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E-grāmata: International Sales Law: A Global Challenge

Edited by Larry A. DiMatteo

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Izdošanas datums: 17-Feb-2014
Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9781107776906

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Transnational commercial law

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Formāts: PDF+DRM
Izdošanas datums: 17-Feb-2014
Izdevniecība: Cambridge University Press
Valoda: eng
ISBN-13: 9781107776906

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Transnational commercial law

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This book brings together the top international sales law scholars from twenty-three countries to review the Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods (CISG) and its role in the unification of global sales law. It reviews the substance of CISG rules and analyzes alternative interpretations. A comparative analysis is given of how countries have accepted, interpreted, and applied the CISG. Theoretical insights are offered into the problems of uniform laws, the CISG's role in bridging the gap between the common and civil legal traditions, and the debate over good faith in CISG jurisprudence. The book reviews case law relating to the interpretation and application of the provisions of the CISG; analyzes how it has been recognized and implemented by national courts and arbitral tribunals; offers insights into problems of uniformity of application of an international sales convention; compares the CISG with the English Sale of Goods Act and places it in the context of other texts of UNCITRAL; and analyzes the CISG from the practitioner's perspective.

Papildus informācija

This book brings together scholars from twenty-three countries to review the Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods.

List of Contributors

xxix

Preface

xliii

Tributes

xlv

John Honnold

Peter Schlectriem

Albert H. Kritzer

PART I HISTORY OF AND RESEARCHING THE CISG

1 Global Challenge of International Sales Law

(5)

Larry A. DiMatteo

I Introduction

(3)

II Blueprint for a Conference and a Book

(1)

III Conclusion

(1)

2 History of the CISG and Its Present Status

(15)

Vikki Rogers

Kaon Lai

I Introduction

(1)

II Movement toward Uniform International Sales Law

(4)

III Development of the CISG

(3)

IV Structure of the CISG

(1)

V Contracting States

(3)

VI Impact of the CISG on National Law Reform

(2)

VII Global Efforts to Promote the Adoption and Use of the CISG

(2)

VIII Conclusion

(1)

3 The CISG: Divergences between Success-Scarcity-and Theory-Practice

(2)

Olaf Meyer

I The CISG: A Success Story

(1)

II Measuring Success by the Numbers

(1)

III "Quiet" Areas of the CISG

(1)

A Theoretical Issues and Practical Significance

(1)

1 Indirect Application of the CISG by Noncontracting States: Article 1(1)(b)

(1)

2 Domestic Product Liability Law under CISG Article 5

(3)

B Derogation by the Parties

(2)

C Divergence between Scholarship and Practice

(1)

1 The Price Paradox

(2)

2 Battle of the Forms

(2)

D Compromise and Dispute

(1)

1 Revocability of an Offer

(1)

2 Specific Performance

(1)

3 Compromises and the Developing Countries

(3)

E Part II Formation and Scarcity of Case Law

(1)

IV Conclusion

(1)

4 CISG Sources and Researching the CISG

(12)

Marie Stefanini Newman

I Introduction

(1)

II Brief History of the CISG

(1)

III Challenges in Researching the CISG and Its Uniform Application

(1)

A Moving from "Homeward Trend" to Uniform Application

(1)

B Internet to the Rescue

(1)

IV Methodology for CISG Research

(1)

V Leading Online Resources for CISG Research

(1)

A UNCITRAL

(2)

B CISG Database, Pace University School of Law

(2)

C UNIDROIT and UNILEX

(1)

D TransLex

(1)

E Commercial Databases

(1)

1 Lexis and Westlaw

(1)

2 Kluwer Arbitration

(1)

VI Conclusion

(1)

5 Reducing Legal Babelism: CISG Translation Issues

(12)

Claire M. Germain

I Introduction

(1)

II Drafting Issues: Six Official Languages

(1)

III Drafting Issues: Choice of Words and Neutral Language

(3)

IV Interpretation and Homeward Trend

(1)

V Solutions to Deal with Language and Translation Issues

(1)

A International Sales Law Thesauri and Case Translations

(1)

B Reading Foreign Decisions: French Cour de cassation

(1)

C Role of Foreign Decisions and Scholarly Writings

(1)

VI Language Risk

(1)

VII Conclusion

(1)

6 The CISG in National Courts

(16)

Camilla Baasch Andersen

I Breadth of CISG Applications

(1)

A Nonapplication of the CISG

(1)

B National Application outside the Scope of the CISG

(1)

II CISG Case Law: Uniform Law in National Courts

(1)

A Understanding Uniformity

(1)

B Textual Uniformity versus Applied Uniformity

(1)

C The CISG and Uniformity

(1)

III The CISG and Nonuniformity

(1)

A Inadvertent "Homeward Trend"

(1)

B Blatant Disregard

(1)

IV Global Jurisconsultorium of the CISG

(1)

A The "Legal" Arguments

(1)

B The "Policy" Arguments

(1)

