|
|
xiii | |
|
|
xv | |
|
|
xxi | |
|
|
xxv | |
Preface |
|
xxix | |
|
Introduction: Life in an International Economy |
|
|
1 | (8) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
7 | (2) |
|
PART I INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND TRADE POLICY |
|
|
9 | (328) |
|
Why Do Nations Trade? Some Early Answers |
|
|
13 | (21) |
|
|
13 | (1) |
|
|
14 | (2) |
|
|
16 | (4) |
|
Reciprocal Demand and Prices Internationally |
|
|
20 | (3) |
|
Comparative Advantage with Many Goods |
|
|
23 | (3) |
|
Empirical Verification in a World with Many Goods |
|
|
26 | (2) |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
Case Study: Rising Productivity: A Guarantee of Manufacturing Success? |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
30 | (2) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
32 | (2) |
|
Why Do Nations Trade? Some Later Answers |
|
|
34 | (32) |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
Consumer Preferences and the Gains from Trade |
|
|
35 | (6) |
|
Production Capabilities and the Gains from Trade |
|
|
41 | (2) |
|
International Trade with Constant Costs |
|
|
43 | (6) |
|
International Trade with Increasing Costs |
|
|
49 | (3) |
|
The Division of the Gains from Trade |
|
|
52 | (7) |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
Case Study: Terms of Trade Changes and Australian Growth |
|
|
59 | (2) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
61 | (2) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
Appendix: The Role of Money Prices |
|
|
64 | (2) |
|
Trade and the Role of Factor Endowments |
|
|
66 | (40) |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
Factor Proportions as a Determinant of Trade |
|
|
67 | (11) |
|
Trade and Changing Factor Endowments |
|
|
78 | (4) |
|
Trade, the Distribution of Income and Factor Price Changes |
|
|
82 | (7) |
|
Relaxing Some Assumptions of the H-O Model |
|
|
89 | (4) |
|
Empirical Verification of the H-O Model |
|
|
93 | (4) |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
Case Study: Trade Liberalization and the Distribution of Income in Brazil |
|
|
97 | (2) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
99 | (2) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
101 | (2) |
|
Appendix: Mathematical Representations of Relationships in the H-O Model |
|
|
103 | (3) |
|
Scale, Competition and Trade |
|
|
106 | (37) |
|
|
106 | (2) |
|
External Economies of Scale |
|
|
108 | (5) |
|
Internal Economies of Scale |
|
|
113 | (5) |
|
Economies of Scale and Monopolistic Competition |
|
|
118 | (8) |
|
Trade with Other Forms of Imperfect Competition |
|
|
126 | (6) |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
Case Study: A Further Case of Intra-Industry Trade: Carrying Coals to Newcastle? |
|
|
133 | (2) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
135 | (2) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
137 | (2) |
|
Appendix A: Monopolistic Competition and Trade |
|
|
139 | (2) |
|
Appendix B: Oligopoly, the Cournot Model, and Trade |
|
|
141 | (2) |
|
The Theory of Protection Tariffs and Other Barriers to Trade |
|
|
143 | (39) |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
Partial Equilibrium Analysis of Trade Barriers |
|
|
145 | (17) |
|
General Equilibrium Analysis of Trade Barriers |
|
|
162 | (3) |
|
The Effective Rate of Protection |
|
|
165 | (5) |
|
Intervention in Export Markets |
|
|
170 | (4) |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
Case Study: The Elimination of the MFA |
|
|
175 | (2) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
177 | (2) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
179 | (3) |
|
Arguments for Protection and the Political Economy of Trade Policy |
|
|
182 | (38) |
|
|
182 | (2) |
|
Arguments for Restricting Imports |
|
|
184 | (17) |
|
|
201 | (7) |
|
The Political Economy of Trade Policy |
|
|
208 | (3) |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
Case Study: Are Chinese and Vietnamese Shoes Dumped in the E.U. Market? |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
213 | (3) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
216 | (2) |
|
Appendix: Optimum Tariffs: A Partial Equilibrium Perspective |
|
|
218 | (2) |
|
International Mobility of Labor and Capital |
|
|
220 | (29) |
|
|
220 | (4) |
|
A Basic Model of Capital Mobility |
|
|
224 | (4) |
|
Additional Issues Raised by Labor Mobility |
|
|
228 | (6) |
|
Multinational Corporations |
|
|
234 | (10) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
Case Study: The Daimler Chrysler Marriage and Divorce |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
247 | (2) |
|
Regional Blocs: Preferential Trade Liberalization |
|
|
249 | (25) |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
Alternative Forms of Preferential Trade Agreements |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
Efficiency Gains and Losses From Preferential Trade Agreements |
|
|
251 | (5) |
|
Measuring the Economic Effects of a Preferential Trade Agreement |
|
|
256 | (2) |
|
|
258 | (6) |
|
|
264 | (4) |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
