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E-grāmata: Internal Gravity Waves in the Shallow Seas

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This book contains a comprehensive study of the internal ocean waves, which play a very important role in ocean physics providing mechanisms for ocean water mixing and circulation, as well as the transportation of gases, nutrients, and a very large number of marine organisms in the ocean body.In contrast to surface waves, the literature on internal waves is not so numerous, mainly due to the difficulties in experimental data collection and in the mathematical description of internal wave propagation.In this book, the basic mathematical principles, a physical description of the observed phenomena, and practical theoretical methods of determination of wave parameters as well as the original method of observation using moving sensors are presented. Special attention is paid to internal wave propagation over changing bottom topographies in shallow seas such as the Baltic Sea.The book is supplemented with an extended list of relevant and extended bibliographies, a subject index, and

an author index.

Introducing Internal Waves.- Internal Waves in Two-layer Sea.-Waves in a Continuously Strati ed Sea of Constant Water Depth.- Waves in a Continuously Strati ed Sea of Varying Depth.-Generation of Internal Waves.- Spectral Properties of Internal Waves.- Internal Waves in the Baltic Sea.
1 Introducing Internal Waves
1(24)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Internal Ocean Waves and Their Significance
2(1)
1.3 Experimental Insights into Internal Waves
3(3)
1.4 Useful Definitions
6(3)
1.5 Stability of Water Masses
9(2)
1.6 Governing Equations
11(14)
References
22(3)
2 Internal Waves in Two-Layer Sea
25(20)
2.1 Introduction
25(1)
2.2 Analytic Solutions for Infinitesimal Interfacial Waves
25(8)
2.3 Progressive Interfacial Waves of Finite Amplitude
33(12)
2.3.1 Deep and Intermediate Waters
33(2)
2.3.2 Long Interfacial Waves
35(8)
References
43(2)
3 Waves in a Continuously Stratified Sea of Constant Water Depth
45(42)
3.1 Introduction
45(1)
3.2 Exponential Density Profile
46(7)
3.3 Three-Layer Density Profile
53(6)
3.4 Other Specific Density Profiles
59(2)
3.5 Arbitrary Density Profile---Variational Approach
61(3)
3.6 System of Two Pycnoclines
64(5)
3.7 Weakly Nonlinear Long Waves
69(8)
3.8 Wave Energy in a Stratified Fluid
77(4)
3.9 Remarks on Wave Induced Mixing in a Stratified Fluid
81(6)
3.9.1 Mixing in Two-Layer Flow System
81(1)
3.9.2 Role of Internal Waves in Supporting Turbulent Mixing
82(3)
References
85(2)
4 Waves in a Continuously Stratified Sea of Varying Depth
87(22)
4.1 Introduction
87(1)
4.2 Review of Available Theoretical and Numerical Prediction Methods
87(2)
4.3 Waves Propagating on a Coastal Slope
89(6)
4.4 Ray Method for Internal Waves
95(4)
4.5 Nonlinear Internal Waves Propagation in a Horizontally Inhomogeneous Sea
99(10)
References
105(4)
5 Generation of Internal Waves
109(10)
5.1 Introduction
109(1)
5.2 Generation of Internal Waves by Localised Disturbances
109(3)
5.3 Generation of Internal Waves by Wind Action and Atmospheric Pressure Fluctuations
112(7)
References
117(2)
6 Spectral Properties of Internal Waves
119(12)
6.1 Introduction
119(1)
6.2 Internal Waves Spectra with a Given Modal Structure
120(8)
6.3 Experimental Spectra for Internal Waves in Deep Ocean
128(3)
References
130(1)
7 Internal Waves in the Baltic Sea
131(22)
7.1 Introduction
131(1)
7.2 Basic Hydrographical and Dynamical Features of the Baltic Sea
131(4)
7.3 Observations of Internal Waves Using Thermistors Chain
135(7)
7.4 Observations of Vertical Water Structure Using Moving CTD Sensors
142(11)
References
150(3)
Appendix A Sea Water Density According to UNESCO Formula 153(4)
Appendix B Determination of Isopycnal Displacements by Moving CTD Sensors 157(4)
Index 161