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Insect Physiology and Biochemistry 4th edition [Hardback]

(University of Florida, Gainesville, USA)
  • Formāts: Hardback, 564 pages, height x width: 280x210 mm, weight: 1860 g, 16 Tables, color; 234 Line drawings, color; 70 Halftones, color; 304 Illustrations, color
  • Izdošanas datums: 20-May-2022
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1032247045
  • ISBN-13: 9781032247045
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Insect Physiology and Biochemistry 4th editionPalielināt
  • Formāts: Hardback, 564 pages, height x width: 280x210 mm, weight: 1860 g, 16 Tables, color; 234 Line drawings, color; 70 Halftones, color; 304 Illustrations, color
  • Izdošanas datums: 20-May-2022
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1032247045
  • ISBN-13: 9781032247045
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781032247045.html
Keywords:
Employing the clear, student-friendly style that made previous editions so popular, Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Fourth Edition presents an engaging and authoritative guide to the latest findings in the dynamic field of insect physiology. The book supplies a comprehensive picture of the current state of the function, development, and reproduction of insects. Expanded and updated, now in full colour, this fourth edition adds three new chapters on the role of the nervous system in behavior; the Genomics Revolution in entomology; and global climate changes which have a major effect on insects, including warming and weather. It continues to challenge conventional entomological wisdom with the latest research and analytical interpretations.

The text will appeal to upper undergraduate and graduate students and to practicing biologists who need to possess a firm knowledge of the broad principles of insect physiology. With detailed full colour illustrations to help explain physiological concepts and important anatomical details, it remains the most easily accessible guide to key concepts in the field.

Recenzijas

"This revised edition of Nations Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Fourth Edition will be a great boon to those teaching insect biochemistry and physiology to advanced undergraduates and graduate students as well as to insect scientists in general. It is readable, up-to-date, and full of information. The new references since the last edition in 2014 are separated from the original ones at the end of each chapter so it is easy to find them. There are two new chapters dealing with the impact of climate change on insects and the new genomic approaches such as CRISPR that are already producing major advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of insect life processes."

-- Lynn M. Riddiford, Professor of Biology Emerita, University of Washington, USA

PRAISE FOR PREVIOUS EDITIONS

"The volume is clearly written and well organized, facilitating its use as a reference work. Overall, it provides a comprehensive overview of the subject; it will be a useful starting point for students and others seeking to learn the basics of this diverse and broad field. Summing up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners." R. E. Lee Jr., Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA, for CHOICE, March 2016

"Insect Physiology and Biochemistry provides an excellent introduction of the subjects for graduate students and advanced undergraduates for whom it is written and will serve as a primer for the non specialist eager to employ insects as their research models. The text is clear, well arranged, and a pleasure to read. It presents the broad concepts and focuses on contemporary referencesIn all, this textbook is an impressive work, emblematic of Nations ability to present clearly the salient highlights of insect physiology and biochemistry. Its wide adoption as a teaching text is assured." William S. Bowers, The University of Arizona, USA Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 28, No. 12

" This textbook does a nice job of presenting information to students. The new edition of course has been updated. Each chapter has received some updating with most noticeable improvements to the figures. The font has not changed but a better paper has been used to make the text and figures easier to read. The front cover might even be more visually appealing to some, although the content is what is important. In addition several chapters have been added to improve the new edition. One is on diapauses and one about immunity. These were added in response to suggestions made by reviewers of the first edition and are important aspects to include in a text on insect physiology. Studies on diapauses have occurred for quite some time, but more recent insights into the molecular mechanisms behind diapause were also included. Insect immunity is an area of insect physiology that is currently receiving a considerable amount of research attention. This chapter provides students with an overview of this important topic. Other changes that have improved the second edition are the expansion of chapters on vision and flight. The new edition has been improved with the addition of some color plates placed in the middle of the book. I would recommend this textbook to all students, faculty, and other scholars studying insects. The new edition is improved and covers almost every aspect of insect physiology. Every student of entomology should have a course in insect physiology and up to date textbooks are required to help teach these courses. James Nation has taught insect physiology and other courses for quite some time and has incorporated that knowledge into this textbook. The references at the end of each chapter are invaluable to new students and old who want to find out more information about certain topics. As more biologists become interested in insects as more genomes are sequenced they will want to know more about how the genes they are studying fit into the physiology and biochemistry of insects in general. Control measures based more on the specifics of insect physiology will also be developed in the future and background information will be required to exploit these technologies. This textbook will provide that background information." Russell Jurenka, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, in Florida Entomologist

"I found the book Insect Physiology and Biochemistry by James L. Nation extremely useful. The author has done an excellent job of covering all major topics from a physiological and biochemical point of view, seeking to incorporate the latest in the field of knowledge. In my opinion, the primary strength of the current edition is the comprehensive yet concise manner in which it has dealt with various topics in insect physiology with a biochemical and in some cases a molecular perspective." N. Krishnan, Dept. of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University "This revised edition of Nations Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Fourth Edition will be a great boon to those teaching insect biochemistry and physiology to advanced undergraduates and graduate students as well as to insect scientists in general. It is readable, up-to-date, and full of information. The new references since the last edition in 2014 are separated from the original ones at the end of each chapter so it is easy to find them. There are two new chapters dealing with the impact of climate change on insects and the new genomic approaches such as CRISPR that are already producing major advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of insect life processes."

