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Innovation Commons: The Origin of Economic Growth [Hardback]

(Professor of Economics, School of Economics, Finance and Marketing, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 280 pages, height x width x depth: 157x236x23 mm, weight: 544 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Aug-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0190937491
  • ISBN-13: 9780190937492
  • Hardback
  • Cena: 142,50 €
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  • Formāts: Hardback, 280 pages, height x width x depth: 157x236x23 mm, weight: 544 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 13-Aug-2019
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0190937491
  • ISBN-13: 9780190937492
Innovation is among the most important topics in understanding economic sustained economic growth. Jason Potts argues that the initial stages of innovation require cooperation under uncertainty and draws from insights on the solving of commons problems to shed light on policies and conditions
conducive to the creation of new firms and industries.
The problems of innovation commons are overcome, Potts shows, when there are governance institutions that incentivize cooperation, thereby facilitating the pooling of distributed information, knowledge, and other inputs. The entrepreneurial discovery of an economic opportunity is thus an emergent
institution resulting from the formation of a cooperative group, under conditions of extreme uncertainty, working toward the mutual purpose of opportunity discovery about a nascent technology or new idea. Among the problems commons address are those of the identity; cooperation; consent; monitoring;
punishment; and independence. A commons is efficient compared to the creation of alternative economic institutions that involve extensive contracting and networks, private property rights and price signals, or public goods (i.e. firms, markets, and governments). In other words, the origin of
innovation is not entrepreneurial action per se, but the creation of a common pool resource from which entrepreneurs can discover opportunities.
Potts' framework draws on the evolutionary theory of cooperation and institutional theory of the commons. It also has important implications for understanding the origin of firms and industries, and for the design of innovation policy. Beginning with a discussion of problems of knowledge and
coordination as well as their implications for common pool environments, the book then explores instances of innovation commons and the lifecycle of innovation, including increased institutionalization and rigidness. Potts also discusses the possible implications of the commons framework for
policies to sustain innovation dynamics.

Recenzijas

The way in which he explains the emergence of new industries by integrating the topic of innovation with a theory of social cooperation structured by rules is masterful. * Erwin Dekker, Journal of Cultural Economics * Everyone agrees that innovation drives the transformation of modern economies. But Jason Potts will ruffle feathers with his fascinating and well-researched account of the origins of innovation itself. Against the statist left he points to the limits of state-led innovation. Against the individualist right, he argues that innovation begins not by heroic individuals alone, but by institutions that govern the cooperative pooling of innovation resources and the coordination of dispersed knowledge. This is a highly innovative account of the sources of innovation, which should be read by everyone working in this field. * Geoffrey M. Hodgson, Professor in Management, Loughborough University London * In this beautifully-written and well-argued book, Potts shows how cooperation and networking are essential to innovation and economic growth. He rightly defines technological change as a social process,and demonstrates how collective action problems involving innovation can be overcome by institutions. Relying on both economic history and theory, his book provides a convincing account based on a fusion of the new institutional economics and the economics of innovation. Highly recommended to all social scientists interested in technological change. * Joel Mokyr, Northwestern University, Author of A Culture of Growth (2016) * Jason Potts` Innovation Commons is a trailblazing contribution to economics. The new theory presented in the lucidly written book holds that innovation begins with an institutional solution to the problem of knowledge pooling and cooperation under uncertainty, eschewing the old view of a heroic entrepreneur. Potts imagination and erudition are deeply impressive. The book not only leaves far behind the conventional wisdom of neoclassical growth theory but also clears the ground for the next generation of evolutionary economists. Shedding light on the eminently social nature of the causes of economic evolution the book leads to a new understanding of the origin of firms and industries, and of the possibilities to design innovation policy. This book will prove invaluable in advancing economic theory in the age of an increasingly more complex digital economy. * Kurt Dopfer, University of St.Gallen, Switzerland *

