| Foreword |
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xiii | |
| Preface |
|
xv | |
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xxi | |
|
List of Conventions, Treaties and other International Instruments |
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|
xxiii | |
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|
xxxiii | |
| Treaties Table |
|
xxxiv | |
|
The Nature of International Environmental Law |
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1 | (22) |
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1 | (2) |
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The Development of International Environmental Law |
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3 | (6) |
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Decisions of Courts and Tribunals |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (2) |
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Post-Stockholm Developments |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Principles of International Environmental Law |
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9 | (4) |
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Obligation to Conserve the Environment and Natural Resources |
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10 | (1) |
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Assessment and Monitoring of Environmental Impact |
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11 | (1) |
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International Co-operation |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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International Covenant on Environment and Development |
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15 | (2) |
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Enforcement and Implementation of International Environmental Law |
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17 | (1) |
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Relationship between Global and Regional Instruments |
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18 | (2) |
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The Changing Nature of International Environmental Law |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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International Organizations and International Environmental Law |
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23 | (24) |
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23 | (2) |
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Global and Regional Organizations |
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25 | (1) |
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Global Organizations Within the United Nations System |
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26 | (9) |
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26 | (1) |
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United Nations Environment Programme |
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27 | (2) |
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United Nations Development Programme |
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29 | (1) |
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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Global Environment Facility |
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31 | (2) |
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The Commission on Sustainable Development |
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33 | (2) |
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Intergovernmental Organizations Outside the United Nations System |
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35 | (2) |
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Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum |
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36 | (1) |
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Non-Governmental Organizations |
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37 | (2) |
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IUCN--The World Conservation Union |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Worldwide Fund for Nature |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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Regional Organizations in the Pacific Region |
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39 | (4) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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South Pacific Forum Fisheries Agency |
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40 | (1) |
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South Pacific Regional Environment Programme |
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41 | (2) |
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Regional Organizations in Asia |
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43 | (3) |
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Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) |
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43 | (1) |
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Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific |
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43 | (1) |
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South Asia Co-operative Environmental Programme |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (2) |
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UNEP Regional Seas Programme |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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Regional Environmental Issues and Responses |
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47 | (24) |
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Review of Regional Environmetal Issues |
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47 | (6) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (2) |
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National and Transboundary Pollution |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (5) |
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Impact of Decolonisation and Independence |
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54 | (1) |
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Impact of Colonial Powers |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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Overview of Legal Responses |
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58 | (3) |
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Responses to Transboundary Issues |
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61 | (7) |
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Hazardous Wastes and Shipments |
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61 | (3) |
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Nuclear Weapons and Testing |
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64 | (4) |
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68 | (3) |
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Conservation of Natural and Cultural Heritage |
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71 | (24) |
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1954 Convention and Protocol for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (Hague Convention) |
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72 | (3) |
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75 | (3) |
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75 | (1) |
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Services for the Protection of Cultural Heritage |
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75 | (1) |
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Export and Import Procedures |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Implementation of the UNESCO Convention in the Asia Pacific |
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76 | (2) |
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Link between the UNESCO Convention and the UNIDROIT Convention |
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78 | (1) |
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World Heritage Convention |
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78 | (5) |
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Definition of ``Cultural Heritage'' |
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79 | (1) |
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Outstanding Universal Value Criteria of Cultural Properties |
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79 | (1) |
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Definition of ``Natural Heritage'' |
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80 | (1) |
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Outstanding Universal Value Criteria of Natural Properties |
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80 | (1) |
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Duties under the Convention |
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81 | (1) |
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World Heritage in Danger List |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Implementation of the World Heritage Convention in the Asia Pacific Region |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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ASEAN Agreement on the Environment: Protection of Cultural and Natural Heritage |
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86 | (1) |
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Indigenous Cultural Heritage |
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87 | (3) |
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Indigenous Cultural Heritage in General |
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87 | (2) |