Case Study: A Russia-EU Free Trade Agreement? |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
270 | (2) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
272 | (2) |
|
Commercial Policy and the WTO |
|
|
274 | (26) |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
The Rationale for Multilateral Trade Liberalization |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
Precursors to Multilateral Trade Liberalization |
|
|
276 | (2) |
|
Multilateral Trade Liberalization under the GATT |
|
|
278 | (6) |
|
The Establishment of the WTO |
|
|
284 | (4) |
|
Resolving Trade Disputes in the WTO |
|
|
288 | (4) |
|
Developing Countries and the WTO |
|
|
292 | (3) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Case Study: Discipline Over Agricultural Policies? The Case of U.S. Cotton Subsidies |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
297 | (2) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
300 | (37) |
|
|
300 | (2) |
|
Building Blocks to Determine the Effects of Economic Growth on Trade |
|
|
302 | (6) |
|
Large Countries and Changes in the Terms Of Trade |
|
|
308 | (4) |
|
Developing-Country Perspectives and the Effects of Trade on Growth |
|
|
312 | (7) |
|
Alternative Trade Policies and the Transition to Greater Manufactured Output |
|
|
319 | (5) |
|
Growth and Environmental Externalities |
|
|
324 | (5) |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Case Study: China's Trade: Lessons to be Learned? |
|
|
329 | (2) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
332 | (2) |
|
Appendix: Demonstrating the Effects of Exogenous Technical Change |
|
|
334 | (3) |
|
PART II INTERNATIONAL FINANCE AND OPEN ECONOMY MACROECONOMICS |
|
|
337 | (375) |
|
The Balance of Payments and the Exchange Rate |
|
|
341 | (33) |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
The Balance of Payments: International Transactions Accounts |
|
|
342 | (10) |
|
The International Investment Position |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
353 | (7) |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Case Study I CSI: Trade Deficit |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Case Study II ``Dark Matter'' Makes the US Deficit Disappear |
|
|
362 | (2) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (8) |
|
Fundamentals of Exchange Rate Systems |
|
|
374 | (32) |
|
|
374 | (5) |
|
Flexible Exchange Rates: Adjustment through Market Forces |
|
|
379 | (4) |
|
Fixed Exchange Rates: Adjustment through Central Bank Intervention |
|
|
383 | (7) |
|
The Exchange Rate and Open-Economy National Income Accounting |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
The Marshall-Lerner Condition |
|
|
392 | (3) |
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Case Study I: On Europe: Europe Feels Weight of Strong Euro |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Case Study II: China Slightly Loosens the Reins on its Currency's Market Fluctuation |
|
|
399 | (2) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Appendix: The Marshall-Lerner Condition |
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
An Introduction to Modeling the Open Economy |
|
|
406 | (29) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Key Features of a Basic Open-Economy Model |
|
|
407 | (2) |
|
A Small Open Economy with Fixed Exchange Rates |
|
|
409 | (13) |
|
A Small Open Economy with Flexible Exchange Rates |
|
|
422 | (4) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Case Study I: America is Borrowing Trouble |
|
|
426 | (2) |
|
Case Study II: Greenspan Warns Against Raising Tariffs on China |
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
430 | (3) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
Extensions of the Basic Open-Economy Model: Policy Effectiveness and the Large Open Economy |
|
|
435 | (34) |
|
|
435 | (2) |
|
Sterilization and Policies to Manage External Deficits |
|
|
437 | (8) |
|
Internal and External Balance: The Policy Mix |
|
|
445 | (4) |
|
|
449 | (11) |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Case Study I: Switching Engines: Global Economic Growth has become Less Dependent on American Spending |
|
|
461 | (2) |
|
Case Study II: The Fiscal Fallacy of Decoupling from America |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
464 | (3) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
467 | (2) |
|
International Capital Markets |
|
|
469 | (28) |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
International Financial Flows |
|
|
470 | (5) |
|
Financial Markets and Instruments |
|
|
475 | (7) |
|
Various Agents and the Functions of the Markets |
|
|
482 | (4) |
|
The Short-Term Exchange Rate Determination and Technical Analysis |
|
|
486 | (6) |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
Case Study: Marking the Dealer's Cards: What Economists Can Learn from Currency Traders |
|
|
492 | (2) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
495 | (2) |
|
Modeling International Capital Markets |
|
|
497 | (27) |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
International Capital Market Arbitrage |
