Preface |
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xi | |
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INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER, ENERGY, AND SOLIDS MANAGEMENT |
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1 | (356) |
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1 Sustain Ability Goals For Urban Water And Solid Waste Systems |
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3 | (28) |
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1.1 Introduction to Urban Sustainability |
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3 | (5) |
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1.2 Historic and Current Urban Paradigms |
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8 | (6) |
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Paradigms of Urbanization |
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9 | (5) |
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1.3 Global Climate Changes |
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14 | (2) |
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1.4 Need for a Paradigm Shift to Sustainability |
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16 | (3) |
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1.5 Population Increase, Urbanization, and the Rise of Megalopolises |
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19 | (5) |
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23 | (1) |
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Brief Outlook Toward the Future |
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23 | (1) |
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1.6 What Is a Sustainable Ecocity? |
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24 | (7) |
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Impact of Global Warming and Continuing Overuse of Resources |
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28 | (1) |
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The UN 2015 Resolution of Sustainability |
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28 | (3) |
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2 The New Paradigm Of Urban Water, Energy, And Resources Management |
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31 | (20) |
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2.1 The Search for a New Paradigm |
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31 | (2) |
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2.2 From Linear to Hybrid Urban Metabolism |
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33 | (7) |
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37 | (3) |
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2.3 Urban Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Change |
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40 | (11) |
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Engineering and Infrastructure Hazards and Disaster Resilience |
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42 | (6) |
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Socioecological or Governance Resilience |
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48 | (3) |
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3 Goals And Criteria Of Urban Sustainability |
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51 | (22) |
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3.1 Review of Existing Sustainability Criteria |
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51 | (10) |
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LEED Criteria for Buildings and Subdivisions |
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53 | (1) |
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Triple Net-Zero (TNZ) Goals |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (2) |
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GHG (Carbon Dioxide) Net-Zero Footprint Goal |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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3.2 Zero Solid Waste to Landfill Goal and Footprint |
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61 | (8) |
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64 | (4) |
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68 | (1) |
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Swedish Recycling Revolution |
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68 | (1) |
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3.3 Importance of Recycling versus Combusting or Landfilling |
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69 | (4) |
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4 Origin Of Hydrogen Energy, Ghg Emissions, And Climatic Changes |
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73 | (44) |
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4.1 Introduction to Energy |
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73 | (6) |
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Energy Definitions and Units |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (3) |
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79 | (12) |
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Blue and Green Sources of Hydrogen on Earth |
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79 | (5) |
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Hydrogen as a Source of Energy |
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84 | (5) |
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Vision of Hydrogen Role in the (Near) Future |
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89 | (2) |
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4.3 Carbon Dioxide Sequestering and Reuse |
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91 | (7) |
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Stopping the Atmospheric CO2 Increase and Reversing the Trend |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (3) |
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Non-CCUS Reuse of Carbon Dioxide |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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4.4 Solar and Wind Blue Power |
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98 | (10) |
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98 | (5) |
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103 | (3) |
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Green and Blue Energy Storage |
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106 | (2) |
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4.5 Food/Water/Energy/Climate Nexus |
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108 | (2) |
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4.6 World and US Energy Outlook |
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110 | (7) |
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5 Decentralized Hierarchical Urban Water, Used Water, Solids, And Energy Management Systems |
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117 | (24) |
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5.1 Economy of Scale Dogma Forced Centralized Management 45 Years Ago |
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117 | (2) |
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5.2 Distributed Building and Cluster Level Designs and Management |
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119 | (7) |
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Cluster or Neighborhood Level Water and Energy Recovery |
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121 | (5) |
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5.3 Flow Separation: Gray Water Reclamation and Reuse |
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126 | (15) |
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Tap a Sewer, Keep the Liquid, and Sell the Solids |
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132 | (4) |
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Integrated District Water and Energy Providing Loop |
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136 | (1) |
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Energy Savings and GHG Reduction by Gray Water Reuse in Clusters |
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137 | (4) |
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6 Biophilic Sustainable Landscape And Low Impact Development |
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141 | (34) |
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6.1 Urban Nature and Biophilic Designs |
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141 | (3) |
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142 | (2) |
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6.2 Low-Impact Development |
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144 | (21) |
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Classification of LID (SUDS) Practices |
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149 | (16) |
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6.3 Restoring, Daylighting, and Creating Urban Water Bodies |
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165 | (6) |
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165 | (4) |
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169 | (1) |
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Vertical Forests and Systems |
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170 | (1) |
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6.4 Biophilic Urban Biomass Management and Carbon Sequestering |
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171 | (4) |
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Lawns and Grass Clippings |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (3) |
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7 Building Blocks Of The Regional Integrated Resources Recovery Facility (Irrf) |
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175 | (36) |
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7.1 Traditional Aerobic Treatment |
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175 | (4) |
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GHG Emissions from Traditional Regional Water/Resources Recovery Facilities |
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178 | (1) |