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Indigenous Cultural Heritage in the Asia Pacific Region |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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Draft Convention on the Underwater Cultural Heritage |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (2) |
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Protection of Biological Diversity |
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95 | (26) |
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Biodiversity: Value, Status and Threatening Processes |
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95 | (5) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (2) |
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Approaches to the Protection of Biodiversity |
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100 | (2) |
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Global and Regional Responses |
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102 | (17) |
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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora |
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105 | (3) |
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Convention on Biological Diversity |
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108 | (4) |
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ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
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112 | (3) |
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Convention on Conservation of Nature in the South Pacific |
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115 | (1) |
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Environment Action Plan for the South Pacific Region |
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115 | (2) |
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Migratory Birds Agreements |
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117 | (1) |
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Global Environment Facility Projects |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (2) |
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Protection of the Marine Environment |
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121 | (24) |
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Threats to the Marine Environment |
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123 | (1) |
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Global Conventions for the Protection of the Marine Environment |
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124 | (9) |
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United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) |
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125 | (1) |
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Specific Pollution Provisions of UNCLOS |
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126 | (1) |
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Additional Marine Environmental Protection Provisions |
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126 | (1) |
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International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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Civil Liability Convention |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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Oil Pollution Preparedness Convention |
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132 | (1) |
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Regional Issues and Responses |
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133 | (10) |
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134 | (3) |
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Ship-based Marine Pollution |
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137 | (1) |
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Land-based Marine Pollution |
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138 | (2) |
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Marine Living Resource Management |
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140 | (1) |
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Protection of Special Marine Areas |
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|
141 | (2) |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (26) |
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Process and Impacts of Climate Change |
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145 | (7) |
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Process of Climate Change |
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145 | (3) |
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Impacts of Climate Change |
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148 | (4) |
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Framework Convention on Climate Change |
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152 | (10) |
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Commitments under the FCCC |
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154 | (4) |
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Financial Assistance under the FCCC |
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158 | (3) |
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Other Issues under the FCCC |
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161 | (1) |
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Regional Responses to Climate Change |
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|
162 | (8) |
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Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) |
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163 | (1) |
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Asia Pacific Leaders' Conference on Climate Change and the Manila Declaration |
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164 | (1) |
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Regional Action Plan for Climate Change in Asia Pacific |
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165 | (1) |
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South Pacific Regional Environmental Programme, Climate Change Action Plan and Work Programme |
|
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166 | (1) |
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Regional Activities of the Global Environmental Facility and Asian Development Bank |
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167 | (3) |
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170 | (1) |
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Trade-Related Environment Issues |
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171 | (22) |
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Trade and Environment Linkages |
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172 | (6) |
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Free Trade and Economic Growth |
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172 | (2) |
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Free Trade and Environmental Standards |
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174 | (3) |
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Free Trade and Multilateral Environmental Agreements |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (8) |
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178 | (2) |
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Environmental Issues under the GATT/WTO Trading System |
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180 | (3) |
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Environmental Issues After the Uruguay Round of Trade Negotiations |
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183 | (3) |
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186 | (6) |
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ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) |
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188 | (1) |
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Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC) |
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189 | (3) |
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192 | (1) |
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Subregional and State Responses |
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193 | (6) |
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195 | (4) |
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199 | (16) |
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Environmental Challenges in the Mekong Region |
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200 | (1) |
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Regional Responses to Environmental Problems |
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201 | (1) |
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The Mekong River Agreement |
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201 | (2) |
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National Implementation of Global and Regional Conventions in Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (2) |
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International Conventions |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (4) |
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Environmental Conventions and Agreements to which Vietnam is a Party |
|
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206 | (1) |
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Compliance with International Obligations |
|
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206 | (2) |
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Development of Vietnam's Environmental Legislation and Administration |
|
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208 | (1) |
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Administrative Structures Relating to the Environment |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (4) |
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International Environmental Conventions |
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210 | (1) |
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Domestic Implementation of Environmental Conventions |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (10) |
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Environmental Challenges in China |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (1) |
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Implementing Institutions |
|
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217 | (2) |
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The Environmental Protection Commission and the National Environmental Protection Agency |
|
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217 | (2) |
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National Environmental Laws |
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219 | (1) |
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National Implementation of Global and Regional Conventions |
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220 | (2) |
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222 | (3) |
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225 | (18) |
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The ASEAN Region and its Environmental Issues |
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225 | (1) |
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Responses by ASEAN to Environmental Concerns |
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226 | (9) |
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Declarations and Institutional Features |
|
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226 | (1) |
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ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |
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227 | (2) |
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ASEAN Strategic Plan of Action on the Environment 1994-1998 |
|
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (2) |
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ASEAN Responses to Particular Environmental Issues |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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Harmonization of Environmental Standards |
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233 | (1) |
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ASEAN Co-operation Plan on Transboundary Pollution 1995 |
|
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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Adoption of International and Regional Environmental Agreements by ASEAN Member Countries |
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235 | (6) |
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235 | (1) |
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International Conventions |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
|
International Conventions |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
|
International Conventions |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
|
International Conventions |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
|
International Conventions |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (22) |
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South Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) |
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247 | (2) |
|
International Legal Framework |
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249 | (14) |
|
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea |
|
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251 | (1) |
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South Pacific Forum Fisheries Convention and related Instruments |
|
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252 | (3) |
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South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty |
|
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255 | (1) |
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Convention on the Conservation of Nature in the South Pacific (Apia Convention) |
|
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255 | (1) |
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1986 Convention for the Protection of the Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific (SPREP Convention) |
|
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256 | (3) |
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1989 Convention for the Prohibition of Fishing with Long Drift-nets in the South Pacific |
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259 | (1) |
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1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |
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259 | (2) |
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Convention on Biological Diversity |
|
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (2) |
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|
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263 | (1) |
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Implementing International Enviromental Conventions in the South Pacific |
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|
263 | (1) |
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Future of Environmental Law in the Pacific |
|
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264 | (1) |
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Australia and New Zealand |
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|
265 | (20) |
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Regional Environmental Issues |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
International Instruments of Significance in the Region |
|
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268 | (1) |
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Regional Environmental Agreements |
|
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269 | (2) |
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National Implementation of Global and Regional Conventions |
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271 | (11) |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (3) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (2) |
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Administrative Responses to International Environmental Law |
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281 | (1) |
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|
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282 | (3) |
|
Interaction between Global and Regional International Environmental Law |
|
|
285 | (20) |
|
|
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286 | (4) |
|
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties |
|
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (10) |
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Marine Environmental Protection |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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|
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293 | (2) |
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Hazardous Wastes and Materials |
|
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295 | (1) |
|
Waigani Regional Convention on Hazardous Wastes |
|
|
295 | (1) |
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|
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296 | (1) |
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South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone |
|
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296 | (2) |
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Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
Biodiversity Conservation |
|
|
298 | (2) |
|
Resolution of Overlap and Conflict |
|
|
300 | (5) |
|
An International Law Approach |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
A State Practice Approach |
|
|
301 | (1) |
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|
|
302 | (3) |
|
Future of International and Regional Environmental Law in the Asia Pacific |
|
|
305 | (20) |
|
International Environmental Law in the Asia Pacific |
|
|
305 | (6) |
|
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|
305 | (2) |
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|
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
|
Regional Environmental Law in the Asia Pacific |
|
|
311 | (4) |
|
Regional Environmental Co-operation |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Increasing Regional Interaction |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Regional Sustainable Development |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Potential for Asia Pacific Environmental Co-operation |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Challenges for International Environmental Law: The Global Dimension |
|
|
315 | (4) |
|
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
New Compliance Mechanisms |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Global and Regional Interaction |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
New Legal Regimes and Institutions |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Asia Pacific Environmental Law Challenges |
|
|
319 | (3) |
|
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319 | (1) |
|
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320 | (1) |
|
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|
320 | (1) |
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|
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321 | (1) |
|
Institutional Development |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
|
322 | (3) |
| Bibliography |
|
325 | |
