List of Figures |
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xi | |
General Editors' Preface |
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xii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xiv | |
1 Introduction |
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1 | |
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1.1 Aim and readership of the book |
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1 | |
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3 | |
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1.3 Authors' subjectivity |
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6 | |
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8 | |
Part 1 Conceptualizing Intercultural Interaction |
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13 | |
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13 | |
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2.2 Etic frameworks for comparing cultures: multidisciplinary perspectives |
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16 | |
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2.2.1 Frameworks in psychology |
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17 | |
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2.2.2 Frameworks in anthropology |
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22 | |
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2.2.3 Frameworks in international business |
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26 | |
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2.2.4 Frameworks in applied linguistics and discourse studies |
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29 | |
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2.3 Emic perspectives on culture |
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33 | |
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2.4 Culture and regularity |
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34 | |
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2.4.1 Types of cultural regularity |
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34 | |
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2.4.2 Culture, regularity and variability |
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35 | |
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2.5 Culture and social groups |
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40 | |
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2.5.1 Culture and religious groups |
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41 | |
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2.5.2 Culture and organizations |
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42 | |
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2.5.3 Culture and professional groups |
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43 | |
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2.5.4 Culture and communities of practice |
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45 | |
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2.5.5 Culture and multi-group membership |
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46 | |
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2.6 Culture and representation |
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46 | |
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48 | |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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48 | |
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3 Intercultural Interaction Competence (ICIC) |
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50 | |
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3.1 Introduction: terminology and definitions |
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51 | |
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3.2 The contribution of psychology and communication studies |
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53 | |
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3.2.1 Goals of ICIC identified by psychologists and communication scholars |
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53 | |
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3.2.2 Components of ICIC identified by psychologists and communication scholars |
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55 | |
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3.2.3 ICIC conceptual frameworks developed by psychologists and communication scholars |
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58 | |
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3.3 The contribution of applied linguistics and foreign language education |
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63 | |
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3.3.1 Applied linguists' concerns about criteria of ICIC |
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64 | |
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3.3.2 ICIC conceptual frameworks developed by applied linguists and foreign language education specialists |
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65 | |
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3.4 The contribution of international business and management studies |
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69 | |
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3.4.1 Components of ICIC identified by international business and management scholars |
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70 | |
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3.4.2 ICIC conceptual frameworks developed by international business and management scholars |
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75 | |
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79 | |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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79 | |
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4 Achieving Understanding in Intercultural Interaction |
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81 | |
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4.1 The communication process and message communication competencies |
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82 | |
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4.2 An authentic example: misconstruals of meaning |
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82 | |
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4.3 Effective use of message communication competencies |
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85 | |
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4.4 Ineffective use of message communication competencies |
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87 | |
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92 | |
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4.6 The communication process revisited |
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95 | |
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4.7 Achieving understanding through an interpreter |
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96 | |
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99 | |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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100 | |
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5 Promoting Rapport in Intercultural Interaction |
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101 | |
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5.1 Rapport and rapport management competencies |
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102 | |
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5.2 An authentic example: a problematic business meeting |
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103 | |
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105 | |
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5.3.1 Participant relations |
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105 | |
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5.3.2 Role rights and obligations |
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106 | |
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5.3.3 Type of communicative activity |
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107 | |
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5.3.4 Contextual awareness and Experiential Example 5.1 |
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108 | |
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5.4 Interpersonal attentiveness |
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109 | |
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109 | |
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5.4.2 Behavioural expectations |
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111 | |
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5.4.3 Interactional goals |
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112 | |
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5.4.4 Interpersonal attentiveness and Experiential Example 5.1 |
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114 | |
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5.5 Information gathering |
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115 | |
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116 | |
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117 | |
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5.8 Strategies for managing rapport |
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117 | |
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5.8.1 Orientations towards rapport |
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117 | |
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5.8.2 Rapport management strategies |
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119 | |
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5.9 Strategies for managing conflict |
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123 | |
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127 | |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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128 | |
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6 Confronting Disadvantage and Domination in Intercultural Interaction |
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130 | |
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6.1 Impression management and disadvantage |
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130 | |
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6.1.1 What is impression management? |
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131 | |
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6.1.2 Managing and perceiving impressions in intercultural interaction |
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132 | |
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6.2 Stereotypes and disadvantage |
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137 | |
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6.2.1 Stereotypes and intercultural interaction |
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137 | |
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6.2.2 What are stereotypes? |
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139 | |
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6.2.3 Are stereotypes harmful? |
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142 | |
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6.3 Prejudice, conscious discrimination and deliberate domination |
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145 | |
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6.4 English as a world language, and disadvantage |
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147 | |
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149 | |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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149 | |
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7 Adapting to Unfamiliar Cultures |
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151 | |
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7.1 Culture shock and stress |
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151 | |
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7.1.1 Understanding culture shock and stress |
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151 | |
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7.1.2 Managing culture shock and stress |
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155 | |
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158 | |
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7.2.1 Sensitivity to difference and personal growth |
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158 | |
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7.2.2 Identity and personal growth |
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160 | |
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7.3 Adaptation and the social context |
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165 | |
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169 | |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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169 | |
Part 2 Promoting Competence in Intercultural Interaction |
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8 Assessing Competence in Intercultural Interaction |
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173 | |
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8.1 Assessment instruments |
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174 | |
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8.1.1 Purposes of assessment instruments |
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175 | |
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8.1.2 Criteria to guide the selection of assessment instruments |
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176 | |
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8.2 Assessing value orientations |
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178 | |
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8.3 Assessing intercultural interaction competence |
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182 | |
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8.4 Assessing both value orientations and intercultural interaction competence |
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189 | |
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8.5 Assessing intercultural interaction competence in the school and university education context |
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190 | |
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8.6 Assessing intercultural interaction competence for certification purposes |
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192 | |
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8.7 Assessing and developing value orientations and intercultural interaction competence at the organizational level |
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195 | |
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197 | |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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198 | |
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9 Developing Competence in Intercultural Interaction |
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199 | |
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9.1 The term 'development' and its conceptualization |
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199 | |
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9.2 Aims and outcomes of ICIC development |
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201 | |
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9.3 Developing ICIC in professional contexts |
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202 | |
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9.3.1 Preparing development interventions |
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203 | |
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9.3.2 Conducting development interventions: content |
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210 | |
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9.3.3 Conducting development interventions: methods |
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217 | |
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9.3.4 Evaluating development interventions |
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225 | |
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9.4 Developing ICIC in the school education context |
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225 | |
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9.4.1 Aims in school curricula |
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226 | |
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9.4.2 Aims and outcomes in the school classroom |
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229 | |
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9.4.3 Methods recommended in school curricula |
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231 | |
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9.4.4 Methods used in the school classroom |
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231 | |
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9.5 The qualification profile of the developer |
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236 | |
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240 | |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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241 | |
Part 3 Researching Intercultural Interaction |
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10 Research Topics in Intercultural Interaction |
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245 | |
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10.1 Researching intercultural interaction competence (cf. Chapters 3 and 8) |
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246 | |
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10.2 Researching understanding and rapport in intercultural interaction (cf. Chapters 4 and 5) |
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249 | |
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10.3 Researching disadvantage and domination in intercultural interaction (cf. Chapter 6) |
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253 | |
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10.4 Researching adaptation to unfamiliar cultures (cf. Chapter 7) |
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257 | |
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10.5 Researching intercultural interaction competence development (cf. Chapter 9) |
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261 | |
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265 | |
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11 Culture and the Research Process |
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266 | |
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11.1 Culture and initial planning |
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266 | |
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11.1.1 Culture-comparative or culture-interactional research |
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266 | |
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11.1.2 'Handling' culture in research |
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267 | |
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11.1.3 The challenge of decentring |
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269 | |
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11.2 Culture and data collection |
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271 | |
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11.2.1 Collecting authentic interaction data |
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271 | |
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11.2.2 Collecting self-report data: generic issues |
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272 | |
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11.2.3 Collecting self-report data: using standard instruments |
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280 | |
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11.2.4 Collecting semi-experimental data |
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284 | |
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11.2.5 The researcherparticipant relationship |
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285 | |
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11.3 Culture and data analysis and interpretation |
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286 | |
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11.3.1 Analysing quantitative data |
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286 | |
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11.3.2 Interpreting the 'meaning' of qualitative data |
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288 | |
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11.3.3 Interpreting intercultural interaction data |
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289 | |
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11.3.4 Epistemological positions and data analysis |
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289 | |
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11.4 Culture and research ethics |
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290 | |
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11.4.1 Differing perspectives on ethical procedures |
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290 | |
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11.4.2 Representation of groups |
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291 | |
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Suggestions for further reading |
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291 | |
Part 4 Resources |
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295 | |
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296 | |
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300 | |
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12.3 Associations and conferences |
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304 | |
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307 | |
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12.5 Assessment instruments |
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311 | |
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12.6 Resources for developing intercultural interaction competence |
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319 | |
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319 | |
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320 | |
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322 | |
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Videos, DVDs and hybrid materials |
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322 | |
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Publishers of videos, DVDs and hybrid material |
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324 | |
References |
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326 | |
Index |
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353 | |