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7.2 Energy-Producing Treatment |
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179 | (10) |
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Anaerobic Digestion and Decomposition |
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179 | (3) |
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Comparison of Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatment and Energy Recovery (Use) Processes |
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182 | (2) |
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Acid Fermentation and Its Hydrogen Production |
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184 | (4) |
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188 | (1) |
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7.3 Triple Net-Zero: COF Future Direction and Integrated Resource Recovery Facilities |
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189 | (14) |
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Goals of the Future IRRFs and Enabling Technologies |
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190 | (2) |
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Energy Recovery in a Centralized Concept with Anaerobic Treatment and Digestion as the Core Technology |
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192 | (2) |
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Anaerobic Energy Production and Recovery Units and Processes |
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194 | (1) |
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High Rate Anaerobic Treatment Systems |
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195 | (8) |
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7.4 Co-Digestion of Sludge with Other Organic Matter |
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203 | (4) |
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7.5 Conversion of Chemical and Sensible Energy in Used Water into Electricity and Heat |
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207 | (4) |
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8 Integrating Gasification And Developing An Integrated "Waste To Energy" Power Plant |
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211 | (54) |
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8.1 Traditional Waste-to-Energy Systems |
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211 | (5) |
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212 | (3) |
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Heat Energy to Dry the Solids |
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215 | (1) |
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8.2 Pyrolysis and Gasification |
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216 | (16) |
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Gasification of Digested Residual Used Water Solids with MSW |
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218 | (3) |
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Gasification of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) |
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221 | (11) |
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8.3 Converting Biogas to Electricity |
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232 | (3) |
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Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) to Syngas and Then to Hydrogen |
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234 | (1) |
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8.4 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) and Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) |
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235 | (7) |
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Increasing Hydrogen Energy Production |
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236 | (1) |
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Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) |
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236 | (2) |
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Modifications of MFCs to MECs for Hydrogen Production |
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238 | (3) |
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Hybrid Fermentation and the MEC System |
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241 | (1) |
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8.5 Hydrogen Yield Potential by Indirect Gasification |
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242 | (7) |
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Sources of Energy Hydrogen |
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244 | (7) |
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Maximizing Hydrogen Energy Yield by Selecting the Proper Technologies |
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251 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs) |
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250 | (3) |
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Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) |
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253 | (1) |
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Producing Hydrogen and Oxygen by Electrolysis |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (8) |
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260 | (2) |
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Carbon Dioxide Sequestering in an IRRF |
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262 | (2) |
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Carbon Dioxide Capture and Concentration by the Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (26) |
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9.1 The Need to Recover, Not Just Remove Nutrients |
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265 | (2) |
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9.2 Biological Nutrient Removal and Recovery |
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267 | (6) |
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Traditional Nutrient Removal Processes |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (2) |
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Phosphorus Biological Removal and Limited Recovery |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (1) |
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9.3 Unit Processes Recovering Nutrients |
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273 | (18) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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Phytoseparation of Nutrients |
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275 | (8) |
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Chemical Removal and Recovery of Nutrients |
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283 | (2) |
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Phosphorus Flow in the Distributed Urban System |
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285 | (1) |
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Nutrients in Gasifier Ash |
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286 | (5) |
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10 Building The Sustainable Integrated System |
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291 | (46) |
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10.1 Assembling the System |
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291 | (4) |
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Concepts, Building Blocks, and Inputs |
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291 | (4) |
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10.2 Upgrading Traditional Systems to Cities of the Future |
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295 | (9) |
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Milwaukee (Wisconsin) Plan |
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295 | (1) |
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Danish Billund BioRefinery |
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296 | (3) |
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299 | (5) |
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10.3 Visionary Mid-Twenty-First Century Regional Resource Recovery Alternative |
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304 | (7) |
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309 | (2) |
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10.4 Water-Energy Nexus and Resource Recovery of Three Alternative Designs |
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311 | (26) |
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311 | (4) |
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315 | (4) |
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CO2/Kw-h Ratio for the Alternatives |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (16) |
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11 Closing The Quest Toward Triple Net-Zero Urban Systems |
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337 | (20) |
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11.1 Community Self-Reliance on TMZ System for Power and Recovering Resources |
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337 | (4) |
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11.2 Economic Benefits and Approximate Costs of the 2040+ Integrated Water/Energy/MSW Management |
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341 | (8) |
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Cost of Green and Blue Energies Is Decreasing |
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342 | (7) |
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11.3 Can It Be Done in Time to Save the Earth from Irreversible Damage? |
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349 | (8) |
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Political-Economical Tools |
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349 | (2) |
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The Process to Achieve the Goals |
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351 | (6) |
References |
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357 | (28) |
Index |
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385 | |