C Global Jurisconsultorium: The CISG in National Courts

(2)

V Criteria for Judging CISG Case Law

(1)

VI Future of the Jurisconsultorium

(4)

PART II INTERPRETATION AND USE OF THE CISG

7 Interpretive Methodologies in the Interpretation of the CISG

(23)

Larry A. DiMatteo

Andre Janssen

I Introduction

(1)

II Traditional National Methods for Interpreting the CISG

(1)

A Need for a "Blend" of Different National Methodologies

(1)

B National Methodologies: A Summary

(3)

III Textual Interpretation

(1)

IV Systemic Interpretation: Intraconventional and Interconventional

(1)

V Historic Interpretation

(1)

VI Teleological Interpretation

(1)

VII Relative Weight of the Different Interpretative Methods

(1)

VIII CISG Interpretive Methodology

(1)

A Creative Interpretation: Self-Generation of Underlying Principles

(1)

B Analogical Reasoning within the CISG

(2)

C Analogical Reasoning Using CISG Case Law

(2)

D Secondary Legal Sources in Interpreting the CISG

(1)

E Good-Faith Interpretation

(1)

IX Supplementary Methodologies

(1)

A Use of Soft Law in the Interpretation of the CISG

(1)

B Contextualism: Internal--External Exchange

(1)

C Use of Comparative Law in the Interpretation of the CISG

(1)

D Economic Interpretation of the CISG

(2)

X Party-Generated Rules of Interpretation

100

(1)

XI Conclusion

101

(1)

8 Divergent Interpretations: Reasons and Solutions

102

(6)

Ingeborg Schwenzer

I Introduction

102

(1)

II Main Areas of the Homeward Trend

103

(1)

A General

103

(1)

B Not Applying the CISG Where it Should be Applied

104

(2)

C Interpreting CISG Provisions in Light of Domestic Law

106

(2)

1 Examination and Notice Requirements: CISG Articles 38 and 39

108

(3)

2 Other Areas of Divergent Interpretation

111

(1)

D Narrowing the Scope of the CISG

111

(1)

1 Concurring Domestic Law Remedies

112

(1)

2 Issues of Validity

113

(1)

3 The Substantive--Procedural Divide

113

(7)

III Reasons for the Homeward Trend

114

(1)

A Lack of Knowledge

114

(1)

B Language Barriers

115

(1)

C Relevant Cases Are Arbitrated

116

(1)

IV Homeward Trend: How Can it be Changed?

117

(1)

A Comparative Research

117

(1)

B Language

118

(1)

C CISG as Genuine Contract Law

118

(1)

D CISG in Education and Legal Practice

119

(1)

V Conclusion

119

(1)

9 Good Faith Principle: Vexata Quaestio

120

(8)

Francesco G. Mazzotta

I Introduction

120

(1)

II Domestic Meanings of Good Faith

120

(1)

A United States

120

(4)

B United Kingdom

124

(1)

C Italy

125

(1)

D Germany

126

(1)

III Good Faith in the CISG

127

(1)

A CISG Article 7(1)

127

(1)

B CISG Case Law

128

(1)

1 United States

128

(1)

2 Italy

129

(1)

3 Germany

130

(5)

C Analysis

131

(3)

IV Conclusion

134

(1)

10 The CISG and International Arbitration

135

(3)

Andre Janssen

Matthias Spilker

I Introduction

135

(1)

II A Short Look at International Arbitration

135

(1)

A International Arbitration and Its Popularity

136

(1)

B International Arbitration Rules

137

(1)

III The CISG and Arbitration

137

(1)

A Statistical Evidence

137

(1)

B Application of the CISG by Arbitral Tribunals: Choice of Law

138

(1)

1 Direct Choice

138

(1)

2 Indirect Choice and Opting Out

139

(3)

C Application of the CISG in the Absence of a Choice of Law: Direct Method

140

(2)

D Some Observations

142

(1)

1 Party Autonomy and Transnational Spirit

142

(1)

2 Practical Reasons

142

(1)

3 The CISG as a "Neutral Law"

143

(1)

E Indirect Method of Application: Absence of a Choice of Law

143

(1)

1 Initial Situation Provided by Arbitration Rules

143

(1)

2 Significance of Article 95 CISG

144

(1)

3 Article 1(1)(a) CISG as a Conflict-of-Laws Rule

145

(9)

IV Formalities: The CISG versus International Arbitration

146

(1)

A Conflict

146

(2)

B Solution

148

(1)

V Divergent Interpretations: National Courts and Arbitral Tribunals

149

(2)

VI Specific Performance in International Arbitration

151

(2)

VII Concluding Remarks

153

(1)

11 The CISG as Soft Law and Choice of Law: Goju Ryu?

154

(25)

Lisa Spagnolo

I Introduction

154

(1)

II Characteristics of Hard and Soft Law

154

(5)

A When Soft Is Not So Soft

159

(2)

B When Hard Is Not So Hard

161

(1)

III CISG in Adjudication as Hard and Soft Law

162

(1)

A When the CISG Is Hard Law

162

(1)

B When the CISG Is More Soft Than Hard

163

(1)

C When the CISG Is More Hard Than Soft

164

(1)

IV How CISG Article 6 Transforms Hard Law to Soft Law

165

(1)

A Legal Effect of Exclusion

165

(1)

B Operational and Practical Effect of Exclusion

166

(1)

V When and Why the Quasi-Softness of the CISG Is Relevant

167

(2)

VI Examples

169

(1)

A Commodities and Majoritarianism

169

(3)

B Good Faith and Precontractual Liability

172

(1)

C Formation and Nonconformity

173

(1)

VII Limitations of the Concept of the CISG as Soft Law

174

(1)

VIII Conclusion

174

(5)

PART III INTERPRETING THE CISG's SUBSTANTIVE PROVISIONS

12 Contract Formation under the CISG: The Need for a Reform

179

(8)

Morten M. Fogt

I Introduction

179

(1)

II Case Study: Hanwha Corporation v. Cedar Petrochemicals, Inc.

179

(3)

A The CISG as a Dynamic Instrument of Unification

182

(2)

B The CISG's Principles of Contract Law

184

(1)

III The CISG's Traditional Contract Formation Regime

184

(2)

A Contract Formation: The Offer

186

(1)

1 Common Intention to Be Bound by a Contract (animus contrahendi)

187

(1)

2 Criteria for Distinguishing the Elements of a Contract

187

(1)

3 CISG essentialia negotii

187

(2)

4 Nonformalistic Definition of Offer and Counteroffer

189

(14)

B Realistic Concept of Acceptance

195

(1)

C Validity: External Lagunae

196

(1)

IV General Principles of Part II

197

(1)

A Brief Legislative History of Part II

197

(2)

B General Principles

199

(2)

V Conclusion: Reforming CISG Part II

201

(2)

13 The CISG and the Battle of the Forms

203

(12)

Bruno Zeller

I Introduction

203

(1)

II Formation of Contracts

204

(1)

A CISG Article 14

205

(2)

B CISG Article 19

207

(1)

C CISG Article 18

208

(2)

III Battle of the Forms

210

(1)

A Last-Shot Approach

210

(1)

B Knock-Out Approach

211

(2)

IV Conclusion

213

(2)

14 Conformity of Goods: Inspection and Notice

215

(22)

Harry M. Flechtner

I Introduction

215

(1)

II Conformity of Goods: CISG Article 35

215

(7)

III Notice of Lack of Conformity: CISG Article 39

222

(5)

IV Inspection of Goods: CISG Article 38

227

(1)

A Relationship between Article 38 Inspection and Article 39 Notice

228

(1)

B Purpose of Article 38

228

(1)

C "Short a Period as Is Practicable"

229

(2)

V Burden of Proof Governing Conformity of Goods and Notice of Lack of Conformity: A Systemic View

231

(5)

VI Conclusion

236

(1)

15 Interpreting Fundamental Breach

237

(4)

Aneta Spaic

I The CISG in Context

237

(1)

II Establishment of Precedents in International Law

238

(3)

III Fundamental Breach and Remedies under the CISG

241

(1)

A Concept of the Fundamental Breach

241

(1)

1 Detriment

241

(1)

2 Foreseeability

242

(15)

B The CISG Remedial System

242

(1)

IV Analysis of CISG Case Law

243

(1)

A Strict Performance Approach

243

(2)

B Economic Loss Approach

245

(1)

C Frustration of Purpose Approach

245

(1)

D Remedy-Oriented Approach

246

(1)

E Anticipatory Breach Approach

247

(1)

F Future Performance Approach

248

(1)

G Offer to Cure Approach

249

(1)

V Hybrid Approach: A Proposal

249

(1)

A Methodology of the Hybrid Approach

250

(1)

B Stage One: Purpose-Driven Test

250

(1)

C Stage Two: Interest-Driven Test

250

(1)

D Application of Hybrid Approach

251

(1)

E Advantages of Hybrid Approach

251

(2)

VI Conclusion

253

(4)

PART IV REMEDIES AND DAMAGES

16 Remedies: Damages, Price Reduction, Avoidance, Mitigation, and Preservation

257

(3)

Ulrich Magnus

I Introduction

257

(1)

II Elements Common to All CISG Remedies

258

(1)

III Damages

259

(1)

A The Concept

260

(1)

B Requirements

260

(1)

1 Breach of Obligation

260

(1)

2 Damages

260

(1)

3 Duties of the Creditor

261

(1)

C Exemption from Liability

261

(1)

1 Impediment

261

(1)

2 Excuse Due to Third-Party Conduct

262

(1)

3 Hardship

262

(1)

4 Exemption from Damages

262

(1)

5 Period of Exemption and Notice

263

(1)

6 Limit of Damages under CISG Article 44

263

(1)

D Calculation of Damages

263

(1)

1 Full Compensation

263

(1)

2 Causation and Foreseeability

264

(1)

3 Proof and Certainty

264

(1)

E Problems

265

(1)

1 Unforeseeable Losses

265

(1)

2 Consequential Damages

265

(1)

3 Loss of Business

265

(1)

4 Wasted Expenditures

266

(1)

5 Currency Loss

266

(1)

6 Litigation Costs

267

(1)

7 Loss of Goodwill

268

(1)

IV Avoidance

268

(1)

A The Concept

269

(1)

B Requirements

269

(1)

1 Breach of Contract

269

(1)

2 Fundamental Breach

269

(1)

3 Nachfrist Procedure

270

(1)

4 Part-Performance and Installment Contracts

271

(1)

5 Avoidance for Anticipatory Breach

271

(1)

6 Duties of the Creditor

271

(1)

7 Declaration of Avoidance

272

(1)

8 Exemption

272

(1)

9 Exclusion of Avoidance

272

(1)

10 Combination with Other Remedies

273

(1)

C Problems

273

(1)

1 Final Nonperformance or Refusal to Perform

273

(1)

2 Delayed Performance

274

(1)

3 Delivery of Nonconforming Goods

274

(1)

V Price Reduction

275

(1)

A Requirements

275

(1)

1 Breach of Contract

275

(1)

2 Reduction of Value

275

(1)

3 Declaration of Price Reduction

276

(1)

4 Duties of the Buyer

276

(1)

5 Calculation of Price Reduction

277

(1)

6 Consequences

277

(1)

7 Exemption

278

(1)

B Problems

278

(1)

1 Price Reduction and Title Defects

278

(2)

VI Mitigation

279

(1)

A The Concept

279

(1)

B Mitigation Duties Only for Damages

280

(1)

1 Measures of Mitigation

280

(1)

2 Consequences

281

(1)

VII Preservation of the Goods

282

(1)

A The Concept

282

(1)

B Requirements

282

(1)

1 Seller's Duty of Preservation

282

(1)

2 Preservation Duty of the Buyer

282

(1)

3 Analogous Application

283

(1)

4 Measures of Preservation

283

(1)

5 Consequences

283

(3)

VIII Concluding Remarks

284

(2)

17 Litigation Costs as Reimbursable Damages

286

(9)

Burghard Piltz

I Introduction

286

(1)

II Practice of Recovering Legal Costs as Damages

287

(1)

A Case Law

287

(1)

B Literature Review

288

(2)

III Interpreting the CISG on Recovering Legal Costs

290

(4)

IV Remarks

294

(1)

18 Excuse of Impediment and Its Usefulness

295

(14)

Martin Davies

I Introduction

295

(2)

II Impediment

297

(2)

III Change of Circumstances and Tacit Assumptions

299

(3)

IV Foreseeability versus "Taken into Account"

302

(3)

V Conclusion

305

(4)

PART V COUNTRY ANALYSES: EUROPE

19 The CISG in Austria

309

(22)

Wolfgang Faber

I Introduction

309

(2)

II Principle of Good Faith

311

(1)

III Contract Formation

311

(1)

A Sufficient Determination or Determinability

312

(1)

B Incorporation of Standard Terms

313

(2)

C Battle of the Forms

315

(1)

IV Conformity of Goods: Inspection and Notice

316

(1)

A CISG Articles 38 and 39

316

(4)

B Two-Year Time Limit under Article 39(2)

320

(1)

V Nachfrist Notice

321

(1)

VI Fundamental Breach

321

(1)

VII Remedies, Damages, Mitigation, and Preservation

322

(1)

A Price Reduction

323

(1)

B Avoidance of the Contract

324

(1)

C Damages

325

(3)

D Mitigation of Loss

328

(1)

E Preservation of Goods

329

(1)

VIII Excuse in Case of Impediment

329

(1)

IX Concluding Remarks

330

(1)

20 Baltic States, Belarus, and Ukraine

331

(7)

Tadas Klimas

I History of the CISG in the Baltic States

331

(2)

II CISG Jurisprudence in the Baltic States

333

(1)

A Contract Formation and Incorporating Standard Terms

333

(1)

B Right to Cover versus Duty to Cover

334

(1)

C No Latvian Cases

334

(1)

III History of the CISG in Belarus and the Ukraine

334

(1)

IV CISG Jurisprudence in Belarus and the Ukraine

335

(2)

V Summary

337

(1)

21 French Perspective of the CISG

338

(1)

Sylvaine Poillot-Peruzzetto

I Introduction

338

(1)

II Contract Formation

339

(1)

A Intention of the Parties

339

(1)

1 Scope of the Intention Doctrine

339

(2)

2 Acceptance by Silence

341

(1)

B Essential Terms of Contract

341

(1)

1 Price and Quantity

342

(2)

2 Battle of Forms: Strict Application of Article 19(1)

344

(1)

III Performance and Breach of Contract

345

(1)

A Fundamental Breach and Seller's Duty to Deliver Conforming Goods

345

(1)

1 Definition of Fundamental Breach

345

(1)

2 CISG Nonconformity of Goods and French Law

346

(1)

3 CISG Article 40

347

(1)

4 Nachfrist Notice

348

(2)

5 Buyer's Duties of Inspection and Notice

350

(3)

IV Remedies

353

(1)

A Damages

353

(1)

1 Foreseeability

353

(2)

2 Prevention of Loss: Price Reduction, Mitigation, and Preservation

355

(1)

B Avoidance of Contract

356

(1)

1 Incomplete Understanding

356

(3)

2 Misapplication of CISG Article 79

359

(2)

V Conclusion

360

(1)

22 German Country Analysis: Good Faith, Formation, and Conformity of Goods

361

(12)

Stefan Kroll

I Introduction: History of the CISG in Germany

361

(2)

II Principle of Good Faith

363

(2)

III Contract Formation

365

(1)

A Requirements for a Valid Offer

366

(1)

B Acceptance

367

(1)

C Standard Terms

368

(2)

IV Battle of Forms

370

(1)

V Conformity of Goods: Inspection and Notice

371

(1)

A Conformity of the Goods

371

(1)

B Examination and Notification Requirements

372

(1)

1 Specificity Requirement

373

(1)

2 "Within a Reasonable Time" Requirement

374

(1)

3 Waiver of the Right to Rely on the Belatedness of Notice

375

(1)

4 Exclusions in Articles 40 and 44

376

(1)

VI Conclusion

376

(1)

23 German Country Analysis: Part II

377

(6)

Sorren Kiene

I History of the CISG in Germany

377

(1)

II Price Reduction Remedy

378

(1)

A Declaration of Price Reduction

379

(1)

B Calculation of Reduction Amount

379

(1)

C Exclusion

380

(1)

D Relationship to Other Remedies

380

(1)

III Avoidance

381

(1)

A Right of Avoidance in Cases of Fundamental Breach (Non-delivery and Non-payment)

381

(2)

B Fixing an Additional Period of Time

383

(1)

1 Determination of Additional Period and Request for Performance

383

(1)

2 Reasonable Length of Time Extension

384

(4)

C Right of Avoidance: Delivery of Nonconforming Goods

385

(2)

D Right of Avoidance for Other Types of Breaches

387

(1)

E Declaration of Avoidance

388

(1)

1 Time Period

388

(2)

2 Exclusion of Avoidance

390

(1)

3 Legal Consequences

390

(9)

IV Damages

391

(2)

V Interest

393

(1)

VI Mitigation and Preservation

394

(1)

VII Excuse (Impediment)

395

(1)

VIII Concluding Remarks

396

(3)

24 Italy

399

(15)

Edoardo Ferrante

I Introduction: Issues of Methodology

399

(2)

II Sources of International Sales Law

401

(3)

III Problem of Scarcity

404

(1)

IV Toward Supranational Stare Decisis?

405

(2)

V Interpreting the CISG

407

(1)

A Good Faith and the Prohibition of Venire Contra Factum

407

(1)

B Formation of Contract and Battle of the Forms

408

(2)

C Notice of Lack of Conformity

410

(2)

VI Concluding Remarks

412

(2)

25 The Nordic Countries

414

(5)

Jan Ramberg

I Introduction: Article 92 and the Nordic Countries

414

(1)

II Nonconformity and Notice of Nonconformity

415

(1)

A Duty to Inspect and Notice of Nonconformity

415

(1)

B Timely Notice of Nonconformity

416

(1)

C Prescription Period: Notice of Nonconformity

417

(1)

III Avoidance and Fundamental Breach

417

(2)

26 The CISG in Southeastern Europe

419

(14)

Milena Djordjevic

Vladimir Pavic

I Introduction

419

(1)

II Interpretation of the CISG and Contracts

420

(1)

A Autonomous Interpretation

420

(2)

B Uniformity of Application

422

(2)

C Good Faith

424

(1)

D Gap Filling

425

(3)

E Interpretation of the Parties' Statements and Conduct

428

(1)

F Role of Usages and Business Practices

429

(1)

III Formation and Modification of Contracts

430

(2)

IV Nonconformity of Goods

432

(1)

A Concept of Nonconformity

432

(1)

B Notice of Nonconformity

433

(1)

1 Form of Notice

433

(1)

2 Content of Notice

434

(1)

3 Timeliness of Notice

435

(2)

4 Seller's Knowledge of Nonconformity

437

(1)

V Remedies

438

(1)

A Avoidance

438

(1)

1 Basis of Avoidance

438

(3)

2 Declaration of Avoidance

441

(1)

3 Effects of Avoidance

442

(2)

B Damages

443

(1)

1 Types of Recoverable Loss

444

(1)

2 Proof of Loss

445

(1)

3 Foreseeability Requirement

446

(1)

4 Damages on the Basis of Substitute Transaction

447

(1)

5 Mitigation

448

(1)

6 Exemption from Liability to Pay Damages

448

(1)

7 Liquidated Damages

449

(4)

VI Preservation of Goods

451

(1)

VII Conclusion

451

(2)

27 Spain

453

(13)

Pilar Perales Viscasillas

Javier Solana Alvarez

I Introduction

453

(1)

II Principle of Good Faith

454

(1)

III Contract Formation

455

(1)

IV Conformity of Goods: Inspection and Notice

455

(5)

V Avoidance

460

(2)

VI Remedies: Price Reduction and Damages

462

(1)

A Awarding Damages

462

(1)

B Enforceability of Penalty Clauses

463

(1)

C Interest Damages

464

(1)

VII Substitute Transactions

464

(1)

VIII Mitigation and Preservation

465

(1)

28 Switzerland

466

(15)

Corinne Widmer Luchinger

I History of the CISG in Switzerland

466

(2)

II Principle of Good Faith

468

(2)

III Contract Formation

470

(1)

A Commercial Letters of Confirmation

471

(1)

B Battle of the Forms

472

(1)

IV Conformity of Goods: Inspection and Notice

473

(1)

A Lack of Conformity

473

(1)

B "Reasonable" Period of Time

474

(1)

C Requirements as to Specificity

475

(1)

D CISG Article 39(2) and the Statute of Limitations

476

(1)

V Fundamental Breach and Nachfrist Notice

477

(1)

A Delivery of Nonconforming Goods

477

(1)

B Failure to Deliver Goods in a Timely Manner

478

(1)

VI Remedies: Price Reduction, Damages, and Avoidance

478

(1)

A Price Reduction

478

(1)

B Damages

479

(2)

C Avoidance

481

(1)

1 Timely Declaration of Avoidance

481

(1)

2 Requirements of Declaration of Avoidance

481

(5)

VII Mitigation and Preservation

482

(1)

A Mitigation

482

(1)

B Preservation

483

(1)

VIII Excuse (Impediment)

483

(1)

IX Summary

484

(2)

29 The Netherlands

486

(19)

Sonja A. Kruisinga

I Introduction

486

(1)

II History of the CISG in The Netherlands

487

(1)

III Application of the CISG in The Netherlands

487

(1)

A Uniform Application of the CISG

488

(1)

B Scope of Application of the CISG

488

(1)

C Excluding the CISG

488

(1)

IV Contract Formation and Standard Terms

489

(2)

A Duty to Transmit Conditions

491

(2)

B Standard Terms in Long-Term Relationships

493

(1)

C Standard Terms and Choice of Law Clause

494

(1)

V Conformity of the Goods

494

(1)

A Concurrent Claims

495

(1)

B Notification and Time Limits

496

(1)

VI Place of Delivery and Brussels I

497

(1)

VII Avoidance

498

(1)

VIII Interest and the Right to Suspend Performance

498

(1)

IX Exemptions

499

(1)

X Future of the CISG in The Netherlands

499

(1)

XI Conclusion

500

(5)

PART VI A WORLD VIEW OF THE CISG

30 The CISG in Islamic Countries: The Case of Egypt

505

(1)

Hossam A. El-Saghir

I Introduction

505

(1)

II Overview of Islamic Law

506

(1)

A Sources of Islamic Law

506

(1)

1 Primary Sources

506

(1)

2 Secondary Sources

506

(12)

B Contracts under Islamic Law

507

(1)

C Prohibition of Riba or Usury in Islamic Law

507

(1)

D Influence of Islamic Law (Shari'a) in the Egyptian Legal System

508

(1)

III Achieving Uniformity: Autonomous Interpretation of the CISG

509

(1)

IV Obstacles to the Uniform Application of the CISG in the Arab World

510

(1)

A Official Texts of the CISG: Errors in the Arabic Version

511

(1)

V Implementation of CISG Article 78 in Egypt

512

(1)

VI Influence of National Laws in Arab Countries on the Interpretation of the CISG

513

(2)

VII Scholarly Writings

515

(1)

A Good Faith

515

(1)

B Barter Contracts

516

(1)

VIII Influence of the CISG on Egyptian Law

516

(1)

IX Conclusion

517

(1)

31 Israel

518

(21)

Yehuda Adar

I Introduction

518

(1)

II Scope of Application: Expansion of CISG Jurisdiction

519

(1)

III Concurrent Grounds of Liability

519

(4)

IV Principle of Good Faith

523

(1)

A Good Faith in Israeli Law

524

(1)

B Good Faith in International Trade: Eximin Case and the Birth of Comparative Negligence in Israeli Contract Law

525

(3)

C Interrelationship of International Sales Law and Domestic Law: Eximin as a Test Case

528

(2)

V Contract Formation

530

(2)

VI Conformity of Goods: Inspection and Notice

532

(1)

A Inspection and Notice Requirements: Scope and Content

533

(2)

B Seller's Power to Bar Buyer's Claim: Nature and Limits

535

(3)

VII Conclusion

538

(1)

32 New Zealand

539

(9)

Petra Butler

I Introduction

539

(1)

II The CISG's Impact on Practicing Lawyers, Legal Scholars, and Legislators

540

(1)

III Review of New Zealand Case Law Relating to the CISG

540

(1)

A Analogical Use of the CISG

541

(3)

B RJ & AM Smallmon v. Transport Sales Limited

544

(2)

IV Conclusion

546

(2)

33 People's Republic of China

548

(14)

Li Wei

I Introduction

548

(1)

II History of China's Economic Transition and the CISG

549

(1)

III China's Contract Law and the CISG

550

(3)

IV Applying the CISG in China

553

(4)

V Case Study: Indian Iron Sand Case

557

(1)

A Application of Law

557

(1)

B Damages

558

(1)

C Discussion

558

(2)

VI Conclusion

560

(2)

Appendix Comparative Analysis: The CISG and CCL

561

(1)

34 The United States and Canada

562

(6)

Robert W. Emerson

Ann M. Olazabal

I Analysis of the CISG: American and Canadian Case Law

563

(1)

A Contract Formation

563

(1)

B Battle of the Forms

564

(2)

C Notice of Nonconformity Requirements

566

(1)

D Conformity of Goods

567

(1)

1 Canada

568

(1)

2 United States

569

(3)

E Nachfrist Notice

571

(1)

F Fundamental Breach

572

(1)

1 Canada

572

(1)

2 United States

573

(7)

G Price Reduction Remedy

574

(1)

H Remedies: Avoidance and Damages

574

(3)

I Mitigation

577

(1)

J Excuse (Impediment)

578

(1)

II Summary

578

(2)

35 Central and South America

580

(8)

Virginia G. Maurer

I Introduction

580

(1)

II Argentina

580

(1)

A Contract Formation

581

(1)

B Conformity of Goods: Inspection and Notice

582

(1)

C Cases Involving Other CISG Articles

582

(1)

III Brazil, Chile, and Colombia

583

(1)

IV Mexico

584

(1)

A Principle of Good Faith

585

(1)

B Contract Formation

585

(1)

C Conformity of Goods: Inspection and Notice

586

(1)

D Cases Involving Other CISG Articles

587

(1)

36 The CISG across National Legal Systems

588

(17)

Larry A. DiMatteo

I Introduction

588

(1)

II Problem of Scarcity

588

(1)

III Problem of National Law Bias

589

(1)

A Persistence of Homeward Trend Bias

589

(1)

B Parallel Citation Approach

590

(1)

IV Unevenness and Convergence of Jurisprudence

591

(1)

A Principle of Good Faith versus Duty of Good Faith

591

(2)

B Contract Formation and Contract Modification

593

(1)

C Incorporation of Standard Terms

594

(1)

D Conformity, Inspection, and Notice of Nonconformity

595

(1)

E Fundamental Breach

596

(1)

F Nachfrist Notice

597

(1)

G Price Reduction Remedy

597

(1)

H Payment of Interest

598

(1)

I Surprises

598

(1)

V Influence of German Courts

599

(1)

A Quantity and Quality

599

(1)

B The CISG as a European Code?

600

(1)

VI Influence of the CISG

601

(1)

A Generational Lag

601

(1)

B Vehicle for Harmonization of National Laws

601

(4)

PART VII THEORETICAL INSIGHTS

37 Problems of Uniform Laws

605

(7)

Jan M. Smits

I Introduction

605

(1)

II Problematic Relationship between Cross-Border Trade and Uniform Laws

606

(1)

III Problems with the CISG

607

(1)

A Uniform Application of the CISG by Courts

607

(2)

B Exclusion by Contracting Parties

609

(1)

C Incompleteness of the CISG

609

(1)

D Background Problem: The CISG Is Not a "Jurisdiction"

610

(1)

IV Conclusion

611

(1)

38 The CISG as Bridge between Common and Civil Law

612

(4)

Sieg Eiselen

I Introduction

612

(1)

II Common Law--Civil Law Divide

613

(1)

A Characteristics of the Common Law

614

(2)

B Characteristics of the Civil Law

616

(1)

1 Romanistic Legal Family

616

(1)

2 Germanic Legal Family

617

(2)

C Characteristics of the Common and Civil Laws of Contract

619

(1)

1 Codification

619

(1)

2 Freedom of Contract

620

(1)

3 Principle of Good Faith

620

(1)

4 Interpretation of Contracts and Parol Evidence

621

(1)

5 Consideration and the Binding Force of Offers

622

(1)

6 Specific Performance and Damages

623

(7)

III The CISG as Bridge

623

(1)

A Freedom of Contract and Party Autonomy

624

(1)

B Principle of Good Faith

624

(1)

C Parol Evidence

625

(1)

D Consideration and Binding Force of Offers

626

(1)

E Specific Performance

627

(1)

F Reliance on Foreign Case Law and Scholarly Literature

628

(1)

IV Conclusion

628

(2)

39 Precontractual Liability and Preliminary Agreements

630

(19)

Marco Torsello

I Introduction

630

(1)

II Review of Domestic Laws on Precontractual Liability

631

(4)

III Cross-Border Negotiations, the Concurrence of Domestic Laws, and the CISG on Precontractual Liability

635

(4)

IV Assessing Precontractual Liability: Contents and Purposes of Preliminary Agreements

639

(7)

V Closing Remarks

646

(3)

PART VIII PRACTITIONER's PERSPECTIVE

40 Empirical Evidence of Courts' and Counsels' Approach to the CISG (with Some Remarks on Professional Liability)

649

(2)

Ulrich G. Schroeter

I Introduction

649

(1)

II Empirical Evidence on the Use of the CISG

650

(1)

A The CISG in Practice: Existing Surveys

650

(1)

B Courts Approach to the CISG

651

(1)

1 Empirical Evidence

651

(1)

2 Anecdotal Evidence

652

(3)

3 Evidence Explained

655

(4)

C Sellers, Buyers, and the CISG

659

(1)

1 Empirical Evidence

659

(1)

2 Evidence Explained

660

(1)

D Counsels Approach to the CISG

661

(1)

1 Empirical Evidence

661

(2)

2 Evidence Explained

663

(6)

III Professional Liability

663

(1)

A Ignoring the CISG

664

(1)

B The CISG as Domestic (Not Foreign) Law

664

(1)

C Exclusion of the CISG as Professional Malpractice

665

(1)

D Failure to Plead Foreign Persuasive Precedents as Professional Malpractice

666

(1)

IV Conclusion

667

(2)

41 The CISG and English Sales Law: An Unfair Competition

669

(14)

Qi Zhou

I Introduction

669

(1)

II Histories of English Sales Law and the CISG

670

(3)

III Problem of Fragmentary Law

673

(2)

IV Ambiguities in the CISG

675

(3)

V Divergent Legal Interpretations

678

(2)

VI Suggestions for Future Reform

680

(3)

42 The CISG in Context of Complementary Texts

683

(11)

Luca G. Castellani

I The CISG as a Work in Progress

683

(1)

II Reconsideration of CISG Declarations

684

(2)

III Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods

686

(2)

IV Uniform Rules on Contract Clauses for an Agreed Sum Due upon Failure of Performance

688

(1)

V UN Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts

689

(5)

43 Soft Laws as Models for the Improvement of the CISG

694

(10)

Ole Lando

I Good Faith

694

(1)

II Usages

695

(1)

III Price Term

696

(1)

IV Revocation of Offer

696

(1)

V Battle of the Forms

697

(1)

VI Written Confirmation

697

(1)

VII Specific Performance

698

(1)

VIII Specific Performance and Force Majeure

698

(1)

IX Hardship

699

(2)

X Assurance of Performance

701

(1)

XI Remoteness of Damages

702

(1)

XII Interest

702

(1)

XIII Proposal for a Common European Sales Law

702

(2)

44 Using the CISG Proactively

704

(21)

Helena Haapio

I Introduction

704

(1)

II Proactive Law Approach

705

(1)

A Proactive Law Movement

706

(2)

B Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on Proactive Law

708

(2)

III Proactive Approach: Application

710

(1)

A The Contract Puzzle: It Takes a Team!

710

(2)

B Invisible Terms and the CISG

712

(1)

C Improving CISG Awareness

713

(1)

IV Action Plan: Learning from Experience

714

(1)

A Learning from Case Law

714

(1)

B Learning from Top Negotiated Terms and Frequent Sources of Disputes

715

(3)

V Visualization: Increasing Traders' Awareness

718

(6)

VI Making the CISG Work

724

(1)

45 Future Challenges of International Sales Law

725

(8)

Larry A. DiMatteo

I A Brief Look at the Past

725

(1)

II The CISG in the Present

726

(1)

A CISG Jurisprudence

726

(1)

B Interpreting and the Interpretation of the CISG

727

(2)

C Country Analyses

729

(1)

III Future of the CISG

730

(1)

IV Marketplace for Transborder Commercial Law

731

(2)

Index

733

Larry A. DiMatteo is the Huber Hurst Professor of Contract Law and Legal Studies at the Warrington College of Business Administration and Affiliated Professor at the Levin College of Law at the University of Florida. He is the author or editor of more than seventy scholarly publications including International Sales Law: A Critical Analysis of the CISG (2005) and Commercial Contract Law: Transatlantic Perspectives (2013). Professor DiMatteo obtained his JD from Cornell Law School; LLM from Harvard Law School; and PhD in Business and Commercial Law from Monash University, Victoria.

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E-grāmata: International Sales Law: A Global Challenge

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