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xvii | |
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xviii | |
Preface |
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xix | |
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xxi | |
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Table of Treaties and Instruments |
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xxvii | |
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lxxvi | |
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PART I THE DIVIDED OCEANS: INTERNATIONAL LAW GOVERNING JURISDICTIONAL ZONES |
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1 | (300) |
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1 The Law of the Sea in Perspective |
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3 | (50) |
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3 | (4) |
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1.1 General Considerations |
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3 | (1) |
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1.2 Functions of the Law of the Sea |
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4 | (1) |
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1.3 Two Paradigms in the Law of the Sea |
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5 | (2) |
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2 Marine Spaces in the Law of the Sea |
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7 | (3) |
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2.1 Scope of the Oceans in the Law of the Sea |
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7 | (1) |
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2.2 Typology of Marine Spaces |
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8 | (2) |
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3 Sources of the International Law of the Sea |
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10 | (14) |
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10 | (9) |
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19 | (5) |
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4 Principles of the International Law of the Sea |
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24 | (4) |
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24 | (2) |
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4.2 Principle of Sovereignty |
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26 | (1) |
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4.3 Principle of the Common Heritage of Mankind |
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27 | (1) |
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5 The Codification of the Law of the Sea |
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28 | (11) |
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5.1 The Hague Conference for the Codification of International Law (1930) |
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28 | (3) |
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5.2 The First UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (1958) |
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31 | (2) |
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5.3 The Second UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (1960) |
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33 | (1) |
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5.4 The Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea (1973-1982) |
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33 | (6) |
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6 Outline of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea |
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39 | (2) |
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6.1 General Considerations |
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39 | (1) |
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6.2 Principal Features of the Convention |
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40 | (1) |
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7 Development after UNCLOS III |
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41 | (7) |
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7.1 General Considerations |
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41 | (1) |
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7.2 Adoption of Two Implementation Agreements |
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42 | (1) |
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7.3 De facto Amendment of the LOSC through Meetings of States Parties |
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43 | (2) |
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7.4 Development of the Law of the Sea through International Organisations |
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45 | (3) |
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48 | (5) |
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2 Maritime Limits: Baselines and Maritime Features |
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53 | (45) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (24) |
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54 | (3) |
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57 | (9) |
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66 | (9) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (12) |
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3.1 Nature of the Problem |
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78 | (1) |
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3.2 Definition of an Island |
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79 | (1) |
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3.3 Rocks for the Purposes of Article 121 (3) |
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80 | (7) |
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3.4 Customary Law Nature of Article 121 |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (3) |
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4.1 Identification of Low-Tide Elevations |
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90 | (1) |
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4.2 Case Law Concerning Low-Tide Elevations |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (5) |
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3 Marine Spaces Under National Jurisdiction I: Territorial Sovereignty |
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98 | (56) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (11) |
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2.1 Spatial Scope of Internal Waters |
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99 | (1) |
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2.2 Legal Status of Internal Waters |
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100 | (1) |
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2.3 Jurisdiction of the Coastal State over Foreign Vessels in Internal Waters |
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100 | (3) |
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103 | (1) |
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2.5 Ships in Distress at Sea |
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104 | (3) |
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107 | (3) |
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110 | (13) |
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3.1 Legal Status of the Territorial Sea |
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110 | (1) |
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3.2 The Right of Innocent Passage |
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111 | (4) |
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3.3 The Right of Innocent Passage of Warships |
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115 | (4) |
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3.4 The Right of Innocent Passage of Foreign Nuclear-Powered Ships and Ships Carrying Inherently Dangerous or Noxious Substances |
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119 | (1) |
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3.5 The Rights and Obligations of the Coastal State Concerning Innocent Passage |
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120 | (3) |
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123 | (15) |
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4.1 Legal Framework for International Straits Prior to 1982 |
