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E-grāmata: Integrating Practice-based Experiences into Higher Education

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This book advances understandings about and practices for effectively integrating practice-based (e.g. workplace) experiences in higher education programs. This issue is becoming of increasing salient because higher education programs globally are increasingly focussing on preparing students for specific occupations. Such imperatives are reflected in the cooperative education movement in North America, the foundation degree programs of the United Kingdom, the work integrated learning approach within Australian higher education and initiatives in a range of other countries. There are clear and growing expectations that graduates from such should be able to move smoothly into being effective in their occupational practice. These expectations rise from the imperatives and interest of government, employers, community and students themselves. The book achieves a number of important goals. Firstly, it identifies and delineates the educational worth of students and engagement in practice-based experiences and their integration within their programs of study. Secondly, it advances conceptions of the integration of such experiences that is essential to inform how these programs might be enacted. Thirdly, drawing on the findings of two teaching fellowships, it proposed bases and propositions for how experiences in higher education programs might be organised and augmented to support effective learning. Fourthly pedagogic practices seen to be effective in maximising the learning from those practice experiences and integrating them within the curriculum are identified and discussed. Fifthly, a particular focus is given to students’ personal epistemologies and how these might be developed and directed towards supporting effective learning within practice settings and the integration of that learning in their university programs.

1 Integrating Practice-Based Experiences with Higher Education
1(26)
1.1 Providing and Integrating Practice-Based Experiences Within Higher Education
1(2)
1.2 Need to Integrate Practice-Based Experiences in Higher Education
3(3)
1.3 Meeting the Demands of Generating Job-Ready Graduates
6(21)
1.3.1 The Worth of Occupational Emphasis Within Educational Provisions
9(3)
1.3.2 Need for Authentic Experiences and Their Integration
12(2)
1.3.3 Integrating Learning Experiences: A Challenge for Higher Education
14(2)
1.3.4 Studies Informing This Book
16(1)
1.3.5 Findings from These Studies
17(1)
1.3.6 Intended Objectives of This Book
18(1)
1.3.7 Structure of Book and Case in Preview
19(4)
References
23(4)
2 Purposes of Higher Education: Contemporary and Perennial Emphases
27(36)
2.1 Contemporary Purposes of Higher Education
27(2)
2.2 Occupational and Workplace Focus Within Higher Education
29(3)
2.3 The Context, Purpose and Practices of Higher Education
32(4)
2.4 National Context and the Purposes of Higher Education
36(6)
2.4.1 Political Factors
36(2)
2.4.2 Economic Factors
38(1)
2.4.3 Social/Cultural Factors
39(2)
2.4.4 Personal Factors
41(1)
2.5 Shaping the Worth of Higher Education in Contemporary Times
42(4)
2.6 Higher Education and Practice-Based Learning Experiences
46(3)
2.7 Vocations and Occupations, and Education
49(3)
2.7.1 Vocations: Two Conceptions
50(2)
2.8 Occupations, Vocations and Education
52(11)
2.8.1 Knowledge Required for Effective Occupational Practice
53(4)
2.8.2 Situated Performance
57(1)
References
58(5)
3 Educational Purposes of Integrating Experiences in Practice and University Settings
63(24)
3.1 Integrating Practice-Based Experiences: Educational Purpose
63(3)
3.2 Educational Goals for Integrating Experiences in Practice and Educational Settings
66(4)
3.2.1 Identify to What Occupations Individuals Are Suited
66(2)
3.2.2 Developing Occupational Capacities
68(2)
3.3 Specific Purposes for Integrating Student Experiences
70(12)
3.3.1 Learning About Selected Occupations
71(2)
3.3.2 Learning About Variations of Occupational Practice
73(2)
3.3.3 Building the Capacities Required to Engage and Be an Effective Practitioner
75(2)
3.3.4 Extending the Knowledge Learnt in University Settings
77(3)
3.3.5 Orientations to Circumstances Where Occupations Are Practiced and Their Tasks Requirements
80(1)
3.3.6 Meeting Requirements of Occupational or Professional Licensing
81(1)
3.4 The Necessity of Providing and Integrating Practice Experiences
82(5)
References
83(4)
4 Conceptions of Integrating Students' Experiences
87(24)
4.1 Integrating Experiences in Higher Education and Practice Settings
87(2)
4.2 Higher Education: The Growing Imperative for Work-Based Experiences
89(1)
4.3 Students' Experiences and Learning
90(4)
4.4 Accounts of Integration of Experiences
94(11)
4.4.1 Situational Account of Integration
95(4)
4.4.2 Personal Account of Integration
99(3)
4.4.3 Integration as a Socio-personal Process
102(3)
4.5 Considerations of Integrations of Experiences
105(6)
References
107(4)
5 Learning and Teaching Projects
111(24)
5.1 Learning and Teaching Projects
111(3)
5.2 Fellowship 1: Developing Agentic Professionals Through Practice-Based Pedagogies
114(6)
