
379(1)
6.2.6 Example of Compostable Thermoplastic Elastomer-Containing Starch
380(1)
6.2.7 Examples of Polylactic Acid and Fossil Polymer Alloys
380(2)
6.2.8 Examples of Algae and Fossil Polymer Compounds
382(1)
6.2.9 Various Bioplastics Derived From Renewable Raw Materials
383(1)
6.3 Natural Fibers for Renewable Reinforcements
384(9)
6.3.1 Natural Fiber Overview
384(3)
6.3.2 Natural Fiber Origin
387(1)
6.3.3 Brief Comparison of Natural and Glass Fibers
388(1)
6.3.4 Examples of Weight Savings Thanks to Natural Reinforcements
388(2)
6.3.5 Natural Fiber Arrangements for Composite Reinforcement
390(2)
6.3.6 Nanocellulose Fibers
392(1)
6.4 Renewable Composites Combining Natural Fibers and Renewable Matrices
393(5)
6.5 Hybrid Composites Combining Renewable and Fossil Materials
398(17)
6.5.1 Natural Fiber-Reinforced Fossil Polymers
398(4)
6.5.2 Renewable Polymers Reinforced With Glass or Carbon Fiber
402(6)
6.5.3 General Influence of the Reinforcement Form on Composite Properties
408(1)
6.5.4 Renewable Sources for Glass Fiber
408(1)
6.5.5 Renewable Resources for Carbon Fiber
409(2)
6.5.6 Glass and Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Renewable Polymers
411(4)
6.6 Renewable Plasticizers
415(7)
6.6.1 Overview of Renewable Plasticizers
416(4)
6.6.2 Examples of Partly Renewable Polyvinyl Chloride Compounds Thanks to Renewable Plasticizers
420(2)
6.7 Other Additives From Renewable Resources
422(15)
6.7.1 Processing Aids
424(1)
6.7.2 Surface Friction Modifiers: Lubricant, Slipping, and Antiblocking Agents
424(2)
6.7.3 Release Agents
426(1)
6.7.4 Antistatic Additives
426(1)
6.7.5 Optical Property Modifiers: Antifogging, Color, Gloss Modifiers
426(2)
6.7.6 Renewable Impact Modifiers and Tougheners
428(2)
6.7.7 Protective Agents, Stabilizers, Thermal and Aging Additives, Light Stabilizers
430(1)
6.7.8 Miscellaneous Additives: Fire Retardants, Tackifiers, Nucleating Agent, Waxes, Hardeners
431(2)
6.7.9 Renewable Masterbatches Based on Renewable Matrix or Renewable Additive
433(1)
Further Reading
434(3)
7 Environmental Impact of Renewable Plastics: Pros and Cons, Indicators
437(26)
7.1 Pros and Cons Overview
437(6)
7.1.1 Conservation of Fossil Resources
438(1)
7.1.2 Geopolitics Involvements of the Replacement of Crude Oil With Renewable Resources
438(1)
7.1.3 The Consumption of CO2 Instead of Emission
438(1)
7.1.4 Greenhouse Effect
439(1)
7.1.5 Competition With Food Crops and Deforestation
439(1)
7.1.6 Pollution of Air, Water, Land
439(3)
7.1.7 Debunk Some Preconceived Ideas and Take Into Account Some Often Disregarded Parameters
442(1)
7.1.8 Comments About Disposal of Renewable Plastics
443(1)
7.2 Overview of Some Tools Related to Sustainability: Environmental Indicators and Benchmarks
443(6)
7.2.1 Life Cycle Assessment Also Known as Ecobalance and Cradle-to-Grave Analysis
443(2)
7.2.2 CO2 Emissions, Carbon Footprint, Greenhouse Effect
445(1)
7.2.3 Clarification Concerning Some Terms
445(3)
7.2.4 A Textbook Case: Comparison of Renewable Polyethylene and Fossil Polyethylene
448(1)
7.3 Comparison of Environmental Impact of Renewable and Fossil Polymer Production
449(4)
7.3.1 Effect of Resources on Raw Polymer Production
449(1)
7.3.2 Effect of Resources on Articles and Semifinished Products
449(1)
7.3.3 Polymers From Natural Sources: An Ecological Gap Between Cultivated Plants and Wild Plants or Waste
450(3)
7.4 Environmental Impact of Fibers
453(1)
7.5 Environmental Impact of Processing
453(1)
7.6 Environmental Impact of End Product Type
454(1)
7.7 Environmental Impact of Disposal
454(9)
7.7.1 Comparison of Some Disposal Solutions
454(3)
7.7.2 The Debate on the Integration of Renewable Plastics Waste Into General Plastics Waste Stream
457(2)
7.7.3 Environmental Impact of Burning
459(1)
Further Reading
460(3)
8 Application Examples
463(56)
8.1 Packaging
464(14)
8.1.1 A Success Story: Renewable Thermoplastic Polyester for Bottles
464(1)
8.1.2 Up to 100% Recycled Thermoplastic Polyester for Bottles: Technical and Regulatory Challenges
465(3)
8.1.3 Biodegradable and Compostable Renewable Plastics
468(10)
8.2 Automotive and Transportation
478(17)
8.2.1 Automobile and Natural Fibers: A Long Story
491(1)
8.2.2 Biobased Conventional Macromolecules: Realistic Small Steps Pave the Way for Later Breakthroughs
492(1)
8.2.3 A Typical Example: Intensive Research for Innovative Doors
493(1)