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123 | (1) |
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4.2 Typology of International Straits under the LOSC |
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124 | (1) |
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4.3 International Straits under Part III of the LOSC |
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125 | (4) |
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4.4 International Straits outside the Scope of Part III of the LOSC |
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129 | (2) |
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4.5 The Right of Transit Passage |
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131 | (3) |
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4.6 Rights and Obligations of Coastal States Bordering Straits |
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134 | (4) |
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4.7 Non-suspendable Innocent Passage |
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138 | (1) |
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4.8 Legality of Creation of Bridges in International Straits |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (11) |
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5.1 General Considerations |
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138 | (1) |
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5.2 Definition of an Archipelago, Archipelagic States and Archipelagic Waters |
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139 | (1) |
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5.3 Archipelagic Baselines |
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140 | (4) |
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5.4 Jurisdiction of Archipelagic States over Archipelagic Waters |
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144 | (1) |
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5.5 The Right of Innocent Passage through Archipelagic Waters |
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145 | (1) |
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5.6 The Right of Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage |
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146 | (2) |
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5.7 Rights and Obligations of an Archipelagic State |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (5) |
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4 Marine Spaces under National Jurisdiction II: Sovereign Rights |
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154 | (47) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (3) |
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2.1 The Concept of the Contiguous Zone |
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155 | (1) |
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2.2 Coastal State Jurisdiction over the Contiguous Zone |
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156 | (2) |
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3 Exclusive Economic Zone |
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158 | (14) |
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3.1 Genesis of the Concept of the EEZ |
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158 | (2) |
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3.2 Legal Status of the EEZ |
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160 | (2) |
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3.3 Sovereign Rights over the EEZ |
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162 | (2) |
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3.4 Jurisdiction of Coastal States over the EEZ |
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164 | (5) |
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3.5 Freedoms of Third States |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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3.7 Historic Rights and the EEZ |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (26) |
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4.1 Genesis of the Concept of the Continental Shelf |
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172 | (2) |
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4.2 Spatial Scope of the Continental Shelf |
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174 | (1) |
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4.3 Criteria for Determining the Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf beyond 200 Nautical Miles |
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175 | (4) |
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4.4 The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf |
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179 | (3) |
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4.5 Procedures to Establish the Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf |
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182 | (3) |
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4.6 Payments Concerning the Exploitation of the Continental Shelf beyond 200 Nautical Miles |
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185 | (2) |
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4.7 The Sovereign Rights of the Coastal State over the Continental Shelf |
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187 | (3) |
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4.8 Submarine Cables and Pipelines |
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190 | (3) |
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4.9 The Judicial Nature of the Superjacent Waters above the Continental Shelf |
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193 | (1) |
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4.10 Protection of Archaeological and Historical Objects Found within the Continental Shelf |
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194 | (4) |
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198 | (3) |
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5 Marine Spaces beyond National Jurisdiction |
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201 | (56) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (32) |
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2.1 Spatial Scope of the High Seas |
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202 | (1) |
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2.2 Principle of the Freedom of the High Seas |
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202 | (2) |
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2.3 Principle of the Exclusive Jurisdiction of the Flag State |
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204 | (6) |
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2.4 The Nationality of a Ship |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (3) |
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2.6 Exceptions to the Exclusive Jurisdiction of the Flag State (1): The Right of Visit |
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215 | (5) |
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2.7 Exceptions to the Exclusive Jurisdiction of the Flag State (2): The Right of Hot Pursuit |
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220 | (5) |
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2.8 Exceptional Measures for Interception of Foreign Vessels on the High Seas |
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225 | (4) |
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2.9 Regulation of Migrant Smuggling by Sea |
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229 | (5) |
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234 | (18) |
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3.1 General Considerations |
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234 | (1) |
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3.2 Spatial Scope of the Area |
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234 | (1) |
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3.3 Raison d'etre of the Principle of the Common Heritage of Mankind |
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235 | (2) |
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3.4 Elements of the Principle of the Common Heritage of Mankind |
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237 | (1) |
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3.5 International Seabed Authority |