-- Lynn M. Riddiford, Professor of Biology Emerita, University of Washington, USA

PRAISE FOR PREVIOUS EDITIONS

"The volume is clearly written and well organized, facilitating its use as a reference work. Overall, it provides a comprehensive overview of the subject; it will be a useful starting point for students and others seeking to learn the basics of this diverse and broad field. Summing up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals/practitioners." R. E. Lee Jr., Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA, for CHOICE, March 2016

"Insect Physiology and Biochemistry provides an excellent introduction of the subjects for graduate students and advanced undergraduates for whom it is written and will serve as a primer for the non specialist eager to employ insects as their research models. The text is clear, well arranged, and a pleasure to read. It presents the broad concepts and focuses on contemporary referencesIn all, this textbook is an impressive work, emblematic of Nations ability to present clearly the salient highlights of insect physiology and biochemistry. Its wide adoption as a teaching text is assured." William S. Bowers, The University of Arizona, USA Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 28, No. 12

" This textbook does a nice job of presenting information to students. The new edition of course has been updated. Each chapter has received some updating with most noticeable improvements to the figures. The font has not changed but a better paper has been used to make the text and figures easier to read. The front cover might even be more visually appealing to some, although the content is what is important. In addition several chapters have been added to improve the new edition. One is on diapauses and one about immunity. These were added in response to suggestions made by reviewers of the first edition and are important aspects to include in a text on insect physiology. Studies on diapauses have occurred for quite some time, but more recent insights into the molecular mechanisms behind diapause were also included. Insect immunity is an area of insect physiology that is currently receiving a considerable amount of research attention. This chapter provides students with an overview of this important topic. Other changes that have improved the second edition are the expansion of chapters on vision and flight. The new edition has been improved with the addition of some color plates placed in the middle of the book. I would recommend this textbook to all students, faculty, and other scholars studying insects. The new edition is improved and covers almost every aspect of insect physiology. Every student of entomology should have a course in insect physiology and up to date textbooks are required to help teach these courses. James Nation has taught insect physiology and other courses for quite some time and has incorporated that knowledge into this textbook. The references at the end of each chapter are invaluable to new students and old who want to find out more information about certain topics. As more biologists become interested in insects as more genomes are sequenced they will want to know more about how the genes they are studying fit into the physiology and biochemistry of insects in general. Control measures based more on the specifics of insect physiology will also be developed in the future and background information will be required to exploit these technologies. This textbook will provide that background information." Russell Jurenka, Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, in Florida Entomologist

"I found the book Insect Physiology and Biochemistry by James L. Nation extremely useful. The author has done an excellent job of covering all major topics from a physiological and biochemical point of view, seeking to incorporate the latest in the field of knowledge. In my opinion, the primary strength of the current edition is the comprehensive yet concise manner in which it has dealt with various topics in insect physiology with a biochemical and in some cases a molecular perspective." N. Krishnan, Dept. of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University

Preface xix
Author Biography xxi
Chapter 1 Embryogenesis
1(26)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Morphogenesis
1(10)
1.2.1 Egg, Fertilization, and Zygote Formation
1(2)
1.2.2 Variations in Zygotic Nucleus Cleavage, Formation of Energids, and Blastoderm Formation
3(1)
1.2.2.1 Apterygota
4(1)
1.2.2.2 Hemimetabola
5(1)
1.2.2.3 Holometabola
6(1)
1.2.3 Formation of the Germ Band
6(1)
1.2.4 Gastrulation
7(1)
1.2.5 Germ Band Elongation
8(1)
1.2.6 Blastokinesis and Extraembryonic Membranes
8(3)
1.3 Genetic Control of Embryogenesis
11(3)
1.3.1 Development of a Model for Patterning
12(1)
1.3.1.1 The bicoid Gene and Anterior Determination in Drosophila
12(1)
1.3.1.2 Posterior Group Genes and Posterior Pattern Formation
13(1)
1.3.1.3 Genes Required in the Acron and Telson
14(1)
1.3.1.4 Dorsal-Ventral Axis
14(1)
1.4 Segmentation Genes
14(1)
1.5 Homeotic Genes
15(1)
1.5.1 Homeobox
16(1)
1.6 Organogenesis
16(2)
1.6.1 Neurogenesis
16(1)
1.6.2 Development of the Gut
17(1)
1.6.3 Malpighian Tubules
17(1)
1.6.4 Tracheal System
17(1)
1.6.5 Oenocytes
17(1)
1.6.6 Wing Development
17(1)
1.6.7 Cuticle Secretion in the Embryo
18(1)
1.6.8 Cell Movements During Embryogenesis
18(1)
1.6.9 Programmed Cell Death: Apoptosis
18(1)
1.7 Hatching
18(1)
1.8 Imaginal Discs
18(2)
1.9 Summary and Conclusions
20(1)
1.10 Review and Self-Study Questions
21(6)
References Added to 4th Edition
21(2)
Foundation References
23(4)
Chapter 2 Digestion
27(30)
2.1 Introduction
27(1)
2.2 Relationships between Food Habits and Gut Structure and Function
27(1)
2.2.1 Plant vs. Animal Origin: Solid vs. Liquid Diet
27(1)
2.3 Major Structural Regions of the Gut
28(3)
2.3.1 Foregut
28(2)
2.3.2 Midgut
30(1)
2.3.3 Hindgut
30(1)
2.4 Midgut Cell Types
31(2)
2.4.1 Columnar Cells
31(1)
2.4.2 Regenerative Cells
31(1)
2.4.3 Goblet Cells
32(1)
2.5 Microvilli or Brush Border of Midgut Cells
33(1)
2.6 Glycocalyx
34(1)
2.7 Peritrophic Matrix
34(2)
2.7.1 Functions of the Peritrophic Matrix
35(1)
2.8 Digestive Enzymes
36(3)
2.8.1 Carbohydrate-Digesting Enzymes
37(1)
2.8.2 Lipid Digesting Enzymes
37(1)
2.8.3 Protein-Digesting Enzymes
37(1)
2.8.4 Do Proteinase Inhibitors in the Food Influence Evolution of Proteinase Secreted?
38(1)
2.9 Hormonal Influence on Midgut
39(1)
2.10 Countercurrent Circulation of Midgut Contents and Absorption of Digested Products
40(1)
2.11 Transepithelial and Oxidation-Reduction Potential of the Gut
41(1)
2.12 Gut pH
42(2)
2.13 Hematophagy: Feeding on Vertebrate Blood
44(1)
2.14 Digestive System Morphology and Physiology in Major Insect Orders
44(4)
2.14.1 Orthoptera
44(1)
2.14.2 Dictyoptera
44(1)
2.14.3 Isoptera
45(1)
2.14.4 Hemiptera
45(1)
2.14.5 Homoptera
46(1)
2.14.6 Coleoptera
46(1)
2.14.7 Hymenoptera
46(1)
2.14.8 Diptera
47(1)
2.14.9 Lepidoptera
47(1)
2.15 Insect Gut as a Potential Target for Population Management and Control of the Spread of Plant and Animal Disease Organisms
48(1)
2.16 Summary/Conclusions
48(1)
2.17 Review and Self-Study Questions
49(8)
References Added to 4th Edition
49(2)
Foundation References
51(6)
Chapter 3 Nutrition
57(20)
3.1 Introduction
57(1)
3.2 Importance of Balance and Self-Selection of Nutritional Components
58(1)
3.3 Ability of Insects to Self-Select Nutritional Components
59(1)
3.4 Requirements for Specific Nutrients
60(7)
3.4.1 Nitrogen Source: Proteins and Amino Acids
60(1)
3.4.2 Amino Acids
61(1)
3.4.3 Carbohydrates
62(1)
3.4.4 Lipids
63(1)
3.4.5 Sterols
63(1)
3.4.6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
64(1)
3.4.7 Vitamins
64(1)
3.4.8 Minerals
65(2)
3.5 Techniques and Dietary Terms Used in Insect Nutrition Studies
67(1)
3.6 Criteria for Evaluating Nutritional Quality of a Diet
67(1)
3.7 Measures of Food Intake and Utilization
67(1)
3.8 Phagostimulants
68(1)
3.9 Feedi ng Deterrents s
69(1)
3.10 Summary and Conclusions
70(1)
3.11 Review and Self-Study Questions
70(7)
References Added to 4th Edition
71(1)
Foundation References
72(5)
Chapter 4 Integument and Molting
77(30)
4.1 Introduction
77(1)
4.2 Structure of the Integument
77(5)
4.2.1 Cuticulin Envelope
78(1)
4.2.2 Epicuticle
78(1)
4.2.3 Procuticle
78(1)
4.2.4 Pore Canals and Wax Channels
79(1)
4.2.5 Epidermal Cells
79(3)
4.3 Molting and Formation of New Cuticle
82(2)
4.3.1 Apolysial Space
83(1)
4.3.2 Molti ng Flu id Secretion
83(1)
4.3.3 New Cuticle Formation
83(1)
4.3.4 Reabsorption of Molting Fluid
84(1)
4.4 Ecdysis
84(6)
4.4.1 Shedding the Old Cuticle: Ecdysis of the Adult
86(1)
4.4.2 Post-Ecdysis Wing Expansion and Water Proofing the New Cuticle
87(1)
4.4.3 Sclerotization of Cuticle
87(3)
4.5 Chemical Composition of Cuticle
90(9)
4.5.1 Chitin
91(2)
4.5.2 Biosynthesis of Chitin
93(2)
4.5.3 Cuticular Proteins
95(1)
4.5.4 Resilin
96(1)
4.5.5 Stage-Specific Differences in Cuticle Proteins
97(1)
4.5.6 Protective Functions of Cuticle Proteins
97(1)
4.5.7 Cuticular Lipids
98(1)
4.6 Mineralization of Insect Cuticles
99(1)
4.7 Capture of Atmospheric Water on Cuticular Surfaces
100(1)
4.8 Summary and Conclusions
100(1)
4.9 Review and Self-Study Questions
101(6)
References Added to 4th Edition
101(1)
Foundation References
102(5)
Chapter 5 Hormones and Development
107(36)
5.1 Introduction
107(1)
5.2 Interplay of PTTH, Ecdysteroids, and Juvenile Hormone Controls Development
107(4)
5.3 Brain Neurosecretory Cells and Prothoracicotropic Hormone (PTTH)
111(3)
5.3.1 Source and Chemistry Ill
5.3.2 Bioassay for PTTH Activity
111(1)
5.3.3 Stimuli for Secretion of PTTH
112(1)
5.3.4 Secretion of PTTH after Brain Activation by Stretch Receptors
113(1)
5.3.5 Gated PTTH Secretion in Tobacco Hornworm
113(1)
5.3.6 Secretion of PTTH after Brain Activation by Cold Exposure
113(1)
5.3.7 Regulation of Tissue and Hemolymph Levels of PTTH
114(1)
5.3.8 Mode of Action of PTTH
114(1)
5.4 Prothoracic Glands and Ecdysteroids
114(7)
5.4.1 Biosynthesis of Ecdysone
116(1)
5.4.2 Conversion of Ecdysone into 20-Hydroxyecdysone
117(1)
5.4.3 Molecular Diversity in the Structure of the Molting Hormone
118(1)
5.4.4 Assays for Ecdysteroids
118(1)
5.4.5 Radioimmunoassay for Ecdysone and Related Ecdysteroids
119(1)
5.4.6 Assay by Physicochemical Techniques
119(1)
5.4.7 Tissues and Cell Cultures Used in Assays
120(1)
5.4.8 Degradation of Ecdysone
121(1)
5.4.9 Virus Degradation of Host Ecdysteroids
121(1)
5.4.10 Dependence of Some Parasitoids on Host Ecdysteroids
121(1)
5.5 Corpora Allata and Juvenile Hormones
121(8)
5.5.1 Glandular Source and Chemistry of Juvenile Hormones
121(2)
5.5.2 Assays for JH Activity
123(1)
5.5.3 Regulation of the Tissue and Hemolymph Levels of JH
123(2)
5.5.4 Growth Regulators and Compounds Cytotoxic to the Corpora Allata
125(2)
5.5.5 Cellular Mode of Action and Receptors for JH
127(2)
5.5.6 Downstream Transcription Factors
129(1)
5.6 Mode of Action of Ecdysteroids at the Gene Level
129(4)
5.6.1 Chromosomal Puffs
129(2)
5.6.2 Identification and Isolation of an Ecdysteroid Receptor
131(1)
5.6.3 Differential Tissue and Cell Response to Ecdysteroids
132(1)
5.7 Possible Timer Gene in the Molting Process
133(1)
5.8 Ecdysone-Gene Interaction Ideas Stimulated Vertebrate Work
134(1)
5.9 Development of Eyespots in Wings of Lepidoptera
134(1)
5.10 Summary and Conclusions
134(1)
5.11 Review and Self-Study Questions
135(8)
References Added to 4th Edition
136(2)
Foundation References
138(5)
Chapter 6 Biological Rhythms
143(22)
6.1 Introduction
143(1)
6.2 Characteristics of Circadian and Photoperiodic Rhythms
143(1)
6.3 Molecular Basis for the Circadian Clock
144(2)
6.4 Evidence for Clock Genes in Many Insects
146(7)
6.4.1 Circadian Regulation of Hormone Secretion
148(1)
6.4.2 Circadian Clock Influence in Peripheral Organs and Tissues
149(1)
6.4.3 Circadian Clock Influence in Social Behavior of Honeybees
150(1)
6.4.4 Circadian Clock Influence in Reproduction
150(3)
6.5 Photoperiodic Response: One Clock, Two Clocks, or Multiple Clocks?
153(1)
6.6 Clock Models Based on Experimental Responses of Insects to Varying Light/Dark Regimes
154(2)
6.6.1 Hourglass Model
155(1)
6.6.2 External Coincidence Model
155(1)
6.6.3 Internal Coincidence Model
156(1)
6.6.4 Resonance Model
156(1)
6.6.5 Summary Results from Model Experiments
156(1)
6.7 Summary and Conclusions
156(1)
6.8 Review and Self-Study Questions
157(8)
References Added to 4th Edition
157(2)
Foundation References
159(6)
Chapter 7 Diapause
165(16)
7.1 Introduction
165(1)
7.2 Diapause: A Survival Strategy
165(2)
7.3 Phases of Diapause
167(2)
7.3.1 Prediapause: Induction and Preparation
168(1)
7.3.2 Diapause: Initiation and Maintenance
169(1)
7.3.3 Diapause Termination
169(1)
7.4 Hormonal Control of Diapause
169(3)
7.4.1 Embryonic Diapause
169(1)
7.4.2 Larval Diapause
170(1)
7.4.3 Pupal Diapause
170(1)
7.4.4 Adult Diapause/Reproductive Diapause
171(1)
7.5 Role of Daily and Seasonal Biological Clocks in Diapause
172(1)
7.6 Diapause and Gene Expression
172(1)
7.7 Nutrient Accumulation for Diapause and the Storage and Conservation of Nutrients During Diapause
172(1)
7.8 Molecular Studies of Diapause
173(1)
7.9 A Pre-Diapause Strategy - Cold Tolerance
174(1)
7.10 Summary and Conclusions
175(1)
7.11 Review and Self-Study Questions
175(6)
References Added to 4th Edition
175(2)
Foundation References
177(4)
Chapter 8 Intermediary Metabolism
181(26)
8.1 Introduction
181(1)
8.2 Energy Demands for Insect Flight
182(1)
8.3 Metabolic Stores
183(3)
8.3.1 Carbohydrate Resources
183(1)
8.3.1.1 Trehalose Resources
183(2)
8.3.1.2 Glycogen: Storage and Synthesis
185(1)
8.4 Hormones Controlling Carbohydrate Metabolism
186(1)
8.5 Pathways of Metabolism Supporting Intense Muscular Activity, Such as Flight
186(16)
8.5.1 Glycolysis
186(2)
8.5.1.1 The Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shuttle and Regeneration of NAD+
188(2)
8.5.1.2 Significance and Control of the Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shuttle
190(1)
8.5.2 The Krebs Cycle
190(2)
8.5.2.1 Control of Krebs Cycle Metabolism and Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Flight Muscles
192(1)
8.5.3 The Electron Transport System
192(2)
8.5.4 Proline as a Fuel for Flight
194(3)
8.5.5 Mobilization and Use of Lipids for Flight Energy
197(3)
8.5.5.1 Transport of Lipids by Lipophorin
200(1)
8.5.5.2 Activation of Fatty Acids, Entry into Mitochondria, and p-Oxidation
201(1)
8.6 Summary and Conclusions
202(1)
8.7 Review and Self-Study Questions
203(4)
References Added to 4th Edition
203(1)
Foundation References
204(3)
Chapter 9 The Nervous System: Anatomy and Physiology
207(24)
9.1 Introduction
207(1)
9.2 Central Nervous System (CNS)
208(1)
9.3 TheBrain r
208(4)
9.3.1 Protocerebrum
209(2)
9.3.2 Deutocerebrum
211(1)
9.3.3 Tritocerebrum
211(1)
9.4 Ventral Ganglia
212(1)
9.5 Oxygen and Glucose Supply to the Brain and Ganglia
213(1)
9.6 The Neuropil
213(1)
9.7 Hemolymph-Brain (CNS) Barrier
213(1)
9.8 Neurons: Building Blocks of a Nervous System
214(2)
9.8.1 Afferent or Sensory Neurons
214(1)
9.8.2 Efferent or Motor Neurons
214(1)
9.8.3 Interneurons
215(1)
9.8.4 Glial Cells
215(1)
9.9 Nerve Cell Responses to Stimuli
216(1)
9.9.1 Graded Responses
216(1)
9.9.2 Spike Potentials
216(1)
9.10 The Physiological Basis for Neuronal Responses to Stimuli
216(7)
9.10.1 Membrane Ion Channels: Bioelectric Potentials
216(3)
9.10.2 The Resting Potential
219(1)
9.10.3 The Action Potential: Sodium Activation
220(1)
9.10.4 Sodium Inactivation and Repolarization
221(1)
9.10.5 Measurement of Ion Fluxes: Voltage Clamp Technique
222(1)
9.10.6 Conduction of the Action Potential: Local-Circuit Theory
222(1)
9.11 The Synapse: Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
223(3)
9.11.1 Acetylchol ine-Mediated Synapses
224(1)
9.11.2 Nicotinic and Muscarinic Receptors in Insects
225(1)
9.11.3 Electric Transmission across Synapses
225(1)
9.11.4 Neuromuscular Junctions
226(1)
9.12 Summary and Conclusions
226(1)
9.13 Review and Self-Study Questions
227(4)
References Added to 4th Edition
227(1)
Foundation References
228(3)
Chapter 10 The Nervous System: Selected Roles in Behavior
231(16)
10.1 Introduction
231(1)
10.2 Neuropeptides
231(1)
10.3 Selected Behaviors
232(5)
10.3.1 Sleep in Insects
232(2)
10.3.2 Learning in Insects
234(1)
10.3.3 Gustation and Feeding in Insects
235(2)
10.4 Motor Programs
237(3)
10.4.1 A Motor Program that Controls Walking
237(1)
10.4.2 A Motor Pattern for Rhythmic Breathing
238(1)
10.4.3 Escape Behavior and Trapping of Prey: Role of Giant Axons
238(2)
10.5 Summary and Conclusions
240(1)
Acknowledgments
241(1)
10.6 Self-Study Questions
241(6)
References Added to 4th Edition
241(4)
Foundation References
245(2)
Chapter 11 Muscles Physiology and Kinematics
247(20)
11.1 Introduction
247(1)
11.2 Basic Muscle Structure and Function
247(5)
11.2.1 Macro- and Microstructure of Muscle
248(1)
11.2.2 Muscle Attachments to the Exoskeleton
249(1)
11.2.3 Skeletal Muscle
250(1)
11.2.4 Polyneuronal Innervation and Multiterminal Nerve Contacts
250(2)
11.2.5 The Transmitter Chemical at Nerve-Muscle Junctions
252(1)
11.3 Synchronous and Asynchronous Muscles
252(2)
11.4 Muscle Proteins and Physiology of Contraction
254(2)
11.4.1 The Active State: Binding of Myosin Heads to Actin and the Sliding of Filaments
254(1)
11.4.2 Release of Myosin Heads from Actin
255(1)
11.5 Muscles Involved in General Locomotion, Running, and Jumping
256(2)
11.5.1 Adaptations for Running, Walking, and Survival
256(1)
11.5.2 Adaptations for Jumping
257(1)
11.6 Sound Production: Tymbal and Stridulatory Muscle
258(2)
11.6.1 Tymbal Morphology and Physiology
258(1)
11.6.2 Stridulatory Muscle Physiology
259(1)
11.7 Insect Chill Response: Neuromuscular Physiology
260(1)
11.8 Morphology and Physiology of Nonskeletal Muscle
260(1)
11.8.1 Visceral Muscles
260(1)
11.8.2 Heart Muscle
261(1)
11.8.3 Alary Muscles
261(1)
11.9 Summary and Conclusions
261(1)
11.10 Review and Self-Study Questions
262(5)
References Added to 4th Edition
262(1)
Foundation References
263(4)
Chapter 12 Insect Flight
267(16)
12.1 Introduction
267(1)
12.2 Thoracic Structure, Wing Hinges, and Muscle Groups Involved in Flight
268(1)
12.3 Wing Strokes
269(1)
12.4 Multiple Contractions from Each Volley of Nerve Impulses to Asynchronous Muscles
270(1)
12.5 Flight in Dragonflies and Damselflies
270(2)
12.6 Aerodynamics of Lift and Drag Forces Produced by Wings
272(2)
12.6.1 Lift Forces Generated by Clap and Fling Wing Movements
272(1)
12.6.2 Lift Forces Derived from Drag and Delayed Stall
273(1)
12.7 Hovering Flight
274(1)
12.8 Control of Pitch and Twisting of Wings
275(1)
12.9 Power Output of Flight Muscles
275(1)
12.10 Metabolic Activity of Wing Muscles
276(1)
12.11 Flight Behavior
277(1)
12.12 Summary and Conclusions
277(1)
12.13 Review and Self-Study Questions
278(5)
References Added to 4th Edition
278(1)
Foundation References
279(4)
Chapter 13 Sensory Systems
283(18)
13.1 Introduction
283(1)
13.2 External and Internal Receptors Monitor the Environment
284(1)
13.3 General Functional Classification of Sensory Receptors
284(2)
13.3.1 Receptors with Multiple Pores
285(1)
13.3.2 Receptors with a Single Pore
285(1)
13.3.3 Receptors without Pores
285(1)
13.4 Mechanoreceptors
286(7)
13.4.1 Structure of a Simple Tactile Hair: A Mechanoreceptor Sensillum
286(1)
13.4.2 Hair Plates
286(1)
13.4.3 Chordotonal Sensilla
286(1)
13.4.4 Subgenual Organs
287(1)
13.4.5 Tympanal Organs: Specialized Organs for Airborne Sounds
288(2)
13.4.6 Johnston's Organ
290(1)
13.4.7 Simple Chordotonal Organs
291(1)
13.4.8 Thermoreceptors and Hygroreceptors
291(1)
13.4.9 Infrared Reception
292(1)
13.5 Chemoreceptors
293(3)
13.5.1 Olfactory Sensilla: Dendritic Fine Structure
293(1)
13.5.2 Contact Chemoreceptors-Gustatory Receptors
294(1)
13.5.3 Specialists vs. Generalists among Chemoreceptors
295(1)
13.5.4 Stimulus-Receptor Excitation Coupling
296(1)
13.6 Summary and Conclusions
296(1)
13.7 Review and Self-Study Questions
297(4)
References Added to 4th Edition
297(1)
Foundation References
298(3)
Chapter 14 Vision
301(20)
14.1 Introduction
301(1)
14.2 Compound Eye Structure
302(1)
14.3 Dioptric Structures
303(2)
14.4 Corneal Layering
305(1)
14.5 Retinula Cells
305(1)
14.6 Rhabdomeres
305(1)
14.7 Electrical Activity of Retinula Cells
305(1)
14.8 Neural Connections in the Optic Lobe
306(1)
14.9 Ocelli
306(1)
14.10 Larval Eyes: Stemmata
307(1)
14.11 Dermal Light Sense
307(1)
14.12 Chemistry of Insect Vision
307(2)
14.13 Visual Cascade
309(1)
14.14 Regulation of the Visual Cascade
309(1)
14.15 Color Vision
310(2)
14.16 Vision is Important in Behavior
312(1)
14.17 Nutritional Need for Carotenoids in Insects
312(1)
14.18 Detection of Plane-Polarized Light
313(1)
14.19 Visual Acuity
314(2)
14.20 Summary and Conclusions
316(1)
14.21 Review and Self-Study Questions
316(5)
References Added to 4th Edition
316(1)
Foundation References
317(4)
Chapter 15 Circulatory System
321(24)
15.1 Introduction: Circulatory System
321(1)
15.2 Dorsal Vessel: Heart and Aorta
321(6)
15.2.1 Alary Muscles
324(1)
15.2.2 Ostia
324(1)
15.2.3 Heartbeat
325(1)
15.2.4 Ionic Influences on Heartbeat
326(1)
15.2.5 Nerve Supply to the Heart
326(1)
15.2.6 Cardioactive Secretions
326(1)
15.3 Accessory Pulsatile Hearts
327(1)
15.4 Hemocy tes
328(5)
15.4.1 Functions of Hemocytes
330(1)
15.4.2 Hemocytopoietic Tissues and Origin of Hemocytes
330(2)
15.4.3 Number of Circulating Hemocytes
332(1)
15.5 Hemolymph
333(5)
15.5.1 Functions of Hemolymph and Circulation
333(2)
15.5.2 Hemolymph Volume
335(1)
15.5.3 Coagulation of Hemolymph
335(1)
15.5.4 Hemolymph pH and Hemolymph Buffers
336(1)
15.5.5 Chemical Composition of Hemolymph
337(1)
15.5.5.1 Inorganic Ions
337(1)
15.5.5.2 Free Amino Acids
338(1)
15.5.5.3 Proteins
338(1)
15.5.5.4 Other Organic Constituents
338(1)
15.6 Rate of Circulation
338(1)
15.7 Hemoglobin
339(1)
15.8 Summary and Conclusions
339(1)
15.9 Review and Self-Study Questions
340(5)
References Added to 4th Edition
340(2)
Foundation References
342(3)
Chapter 16 Immunity
345(20)
16.1 Introduction
345(1)
16.2 Physical Barriers to Invasion
345(1)
16.3 Recognition of Nonself
346(1)
16.4 Cellular Immune Reactions
347(2)
16.5 Synthesis of Antifungal and Antibacterial Peptides
349(1)
16.6 Toll, IMD, JNK, and JAK-STAT Are Pathways for Defense Responses
350(2)
16.6.1 Toll Pathway
351(1)
16.6.2 IMD Pathway
352(1)
16.6.3 JNK Pathway
352(1)
16.6.4 JAK-STAT Pathway
352(1)
16.7 C-Type Lectins
352(1)
16.8 Serpins
352(1)
16.9 Ecology, Behavior, and Immunity
353(1)
16.9.1 Effects of Climate Change on Insect Immune Responses
353(1)
16.9.2 Limitation of Nutritional Resources May Alter Immune Response
354(1)
16.10 Cost of Defense: To Defend or Not? What Are the Trade-Offs?
354(1)
16.11 Coevolutionary Race between Parasitoid Escape Mechanisms and Host Defense Mechanisms
355(1)
16.12 Autoimmune Consequences of Some Defense Reactions
356(1)
16.13 Gender Differences in Immune Responses
356(1)
16.14 Summary and Conclusions
356(1)
16.15 Review and Self-Study Questions
357(8)
References Added to 4th Edition
357(3)
Foundation References
360(5)
Chapter 17 Respiration
365(26)
17.1 Introduction
365(1)
17.2 Structure of the Tracheal System
366(5)
17.2.1 Tracheae and Tracheole Structure
366(1)
17.2.2 Plasticity in the Tracheal System
367(1)
17.2.3 Spiracle Structure and Function
367(2)
17.2.4 Tracheal Epithelium
369(1)
17.2.5 Development of New Tracheoles
369(1)
17.2.6 Air Sacs
370(1)
17.2.7 Molting of Tracheae
370(1)
17.3 Tracheal Supply to Tissues and Organs
371(2)
17.3.1 Adaptations of Tracheae to Supply Flight Muscles
371(2)
17.4 Ventilation and Diffusion of Gases within the System
373(3)
17.4.1 Simple Diffusion is Usually Not Adequate
373(1)
17.4.2 Active Ventilation of Tracheae
373(3)
17.4.3 Diffusion from Tracheoles to Mitochondria
376(1)
17.5 Discontinuous Gas Exchange
376(2)
17.6 Water Balance during Flight
378(1)
17.7 Gas Exchange in Aquatic Insects
379(4)
17.7.1 Compressible Gas Gills
379(1)
17.7.2 Incompressible Gas Gills: A Plastron
380(1)
17.7.3 Use of Aquatic Plants as Air Source
380(1)
17.7.4 Cutaneous Respiration: Closed Tracheal System in Some Aquatic Insects
381(2)
17.8 Respiration in Endoparasitic Insects
383(1)
17.9 Respiratory Pigments
383(1)
17.10 Respiration in Eggs and Developing Embryos
383(1)
17.11 Nonrespiratory Functions of the Tracheal System
384(1)
17.12 Summary and Conclusions
384(1)
17.13 Review and Self-Study Questions
385(6)
References Added to 4th Edition
385(1)
Foundation References
386(5)
Chapter 18 Excretion
391(24)
18.1 Introduction
391(1)
18.2 Malpighian Tubules
391(2)
18.3 Malpighian Tubule Cells
393(1)
18.4 Formation of Primary Urine in Malpighian Tubules
394(1)
18.5 Proton Pump as Driving Mechanism for Urine Formation and Homeostasis
394(2)
18.6 Possibilities for Selectively Disrupting Water and Ion Homeostasis for Insect Control
396(1)
18.7 Selective Reabsorption in the Hindgut
397(2)
18.7.1 Anatomical Specialization of Hindgut Epithelial Cells
397(2)
18.7.2 Secretion and Reabsorption in the Ileum
399(1)
18.7.3 Reabsorption in the Rectum
399(1)
18.8 Role of the Excretory System in Maintaining Homeostasis
399(8)
18.8.1 Electrolyte Homeostasis
400(1)
18.8.2 Water Homeostasis
401(1)
18.8.2.1 Diuretic Hormones
401(2)
18.8.2.2 Antidiuretic Hormones
403(1)
18.8.3 Acid-Base Homeostasis
403(1)
18.8.4 Nitrogen Homeostasis
403(1)
18.8.4.1 Ammonia Excretion
403(2)
18.8.4.2 Uric Acid Synthesis and Excretion
405(2)
18.9 Cryptonephridial Systems
407(1)
18.10 Summary and Conclusions
408(1)
18.11 Review and Self-Study Questions
408(7)
References Added to 4th Edition
409(1)
Foundation References
410(5)
Chapter 19 Semiochemicals
415(32)
19.1 Introduction
415(1)
19.2 Classes of Semiochemicals
415(1)
19.3 Importance of the Olfactory Sense in Insects
416(2)
19.4 Active Space Concept
418(1)
19.5 Pheromones Classified According to Behavior Elicited
418(1)
19.6 Pheromone Parsimony
418(1)
19.7 Chemical Characteristics of Semiochemicals
419(2)
19.8 Insect Receptors and Odorant-Binding Proteins
421(5)
19.8.1 Pheromone-Binding Proteins
421(2)
19.8.2 Signal Transduction and Receptor Response
423(1)
19.8.3 Pheromone Inactivation and Clearing of the Receptor
424(1)
19.8.4 Do Insects Smell the Blend or Just the Major Components?
425(1)
19.9 Information Coding and Processing
426(3)
19.9.1 Structure of Odor Plumes
426(2)
19.9.2 Pheromone Signal Processing
428(1)
19.10 Hormonal Control of Pheromone Synthesis and Release
429(1)
19.11 Biosynthesis of Pheromones
430(3)
19.12 Geographical and Population Differences and Evolution of Pheromone Blends
433(1)
19.13 Practical Applications of Pheromones
434(2)
19.14 Summary and Conclusions
436(1)
19.15 Review and Self-Study Questions
436(11)
References Added to 4th Edition
437(2)
Foundation References
439(8)
Chapter 20 Reproduction
447(28)
20.1 Introduction
447(1)
20.2 Female Reproductive System
447(9)
20.2.1 Structure of Ovaries
447(2)
20.2.1.1 Panoistic Ovarioles
449(1)
20.2.1.2 Telotrophic Ovarioles
449(1)
20.2.1.3 Poly trophic Ovarioles
449(1)
20.2.1.4 Oviposition
450(1)
20.2.2 Nutrients for Oogenesis
450(1)
20.2.3 Hormonal Regulation of Ovary Development and Synthesis of Egg Proteins
451(5)
20.3 Vitellogenins and Yolk Proteins
456(1)
20.3.1 Biochemical Characteristics of Vitellogenins and Yolk Proteins
456(1)
20.3.2 Yolk Proteins of Higher Diptera
457(1)
20.4 Sequestering of Vitellogenins and Yolk Proteins by Oocytes
457(2)
20.4.1 Patency of Follicular Cells
457(1)
20.4.2 Egg Proteins Produced by Follicular Cells
458(1)
20.4.3 Proteins in Addition to Vitellogenin and Yolk Proteins in the Egg
459(1)
20.5 Formation of the Vitelline Membrane
459(1)
20.6 The Chorion
460(1)
20.7 Gas Exchange in Eggs
460(1)
20.8 Male Reproductive System
460(4)
20.8.1 Apyrene and Eupyrene Sperm of Lepidoptera
463(1)
20.8.2 Male Accessory Glands
463(1)
20.8.3 Transfer of Sperm
464(1)
20.9 Sex Determination
464(1)
20.10 Chromosomal Systems for Gender Determination
465(1)
20.11 Summary and Conclusions
466(1)
20.12 Review and Self-Study Questions
466(9)
References Added to 4th Edition
467(2)
Foundation References
469(6)
Chapter 21 Insect Symbioses
475(28)
21.1 Introduction
475(1)
21.2 Symbioses among Leaf-Cutting Ants, Fungi, and Bacteria
476(2)
21.3 Biology of Termites
478(3)
21.3.1 Symbionts in Termites
479(1)
21.3.2 Lignocellose Structure
480(1)
21.3.3 Nitrogen Metabolism
480(1)
21.3.4 Fungal Culture
481(1)
21.4 Bark and Ambrosia Beetles and Their Symbionts
481(5)
21.4.1 Ambrosia Beetles
481(2)
21.4.2 Bark Beetles
483(1)
21.4.3 Fungal Role in Supplementing Limited Nutrients in Wood and Phloem
483(2)
21.4.4 Evolution of Fungal Feeding in Bark Beetles
485(1)
21.4.5 Bacteria as Part of the Bark Beetle Holobiont
485(1)
21.4.6 Anthropogenic Effects upon Bark Beetles and Their Symbionts
485(1)
21.5 Buchnera in Aphids
486(1)
21.6 Tsetse Fly Symbionts
486(1)
21.7 Wolbachia
487(3)
21.7.1 Cytoplasmic Incompatability Inducing Effect of Wolbachia
488(1)
21.7.2 Parthenogenesis-Inducing Effect of Wolbachia
489(1)
21.7.3 Feminizing Strains of Wolbachia
489(1)
21.8 Burkholderia in Insects
490(1)
21.9 Summary and Conclusions
491(1)
21.10 Self-Study Questions
491(12)
References Added to 4th Edition
492(2)
Foundation References
494(9)
Chapter 22 Global Climate Change: Present and Future Impact on Insects
503(18)
22.1 Introduction
503(2)
22.2 How Have Insects Responded to Climate: Will Climate Change Bring Greater Damage by Insect Pests?
505(1)
22.3 Acclimation of Insects to Lower Thermal Limits: Their Response to Fluctuating and Extreme Cold
506(2)
22.4 Response of Insects to Upper Thermal Limits
508(1)
22.5 Will Tropical Insect Be More or Less Impacted by Climate Warming?
509(1)
22.6 Insect Ecophysiology and Climate Change
509(1)
22.7 Climate Change is Driving Insect Distributions
510(1)
22.8 Climate Change: Insect Vectors and Infectious Diseases
511(2)
22.9 Summary and Conclusions
513(1)
22.10 Review and Self-Study Questions
513(8)
Acknowledgments
514(1)
References
514(7)
Chapter 23 The Genomics Revolution in Entomology
521(18)
23.1 Introduction
521(2)
23.2 Transposable Elements
523(1)
23.2.1 Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of TEs in Insects
523(1)
23.2.2 Additional Ways Transposons Aid Insects
523(1)
23.3 Evolutionarily Ancient and Conserved RNAI Pathways in Insects
523(4)
23.3.1 Functions of microRNA
525(1)
23.3.2 The PIWI RNA (piRNA) Pathway: Protection for Germline Cells
526(1)
23.3.3 Function of Short Interfering RNA (siRNA) in Insect Antiviral Immunity
526(1)
23.4 Applications of Interfering RNA in Insects
527(2)
23.5 CRISPR/Cas 9 Technology
529(3)
23.5.1 Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 System to Edit Genes in Insects
530(2)
23.5.2 Using CRISPR/Cas9 to Explore Gene Function
532(1)
23.6 Introducing Gene Editing into Educational Programs
532(1)
23.7 Summary and Conclusions
532(2)
Acknowledgments
534(1)
23.8 Review and Self-Study Questions
534(5)
References
534(5)
Index 539
James L. Nation is currently Professor Emeritus in the Entomology & Nematology Department, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. He taught graduate courses in the Department of Entomology & Nematology, conducted research, and taught Global Environmental Issues in the Honors Program before retiring in June 2003 after 43 years teaching and research at the University of Florida. He continued to teach, on a contract basis, in the undergraduate Honor Program at University of Florida (Global Environmental Issues, 3 credit course, and Origin of Humans, 1 credit course) until 2020 when he retired from teaching. He holds a BS degree (1957) from Mississippi State University (Entomology with Chemistry minor) and a PhD (1960) from Cornell University (Entomology with specialization in insect physiology and insect biochemistry). He was voted Teacher of the Year by the graduate students in the Entomology & Nematology Dept. at University of Florida in 1989-90, 1994-95, 1996-97, 1998-99, and 2000-2001. In 2001 he received the Distinguished Faculty Award from Florida Blue Key Fraternity for outstanding service to the University of Florida. In 2006 he received an award from the Florida Entomological Society in recognition of Achievement for Teaching in Higher Education. He introduced a graduate course in Insect Physiology for entomology students at Florida A & M University, Tallahassee, FL in the fall term, 2006. The course was taught principally by interactive TV from Gainesville, with a few visits to the A&M campus. At the annual HONORS BANQUET on April 15, 2010, he was selected as the 2010/2011 Honors Professor of the Year at the University of Florida. He edited (with two others) the international Journal of Chemical Ecology from 1995-2000, and the Florida Entomologist, An International Journal for the Americas from 2004-2010. In 2011 he received an award from the Florida Entomological Society in recognition of Editorial Services to the Society for editing the Florida Entomologist. He has authored or co-authored more than 85 scientific publications in refereed journals, and short articles in the Encyclopedia of Entomology (John Capinera, Editor). He is the author of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry (CRC Press), a textbook for graduate and undergraduate studies. The first edition was published in 2002, a revised 2nd edition of the book was published in April 2008, and a 3rd revised edition was published in August 2015. The 4th revision is soon to be published. His e-mail address is JLN@ufl.edu