|
|
498 | (9) |
|
Integrating Interest Arbitrage into the Open-Economy Model |
|
|
507 | (8) |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
Case Study I: Carry On Speculating |
|
|
516 | (2) |
|
Case Study II: The Domino Effect |
|
|
518 | (2) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
520 | (2) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
522 | (2) |
|
Policy Under Fixed Exchange Rates |
|
|
524 | (36) |
|
|
524 | (2) |
|
A Review of the Building Blocks: the IS, LM, and BP curves |
|
|
526 | (3) |
|
Monetary Policy under Fixed Exchange Rates |
|
|
529 | (5) |
|
Fiscal Policy under Fixed Exchange Rates |
|
|
534 | (7) |
|
|
541 | (5) |
|
The Policy Mix: Internal and External Balance |
|
|
546 | (6) |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
Case Study I: The Petrodollar Peg |
|
|
553 | (2) |
|
Case Study II: Don't Revalue the Yuan |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
558 | (2) |
|
Policy under Flexible Exchange Rates and Extensions of the Mundell-Fleming Model |
|
|
560 | (35) |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
Monetary Policy under Flexible Exchange Rates |
|
|
561 | (5) |
|
Fiscal Policy under Flexible Exchange Rates |
|
|
566 | (6) |
|
The Large Open Economy under Flexible Exchange Rates |
|
|
572 | (6) |
|
Price Adjustment in the Mundell-Fleming Model |
|
|
578 | (6) |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
Case Study I: Insight: Currency Lessons Learned since the Upheaval |
|
|
585 | (2) |
|
Case Study II: Preparing to Float |
|
|
587 | (2) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
589 | (2) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
Appendix: The Policy Mix Revisited: Internal and External Balance |
|
|
591 | (4) |
|
Perfectly Flexible Prices and Exchange Rate Dynamics |
|
|
595 | (31) |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
International Arbitrage and Purchasing Power Parity |
|
|
596 | (14) |
|
Monetarist Approach to the Exchange Rate |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
Exchange Rate Dynamics - Overshooting |
|
|
611 | (5) |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
Case Study I: Soft Currency |
|
|
617 | (2) |
|
Case Study II: McCurrencies |
|
|
619 | (3) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
Appendix: Further Implications of the Monetarist or Long-Run Model |
|
|
623 | (3) |
|
The International Monetary System: A Brief History |
|
|
626 | (33) |
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
|
628 | (8) |
|
Reconstruction and Exchange Rates after World War I |
|
|
636 | (3) |
|
|
639 | (5) |
|
A Brief History of the Float after Bretton Woods |
|
|
644 | (3) |
|
The New Financial Architecture: The Basel Accords |
|
|
647 | (3) |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
Case Study I: Financial Reform - Reality Check at the IMF |
|
|
651 | (2) |
|
Case Study II: IMF Quotas - Monetary Misquotations |
|
|
653 | (2) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
Appendix: The IMF versus the World Bank - Differences and Recent Collaboration |
|
|
656 | (3) |
|
European Monetary Integration |
|
|
659 | (32) |
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
European Issues with Bretton Woods and the Snake |
|
|
660 | (5) |
|
The European Monetary System and its Exchange Rate Mechanism |
|
|
665 | (7) |
|
The 1992-3 European Currency Crises |
|
|
672 | (3) |
|
The European Economic and Monetary Union |
|
|
675 | (9) |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
Case Study: Beggar Thy Neighbour |
|
|
685 | (2) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
687 | (2) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
689 | (2) |
|
International Financial Crises |
|
|
691 | (21) |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
The 1970s Oil Shocks: Financial Flow Imbalances and the Origins of the Debt Crises |
|
|
692 | (2) |
|
A Model of Currency Crises: Krugman's Model of Speculative Attacks |
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
The End of Capital Flows: Debt Crises in the 1980s |
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
The Resurgence of Capital Flows to ``Emerging Markets'' in the 1990s |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
The Effect of Capital Inflows in the Mundell-Fleming Model |
|
|
696 | (3) |
|
The End of Exuberant International Lending: The Asian Financial Crisis |
|
|
699 | (3) |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
The Aftermath of the East Asian Crisis: The Economics of Reserve Accumulation |
|
|
703 | (2) |
|
Reserve Accumulation and International Competitiveness Implications |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
Case Study I: Guilt by Association |
|
|
707 | (2) |
|
Case Study II: Who's in Charge of Determining U.S. Interest Rates? It May Be Beijing |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
Questions for Study and Review |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
References and Suggestions for Further Reading |
|
|
710 | (2) |
Glossary |
|
712 | (24) |
Index |
|
736 | |