8.2.4 Premium Ambience for Car Interior Thanks to Real Wood
493(1)
8.2.5 For Cost-Sensitive Applications: Use Honeycomb Cores Made From Phenolic Resin-Coated Kraft Paper or Cardboard
494(1)
8.2.6 Looking at the Future
494(1)
8.3 Building and Construction: The Major Sector for Wood Plastic Composite
495(3)
8.3.1 Wood Plastic Composites or Wood Plastic Compounds
495(3)
8.3.2 Other Application Examples Concerning Building and Construction Sector
498(1)
8.4 Application Examples Concerning Agriculture, Horticulture, Gardening
498(2)
8.5 Application Examples Concerning Consumer Goods
500(1)
8.6 Other Application Examples
501(10)
8.6.1 Application Examples Concerning Electricity and Electronics (E&E)
501(6)
8.6.2 Application Examples Concerning Mechanical Engineering
507(1)
8.6.3 Application Examples Concerning Medical and Care Sector
507(1)
8.6.4 Application Examples Concerning Sports and Leisure
507(4)
8.6.5 Application Examples Concerning Furniture and Bedding
511(1)
8.7 Examples of Solutions Getting Closer to Closed Loops and Circular Economy
511(8)
8.7.1 Oldest and Most Used Solutions: In-House Reuse of Industrial Waste Leading to Good (and Not so Good) Solutions
511(1)
8.7.2 Recovering Waste of a Production as Feedstock to Build the Plastic of the Packaging Material
511(4)
8.7.3 Recycling of Renewable Plastics Using Traditional Plastics Waste Stream
515(1)
8.7.4 Recycling of Lead Batteries Combines Recycling of a Plastic, Polypropylene, and a Metal, Lead
515(1)
8.7.5 Development of an Overall Strategy to Succeed in Polyvinyl Chloride Recycling: Example of the Recovinyl Strategy
516(1)
Further Reading
516(3)
9 Renewable Plastics and Ingredients: Economic Overview
519(28)
9.1 Renewable Plastics Consumption and Capacity Forecasts
520(3)
9.1.1 Renewable Plastics Consumption Overview at Mid- and Long Term
520(1)
9.1.2 Market Shares by Bioplastic Family
521(1)
9.1.3 Production Capacities by Bioplastic Family
521(1)
9.1.4 Bioplastic Capacities by Region
521(1)
9.1.5 Bioplastic Capacities by Market
522(1)
9.2 Bioadditives Consumption
523(2)
9.2.1 Natural Fiber Composite Market
523(2)
9.2.2 Other Bioadditives
525(1)
9.3 Wood Plastic Composite and Natural Fiber Composite Market
525(1)
9.4 Biomaterial Costs
525(1)
9.4.1 Bioplastics Costs
525(1)
9.4.2 Natural Fiber Costs
526(1)
9.5 Bioplastics Applications: Survey of Six Top Markets
526(21)
9.5.1 Packaging
528(1)
9.5.2 Automotive and Transportation
528(6)
9.5.3 Consumer Goods
534(1)
9.5.4 Agriculture
534(3)
9.5.5 Building and Construction
537(1)
9.5.6 Other Markets
538(5)
Further Reading
543(4)
10 Future Prospects
547(24)
10.1 Price Expectations
547(2)
10.1.1 General Scenario of Renewable Plastics Breakthrough
547(1)
10.1.2 Some Scenarios for Price Evolutions of Renewable and Fossil Polymers
548(1)
10.2 Strengthening of Laws and Regulations: Repressive, Dissuasive, or Incentive Effect
549(3)
10.3 Improvement of Recycling
552(5)
10.3.1 Collection Strategy
553(1)
10.3.2 Sorting Techniques for Mixed Wastes
553(1)
10.3.3 Economic Overview of Municipal Solid Waste and Category Stream Treatments
554(1)
10.3.4 Recycling of High Performance Reinforcements and Plastics
555(2)
10.4 Diversification of Renewable Plastic Resources
557(6)
10.4.1 Use of Waste
558(1)
10.4.2 Use of CO2
558(2)
10.4.3 Combine Agricultural Waste and CO2
560(1)
10.4.4 Use of Lignin
560(1)
10.4.5 Use of Cellulose
561(2)
10.4.6 Use of Methane Emission Having 20 Times the Greenhouse Gas Effect of CO2
563(1)
10.5 The Recent Past and Immediate Future Seen Through Patents
563(1)
10.6 The Recent Past and Immediate Future Seen Through Funded Research
563(3)
10.6.1 Biocomposites in Building and Construction Sector
564(1)
10.6.2 Bioplastic in the Transportation Sector
565(1)
10.6.3 Aeronautical Industry
566(1)
10.6.4 New Bioplastic Sources
566(1)
10.7 The Immediate Future Seen Through Recent Awards
566(5)
Further Reading
568(3)
Conclusion 571(4)
Glossary 575(12)
Index 587
Michel Biron is a plastics consultant based in Les Ulis, France, and is a Graduate Chemist Engineer from the Institut National Supérieur de Chimie Industriellede Rouen and Polymer Specialist from the Institut Franēais du Caoutchouc. He has authored numerous technical papers and books on plastics.
Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām Biežāk uzdotie jautājumi par e-grāmatām
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