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238 | (5) |
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3.6 System for the Exploration and Exploitation of Resources of the Area |
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243 | (1) |
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3.7 Obligations and Liability of Sponsoring States |
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244 | (2) |
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3.8 The 1994 Implementation Agreement |
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246 | (6) |
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252 | (5) |
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257 | (44) |
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257 | (1) |
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2 Concepts of Maritime Delimitation |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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2.2 Typology of Maritime Delimitation |
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259 | (1) |
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3 Treaty Law Concerning Maritime Delimitation |
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259 | (4) |
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3.1 The 1958 Geneva Conventions |
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259 | (2) |
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3.2 The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea |
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261 | (2) |
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4 Development of Case Law Relating to Maritime Delimitation: Two Contrasting Approaches |
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263 | (9) |
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4.1 The First Phase (1969-1992) |
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263 | (2) |
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4.2 The Second Phase (1993-2007) |
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265 | (3) |
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4.3 The Third Phase (2009-Present) |
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268 | (2) |
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270 | (2) |
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5 Consideration of Relevant Circumstances (1): Geographical Factors |
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272 | (13) |
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5.1 Configuration of Coasts |
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272 | (2) |
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274 | (4) |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (2) |
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5.5 Geological and Geomorphological Factors |
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282 | (1) |
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5.6 Presence of Third States |
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283 | (2) |
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6 Consideration of Relevant Circumstances (2): Non-geographical Factors |
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285 | (4) |
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285 | (1) |
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6.2 Conduct of the Parties |
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286 | (1) |
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6.3 Historic Title and Historic Rights |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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6.6 Environmental Factors |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (5) |
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7.1 General Trend of Case Law |
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289 | (1) |
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7.2 Judicial Creativity in the Law of Maritime Delimitation |
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289 | (1) |
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7.3 Delimitation of the Continental Shelf beyond 200 Nautical Miles |
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290 | (4) |
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8 Provisional Arrangements |
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294 | (2) |
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8.1 Articles 74(3) and 83(3) of the LOSC |
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294 | (1) |
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8.2 Unilateral Exploration and Exploitation of Natural Resources in Disputed Areas |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (5) |
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PART II OUR COMMON OCEAN: PROTECTION OF COMMUNITY INTERESTS AT SEA |
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301 | (291) |
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7 Conservation of Marine Living Resources |
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303 | (48) |
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303 | (2) |
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2 Conservation of Marine Living Resources Prior to 1982 |
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305 | (1) |
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3 Conservation of Marine Living Resources Under the LOSC (1): The Zonal Management Approach |
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306 | (6) |
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3.1 General Considerations |
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306 | (1) |
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3.2 Conservation of Marine Living Resources in the EEZ |
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307 | (2) |
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3.3 Conservation of Marine Living Resources in the High Seas |
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309 | (2) |
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3.4 Limits of the Zonal Management Approach |
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311 | (1) |
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4 Conservation of Marine Living Resources under the LOSC (2): The Species-Specific Approach |
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312 | (12) |
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4.1 Shared and Straddling Fish Stocks |
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312 | (1) |
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4.2 Highly Migratory Species |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (6) |
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320 | (2) |
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322 | (1) |
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4.6 Limits of the Species-Specific Approach |
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323 | (1) |
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5 Development after the LOSC |
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324 | (9) |
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5.1 The Concept of Sustainable Development |
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324 | (2) |
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5.2 The Ecosystem Approach |
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326 | (3) |
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5.3 The Precautionary Approach |
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329 | (4) |
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6 Institutionalisation of the Conservation of Marine Living Resources |
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333 | (8) |
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6.1 Decentralised Approach: Flag State Responsibility and Its Limits |
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333 | (3) |
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6.2 Institutional Approach: Regional Fisheries Management Organisations |
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336 | (5) |
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7 Ensuring Compliance through Regional Fisheries Management Organisations |
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341 | (6) |
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341 | (3) |
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344 | (3) |
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347 | (4) |
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8 Protection of the Marine Environment |
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351 | (88) |
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351 | (3) |
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2 Typology of Marine Pollution |
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354 | (5) |
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2.1 General Considerations |
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354 | (1) |
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2.2 Land-based Marine Pollution |
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355 | (1) |
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2.3 Vessel-Source Marine Pollution |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (3) |
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2.5 Pollution from Seabed Activities |
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359 | (1) |
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3 Legal Framework for Marine Environmental Protection Prior to 1982 |
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359 | (3) |
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359 | (2) |
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361 | (1) |
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4 Protection of the Marine Environment in the LOSC |
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362 | (4) |
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4.1 Generality and Comprehensiveness |
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362 | (2) |
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364 | (1) |
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4.3 Obligation to Cooperate in the Protection of the Marine Environment |
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365 | (1) |
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5 Regulation of Land-based Marine Pollution |
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366 | (11) |
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5.1 Limits of the Global Legal Framework |
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366 | (3) |
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5.2 Development of Regional Treaties |
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369 | (8) |
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6 Regulation of Vessel-Source Marine Pollution |
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377 | (24) |
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377 | (2) |
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6.2 A Triple Approach under the LOSC |
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379 | (8) |
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6.3 Intervention by Coastal States in the Case of Pollution Casualties |
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387 | (2) |
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6.4 Pollution Emergencies at Sea |
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389 | (2) |
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6.5 Liability for Oil Pollution Damage |
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391 | (4) |
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6.6 Liability for Other Pollution Damage |
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395 | (3) |
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6.7 Prevention of Invasive Alien Species |
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398 | (1) |
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6.8 Regulation of Ocean Noise |
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399 | (2) |
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401 | (6) |
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7.1 Legal Framework under the LOSC |
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401 | (1) |
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7.2 The 1972 London Dumping Convention and the 1996 Protocol |
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402 | (2) |
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404 | (1) |
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7.4 Ocean Sequestration and Fertilisation |
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405 | (2) |
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8 Regulation of Pollution from Seabed Activities |
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407 | (5) |
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8.1 Marine Pollution Arising from Seabed Activities under National Jurisdiction |
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408 | (1) |
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8.2 Marine Pollution Arising from Seabed Activities in the Area |
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409 | (3) |
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9 Environmental Protection of Ice-covered Areas |
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412 | (9) |
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9.1 Ice-covered Areas: Article 234 |
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412 | (3) |
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9.2 Environmental Protection of the Marine Arctic |
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415 | (6) |
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10 The Impacts of Climate Change on the Oceans |
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421 | (7) |
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10.1 The Reduction of GHG Emissions from Shipping |
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422 | (2) |
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424 | (4) |
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11 Marine Plastic Pollution |
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428 | (4) |
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11.1 Nature of the Problem |
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428 | (1) |
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11.2 Sources of Marine Plastic Pollution |
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429 | (3) |
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432 | (7) |
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9 Conservation of Marine Biological Diversity |
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439 | (28) |
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439 | (1) |
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2 Principal Approaches to Conservation of Marine Biological Diversity |
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440 | (3) |
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2.1 General Considerations |
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440 | (1) |
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441 | (2) |
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3 Global Legal Frameworks for the Conservation of Marine Biological Diversity |
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443 | (11) |
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3.1 The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea |
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443 | (3) |
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3.2 The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity |
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446 | (4) |
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3.3 Negotiations for a New Agreement |
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450 | (4) |
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454 | (10) |
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4.1 General Considerations |
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454 | (1) |
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4.2 Typology of MP As in International Law |
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455 | (3) |
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4.3 MPAs in the High Seas |
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458 | (5) |
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463 | (1) |
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464 | (3) |
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10 Marine Scientific Research |
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467 | (18) |
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467 | (1) |
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2 The Concept of Marine Scientific Research |
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468 | (3) |
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3 Regulation of Marine Scientific Research in the LOSC |
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471 | (6) |
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3.1 General Considerations |
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471 | (1) |
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3.2 Marine Scientific Research in Marine Spaces under National Jurisdiction |
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472 | (2) |
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3.3 Marine Scientific Research in Marine Spaces beyond National Jurisdiction |
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474 | (1) |
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3.4 Regulation of Scientific Research Installations |
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475 | (2) |
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4 Legality of Military and Hydrographic Surveys in the EEZ |
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477 | (2) |
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5 International Cooperation in Marine Scientific Research |
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479 | (1) |
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480 | (2) |
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6.1 Transfer of Technology under the LOSC |
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480 | (2) |
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6.2 IOC Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology |
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482 | (1) |
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482 | (3) |
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11 Maintenance of International Peace and Security at Sea |
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485 | (31) |
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485 | (1) |
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2 The Suppression of Piracy |
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486 | (13) |
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486 | (4) |
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490 | (5) |
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2.3 The Role of the UN Security Council in Counter-piracy Operations |
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495 | (2) |
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2.4 The Use of Privately Contracted Armed Security Personnel |
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497 | (2) |
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3 Regulation of Unlawful Offences and Weapons of Mass Destruction at Sea |
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499 | (7) |
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3.1 The 2005 SUA Convention |
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499 | (4) |
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3.2 Proliferation Security Initiative |
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503 | (2) |
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3.3 UN Interceptions at Sea |
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505 | (1) |
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4 Foreign Military Activities in the EEZ |
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506 | (3) |
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5 Regulation of Nuclear Weapons at Sea |
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509 | (4) |
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513 | (3) |
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12 Landlocked and Geographically Disadvantaged States |
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516 | (15) |
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516 | (3) |
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2 Landlocked States and Access to the Sea |
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519 | (4) |
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2.1 Legal Regime Prior to the LOSC |
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519 | (1) |
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2.2 Legal Regime of the LOSC |
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520 | (3) |
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3 The Navigational Rights of Landlocked States |
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523 | (1) |
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4 Landlocked and Geographically Disadvantaged States and Uses of the Oceans |
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524 | (4) |
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524 | (3) |
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4.2 Exploitation of Non-living Resources in the Oceans |
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527 | (1) |
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4.3 Marine Scientific Research |
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528 | (1) |
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528 | (3) |
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13 Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes |
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531 | (52) |
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531 | (1) |
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2 Basic Structure of Dispute Settlement Procedures in the LOSC |
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532 | (8) |
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2.1 General Considerations |
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532 | (2) |
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2.2 The Interlink between Voluntary and Compulsory Procedures for Dispute Settlement |
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534 | (5) |
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2.3 Voluntary Conciliation |
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539 | (1) |
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3 Compulsory Procedures for Dispute Settlement |
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540 | (8) |
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3.1 Multiplicity of Forums |
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540 | (3) |
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3.2 Limitations to the Compulsory Procedures |
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543 | (1) |
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3.3 Optional Exceptions to the Compulsory Procedures |
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544 | (3) |
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3.4 The Role of the Compulsory Conciliation |
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547 | (1) |
|
4 The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (1): Organisation |
|
|
548 | (5) |
|
|
548 | (3) |
|
4.2 The Seabed Disputes Chamber |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
5 The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (2): Procedure |
|
|
553 | (26) |
|
5.1 Jurisdiction of ITLOS |
|
|
553 | (3) |
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
5.3 Proceedings before ITLOS |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
|
559 | (6) |
|
5.5 Preliminary Objections |
|
|
565 | (3) |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
569 | (2) |
|
|
571 | (4) |
|
5.10 Prompt Release Procedure |
|
|
575 | (3) |
|
5.11 ITLOS and Fragmentation of International Law |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
579 | (4) |
|
14 Looking Ahead: Law of the Sea as a Legal Shield |
|
|
583 | (9) |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
2 Protection of Community Interests at Sea |
|
|
584 | (4) |
|
2.1 Model I: The Decentralised-Relational Model |
|
|
584 | (2) |
|
2.2 Model II: The Institutional-Communitarian Model |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
2.3 Model III: The Judicial Model |
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
3 Key Elements in the Evolution of the Law of the Sea |
|
|
588 | (3) |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
3.2 Temporal Elements in the Law of the Sea |
|
|
589 | (2) |
|
|
591 | (1) |
Index |
|
592 | |