List of Illustrations
ix
Preface: Against Prometheus xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1 We Innovate Together
1(26)
1.1 The Origin of Innovation
2(5)
1.2 The Commons in the Innovation Commons
7(9)
What Is a Commons?
8(4)
What Type of Commons Is an Innovation Commons?
12(2)
Common Pooling and Peer Production in an Innovation Commons
14(2)
1.3 Clunkers and Homebrew
16(2)
1.4 The republic of Letters
18(3)
1.5 Why Groups, Why Cooperation, Why Open?
21(3)
1.6 Overview of Book
24(3)
2 The Innovation Problem
27(30)
2.1 Trade and New Knowledge Explain Growth
27(5)
2.2 The Innovation Problem as Economic Problem
32(6)
The Schumpeter-Nelson-Arrow Version of the Innovation Problem
33(3)
The Hayek Version of the Innovation Problem
36(2)
2.3 The Origin of the Innovation Trajectory
38(3)
2.4 The Economic Problem of Innovation
41(2)
2.5 The Innovation Problem is a Collective Action Problem
43(4)
2.6 Innovation Happens in Groups
47(6)
Discovery Failure
50(1)
Discovery Costs
50(3)
2.7 Conclusion
53(4)
3 Innovation Is a Knowledge Problem
57(16)
3.1 Innovation Problem I: Social Contract Problem (Mccloskey Version)
58(2)
3.2 Innovation Problem II: Distributed Knowledge Problem (Hayek Version)
60(3)
3.3 Innovation Problem III: Idiosyncratic Risk (Williamson Version)
63(3)
3.4 Innovation Problem IV: Rules for Cooperation (Ostrom Version)
66(4)
3.5 Conclusion
70(3)
4 Four Theories of the Innovation Commons
73(10)
4.1 Two Commons
74(2)
4.2 Evolution of Cooperation
76(1)
4.3 Defense Against Enclosure
77(1)
4.4 Institutional Uncertainty
78(3)
4.5 Conclusion
81(2)
5 Origin of the Innovation Trajectory
83(26)
5.1 The Zeroth Phase of the Innovation Trajectory
85(5)
5.2 The Fundamental Transformation
90(3)
5.3 The Proto-Entrepreneur, The Dual-Discovery Problem, and the Two-Commons Solution
93(7)
The Proto-entrepreneur Seeks Nonprice Information
94(2)
The Proto-entrepreneur Faces a Dual-Discovery Problem
96(2)
The Two-Commons Solution
98(2)
5.4 Modeling the Innovation Commons
100(2)
5.5 The Innovation Commons in Institutional Space
102(3)
5.6 The Innovation Commons as Higher-Order Discovery
105(2)
5.7 Conclusion
107(2)
6 Rules of the Innovation Commons
109(44)
6.1 Cooperation Behind the Veil of Ignorance
110(3)
6.2 An Emergent Social Order
113(1)
6.3 The Use of Society in Knowledge
114(2)
6.4 Problems the Innovation Commons Must Solve
116(13)
Problem 1 Identity
116(3)
Problem 2 Cooperation
119(3)
Problem 3 Consent
122(1)
Problem 4 Monitoring
123(2)
Problem 5 Punishment and Conflict
125(1)
Problem 6 Independence
126(2)
Economic Problems the Rules Must Solve
128(1)
6.5 Origin of Rules
129(2)
6.6 Core Design Principles
131(12)
6.7 Can Evolution Explain the Innovation Commons?
143(7)
Evolution of Cooperation
144(2)
Evolution of Cooperation in the Commons
146(1)
Is Cooperation for Innovation the Institutional Equivalent of War?
147(1)
The Innovation Commons as Higher-Order Discovery
148(2)
6.8 Conclusion: We Innovate Together
150(3)
7 Life Cycle of an Innovation Commons
153(26)
7.1 Institutions of Collective Innovation
154(6)
Institutional Varieties of Collective Innovation
154(5)
Institutional Transformations over an Innovation Trajectory
159(1)
7.2 The Origin of Industry
160(3)
7.3 The Standard Model of Industry Associations
163(3)
7.4 A New Model of Industry Associations: Private Governance for Discovery of Public Goods
166(6)
7.5 Industry Associations Construct Niches
172(3)
New Evolutionary Themes
174(1)
7.6 The Demic Phase of an Innovation Commons
175(1)
7.7 Conclusion
176(3)
8 Innovation Policy for the Commons
179(24)
8.1 A History and Critique of Modern Innovation Policy
180(8)
Theory of Innovation Policy
180(1)
Mechanisms of Modern Innovation Policy
181(3)
Critique of Innovation Policy
184(2)
Political Economy of Innovation Policy
186(1)
Rules as Policy
186(1)
Innovation Policy as a Public and Private Goods Problem
187(1)
Innovation Policy and Its Discontents: A Summary
188(1)
8.2 Discovery Failure
188(2)
8.3 Efficient Institutions of Innovation Policy
190(6)
The Comparative Institutional Approach
190(5)
The Low Social Costs (and High Private Benefits) of Innovation Commons
195(1)
8.4 New Innovation Policy
196(4)
Diagnosing the Innovation Problem
196(1)
Benefits to Groups, Regions, Nations, and the World
197(1)
This Comes from Civil Society
197(2)
The Innovation Economy Cannot Be Planned
199(1)
8.5 Conclusion
200(3)
9 Inclusive Innovation Policy
203(18)
9.1 Two Types of Innovation Policy
203(2)
9.2 Innovation Seen and Unseen
205(3)
9.3 Against Innovation: Theory
208(2)
9.4 A Better Approach to Innovation Policy
210(6)
Facilitate Collective Learning
212(1)
Build Innovation Commons
213(1)
Minimize Innovation Rent-Seeking
214(1)
Examples: Uber and Bitcoin
215(1)
9.5 Inclusive Innovation: A New Social Contract
216(5)
10 Conclusion
221(8)
10.1 The Institutional Origin of Innovation
222(2)
10.2 Implications for Economic Theory
224(1)
10.3 The Innovation-Sharing Economy
225(4)
References 229(22)
Index 251
Professor of Economics, School of Economics, Finance & Marketing, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia