Series Preface |
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xi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xv | |
Preface |
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xvii | |
About the Editors |
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xxi | |
Key Terms |
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xxv | |
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Section I A CRIMINAL JUSTICE PERSPECTIVE |
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1 Trafficking in Body Parts |
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3 | (10) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (3) |
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2 China Profit$ from Prisoners: Organ Procurement and the Ethical Issue of Consent |
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13 | (10) |
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Organ Procurement of Executed Chinese Prisoners |
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13 | (2) |
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Confidentiality or Concealment? |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Medical Doctors Involvement |
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17 | (1) |
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The Brain Death Criterion |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (3) |
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3 Trafficking in Human Organs in Europe: A Myth or an Actual Threat? |
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23 | (26) |
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24 | (1) |
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Trafficking in Organs as a Face of Organized Crime? |
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24 | (3) |
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The Problem of Defining Organized Crime |
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25 | (1) |
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Definition by Criminals Involved |
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26 | (1) |
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Definition by the Crimes Committed |
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26 | (1) |
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The Problem of Gathering Reliable Data: Scientific Sources versus "Suspense Articles" |
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27 | (2) |
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Aspects and Methods Involved in the Business of Trafficking in Organs |
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29 | (3) |
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Short Overview of Main European Supplier (or So-Called Donor) and Destination (or So-Called Demanding) Countries |
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29 | (1) |
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Which Circumstances in Donor and Demanding Countries Smooth the Way for the Commerce in Organs, Predominandy Kidneys? |
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30 | (2) |
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Supplying the Black Market with the "Illicit" Good and Services |
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32 | (3) |
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Actors Operating This Business |
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32 | (1) |
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Different Methods Applied by Actors |
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33 | (1) |
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Who Are the Victims of Trafficking in Organs? |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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The Recipient as a Victim |
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35 | (1) |
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Discussed and Developed Measures to Tackle the Phenomenon |
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35 | (4) |
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European Legislations and Conventions to Combat the Phenomenon |
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35 | (1) |
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Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine80 |
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36 | (1) |
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Additional Protocol to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine concerning Transplantation of Organs and Tissues of Human Origin82 |
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36 | (1) |
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Increasing the Number of Available Transplants as a Preventive Measure |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (8) |
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Section II A BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE |
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4 A Free Market for Human Organs |
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49 | (10) |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (2) |
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5 Karnataka's Unabating Kidney Trade |
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59 | (12) |
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Analysis and Features of the Commercial Racket in Kidneys |
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60 | (1) |
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Failure of Regulatory Bodies |
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61 | (2) |
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A New Investigative Track |
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63 | (1) |
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The Transplantation of Human Organs Act of 1994 |
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64 | (1) |
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The Development of a Sophisticated Network |
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65 | (1) |
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Recommendations to Help Improve the Functioning of Regulatory Bodies |
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66 | (1) |
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The Role of the Medical Profession |
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67 | (1) |
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The Economies of the Organ Trade |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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6 To Solve a Deadly Shortage: Economic Incentives for Human Organ Donation |
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71 | (24) |
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A Brief Overview of Transplant Technology |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Donation and Sale of Regenerative Organs and Self Replenishing Tissues and Cells: Problems and Answers |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (3) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Nonregenerative Tissues: The Legislative Approach |
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77 | (3) |
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Uniform Anatomical Gift Act (1968) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Proposed Legislation: UAGA H.R. 2418 (1999) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (4) |
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80 | (1) |
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Nationalization of Cadavers |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (3) |
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Real and Imagined Problems |
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84 | (1) |
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Living Donor Organ Market |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Objections to a Living Donor Market |
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86 | (1) |
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The Early Attempts to Establish Open Market Reimbursement |
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86 | (1) |
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A Proposal for a Regulated Posthumous Organ Market |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (6) |
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7 A Free Market for Kidneys: Options, Futures, Forward, and Spot |
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95 | (22) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (3) |
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Financing Transactions: Options, Futures, and Forward Markets |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (3) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (6) |
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Section III A MEDICAL, ETHICAL, AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE |
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8 Medical Tourism: Organ Trafficking and Kidney Transplantation |
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117 | (14) |
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Snezana (Ana) Mijovic-Das |
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117 | (1) |
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Cultural Barriers to Kidney Transplantation |
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118 | (1) |
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Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism |
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118 | (1) |
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Why We Should Oppose Organ Trafficking |
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119 | (1) |
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The Extent of Organ Trafficking |
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120 | (1) |
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Consequences to the Vendors |
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121 | (1) |
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What Are the Alternatives? The Amsterdam Forum and the Iranian Model |
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121 | (1) |
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Developing an Organ Donation System |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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Financial Incentives to Promote Donation |
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122 | (1) |
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Developing Laws and International Alliances |
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123 | (1) |
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Developing Sensitivity for Human Rights |
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123 | (1) |
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Reimbursing the Donor and Other Protection Measures |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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Appendix A: Medical Tourism: Organ Trafficking and Kidney Transplantation |
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125 | (1) |
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Pera Pop of Belgrade: A Case Study |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (2) |
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9 Body Values: The Case against Compensating for Transplant Organs |
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131 | (12) |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (4) |
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10 Autonomy, Constraining Options, and Organ Sales |
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143 | (18) |
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144 | (1) |
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Dworkin's Case for Organ Sales---and the First Objections to It |
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145 | (3) |
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Is the Option to Sell an Organ an Autonomy-Undermining Constraining Option for the Individual Who Chooses It? |
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (2) |
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Organ Sales, Aid, and Group-Affecting Constraining Options |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (5) |
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11 Markets and the Needy: Organ Sales or Aid? |
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161 | (8) |
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161 | (1) |
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The Moral Viability of a Current Organ Market |
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162 | (4) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (3) |
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12 Selling Bits and Pieces of Humans to Make Babies: The Gift of the Magi Revisited |
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169 | (20) |
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169 | (2) |
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Ethical Concerns about Selling Human Organs for Transplantation |
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171 | (5) |
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Ethical Concerns about Selling Human Gametes for Reproduction |
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176 | (3) |
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Ethical Concerns about Selling Fetal Eggs and Ovaries for Reproduction |
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179 | (2) |
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Ethical Concerns about Selling Human Cells and Eggs for Cloning |
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181 | (3) |
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The Human Significance of Reproduction |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (3) |
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Section IV A THEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE |
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13 A Catholic Perspective on Organ Sales |
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189 | (14) |
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The Catholic Church's Position on Transplantation and the Sale of Human Organs |
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189 | (3) |
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192 | (2) |
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A Second-Best Policy: A Tax Reduction or Tax Credit in Support of the Ideal Public Policy |
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194 | (1) |
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A Third-Best, but Prudential, Policy: Catholic Participation in an Organ Market |
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195 | (6) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (2) |
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14 Body Parts and the Marketplace: Insights from Thomistic Philosophy |
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203 | (24) |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (3) |
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208 | (7) |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (3) |
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222 | (5) |
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15 The Commercialization of Human Body Parts: A Reappraisal from a Protestant Perspective |
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227 | (18) |
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227 | (2) |
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The Essential Secular Case against Commercialization |
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229 | (3) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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Protestant Arguments for and against Human Body Part Commercialization |
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232 | (9) |
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233 | (2) |
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The Protection of Altruism |
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235 | (1) |
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Human Sanctity and Autonomy |
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236 | (5) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (3) |
Index |
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245 | |