5.2.1 Fellowship Process
116(1)
5.2.2 Phase One: Identifying Responses
117(1)
5.2.3 Phase Two: Enacting Integrations
118(1)
5.2.4 Phase Three: Appraising Practice and Development
118(1)
5.2.5 Phase Four: Consolidation and Dissemination
118(1)
5.2.6 Data and Analysis
119(1)
5.3 Fellowship 2: Curriculum and Pedagogic Bases for Effectively Integrating Practice-Based Experiences Within Higher Education
120(15)
5.3.1 Approach and Methodology
121(7)
5.3.2 Data Gathering and Analysis
128(1)
5.3.3 Attributes of the Investigations
129(2)
5.3.4 Considerations for Curriculum
131(1)
5.3.5 Considerations for Pedagogy
131(1)
References
132(3)
6 Key Findings About Integrating Experiences
135(26)
6.1 Progressing the Integration of Experiences in Practice Settings
135(1)
6.2 Just Having Workplace Experiences is Insufficient: Augmenting the Experiences
136(3)
6.2.1 Mediating Novel Experiences and Avoiding Dissonance
136(1)
6.2.2 Promoting Applicability Through Links and Reconciliations
137(1)
6.2.3 Supporting the Reconciliation and Elaboration of Knowledge to be Learnt
138(1)
6.3 Preparing Students for, Providing Support During and Assisting Connect Experiences
139(3)
6.3.1 Preparing Students for Their Work Experiences
139(1)
6.3.2 Supporting Them During Those Workplace Experiences
140(1)
6.3.3 Organizing Activities After Their Work Experiences for the Sharing of Those Experiences
141(1)
6.4 Students' Readiness Key Factor Shaping Their Learning
142(4)
6.4.1 Extent of Foundational Knowledge
142(2)
6.4.2 Student Interest and Agency
144(1)
6.4.3 Degree of Realism and Awareness
144(1)
6.4.4 Person-Dependence
145(1)
6.4.5 Situational Awareness
145(1)
6.5 Challenge of Providing and Managing Experiences for Students Who Are `Time Jealous'
146(4)
6.5.1 Students Are Often `Time Jealous'
147(2)
6.5.2 Securing Students' Engagement with Educational Activities and Interactions
149(1)
6.6 Salience of the `Experienced Curriculum': How Students Construe and Engage
150(2)
6.6.1 Importance of the `Experienced' Curriculum
150(1)
6.6.2 Centrality of Student Engagement
151(1)
6.7 Incremental Exposure to Practice-Based Experience and Progression Preferred
152(2)
6.8 Educators' Diverse Conceptions of Worth and Competence with Practice Experiences
154(2)
6.9 Importance of Aligning All Parties' Understandings of Purposes of WIL and Its Processes
156(2)
6.10 Key Propositions for Organising Enacting and Experiencing Work Integrated Learning
158(3)
References
159(2)
7 Curriculum Considerations: The Integration of Experiences
161(34)
7.1 Curriculum Considerations of Integration
161(2)
7.2 Intended Curriculum
163(5)
7.2.1 Aligning Educational Purposes with Work Integrated Processes
165(3)
7.3 Key Considerations for the Intended Curriculum
168(7)
7.3.1 Educational Processes
168(1)
7.3.2 Gradual and Staged Engagement
169(1)
7.3.3 Timing and Sequencing
170(1)
7.3.4 Duration
171(1)
7.3.5 Engagement
172(1)
7.3.6 Kind of Experiences Leading to Particular Outcomes
173(2)
7.4 Enacted Curriculum
175(5)
7.4.1 Teachers
176(2)
7.4.2 Resources and Options
178(2)
7.5 Growing Demand for Placements
180(1)
7.6 Options to Supervised Placements
181(4)
7.6.1 Students' Paid Part-Time Work
181(2)
7.6.2 Opportunities to Observe and Reflect
183(1)
7.6.3 Voluntary Activities
184(1)
7.6.4 Student or Teacher Organised Practice-Based Activities
184(1)
7.7 Going Beyond Supervised Work Placements
185(2)
7.7.1 Students
186(1)
7.8 Curriculum as Experienced by Students
187(4)
7.8.1 Student Readiness
189(1)
7.8.2 Student Interest and Agency
190(1)
7.8.3 Student Confidence and Competence
191(1)
7.9 Considerations of Curriculum
191(4)
References
192(3)
8 Pedagogic Practices Supporting the Integration of Experiences
195(30)
8.1 Pedagogic Practices
195(4)
8.2 Purposes and Pedagogic Practices
199(4)
8.3 Prior to Engaging in Practice Experiences
203(7)
8.4 During Practice-Based Experiences
210(4)
8.5 After Experiences in Practice Settings
214(6)
8.5.1 Co-op Seminars: Purposes and Practices: A Case Study
218(2)
8.6 Pedagogic Practices Serving to Assist the Integration of Workplace Experiences
220(5)
References
220(5)
9 Developing Students' Personal Epistemologies
225(28)
9.1 Personal Epistemologies, Readiness and Learning
225(5)
9.1.1 Personal Epistemologies: Learning Through and the Integration of Experiences
228(2)
9.2 An Account of Personal Epistemology
230(2)
9.3 Time Jealous Students
232(1)
9.4 Promoting the Development of Agentic Personal Epistemologies for Education and Professional Life
233(2)
9.4.1 Dimensions of Readiness
234(1)
9.5 Student Readiness: Conceptual, Procedural and Dispositional Dimensions
235(2)
9.6 Readiness at Work
237(2)
9.7 Promoting the Development of Students' Personal Epistemologies
239(1)
9.8 Curriculum Considerations Associated with Developing Students' Personal Epistemologies
240(3)
9.9 Pedagogic Strategies Associated with Developing Students Personal Epistemologies
243(1)
9.10 Promoting Students' Personal Epistemologies Before Practicum Experiences
243(3)
9.11 Promoting Students' Personal Epistemologies During Practicum Experiences
246(1)
9.12 Promoting Students' Personal Epistemologies After Practicum Experiences
247(1)
9.13 Developing Students' Personal Epistemologies
248(5)
References
249(4)
Glossary 253(2)
Index 255