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E-grāmata: Internet Jurisdiction Law and Practice

(Professor of Internet Law, Centre for Commercial Law Studies, Queen Mary University of London)
  • Formāts: 494 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Jan-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780192529954
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Internet Jurisdiction Law and PracticePalielināt
  • Formāts: 494 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 07-Jan-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Oxford University Press
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780192529954
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From a technological standpoint, geography is largely irrelevant. Data flows through the internet without regard for political borders or territories. Services, communication, and interaction can occur online between persons who may be in different countries. Illegal activities, like hacking, cyberespionage, propagating terrorist propaganda, defamation, revenge porn, and illegal marketplaces may all be remotely targeted and accessed from various countries. As such, the internet has created an interesting and complex set of challenges for the concept of jurisdiction and conflicts of law. This title takes a comparative approach covering the EU, UK, US, Germany, and China.

Broken into four parts, this book delves into the notion of jurisdiction as it relates to the internet. Part I focuses on the different meanings of the concept of jurisdiction, from a legal and historical perspective, and distinguishing between the different branches of government. It will highlight the challenges created by the internet, including social media and cloud computing. Part II analyses criminal jurisdiction, in regards to both jurisdictions in cybercrime cases and jurisdictional issues relating to criminal investigations (access to the cloud) and enforcement. Part III examines jurisdiction and applicable law in civil and commercial matters, such as e-commerce B2B and B2C contracts, torts typically occurring online, and online defamation and privacy infringement. Finally, Part IV looks at regulatory jurisdiction, examining the power of the executive (whether an arm of government or independent regulator) to apply and enforce national law. It will look at aspects like the provision of online audio-visual media services and online gambling services, both of which are heavily regulated, but which can be easily provided remotely from different jurisdictions. The book concludes by analysing how the concept of jurisdiction should be adapted to ensure the rule of law by nation states and prevent international conflicts between states.

This title gives a comprehensive look at the complicated subject of internet jurisdiction, essential for all dealing with jurisdictions in the modern age.

Recenzijas

While Internet Jurisdiction Law and Practice is a useful resource for students, academics, and practitioners alike, on a more introspective level, those who dare to put their heads in the cloud and delve into the clash between territory, sovereignty, jurisdiction, and the internet will relish the newfound understanding of what it means to be a global citizen. * Peter Aadoson, National Judicial Institute, Canadian Law Library Review * Authored by Queen Mary University of London's professor of internet law, this book is a quality publication from start to finish ... Academic arguments aside, this book should serve equally well as a practitioner's 'go-to' text, given its clear, staged explanations of key concepts and the vast amounts of referenced source material. * Sean Gordan, Brewer Wallace Solicitors, The Law Gazette * useful contribution to the ongoing discussion * The Commonwealth Lawyer * Julia Hörnle has brought a veritable treasure trove of extensive case study and astute observation to this endeavour, reminding the reader of both the many unresolved questions and the importance of continuing to work towards their resolution. * Tobias Lutzi, International and Comparative Law Quarterly *

Table of Cases
xxi
Table of Legislation
xxxix
1 A Brief Introduction
1(3)
2 "Head in the Clouds": The Clash between Territorial Sovereignty, Jurisdiction, and the Territorial Detachment of the Internet
4(29)
1 Different contexts of the term "jurisdiction"
4(3)
2 State sovereignty
7(3)
3 State sovereignty, national identity in the context of globalization
10(5)
4 Global law?
15(5)
5 Nexus to territory: territoriality, interests, and connecting factors; extraterritoriality
20(13)
3 The Jurisdictional Challenge Answered---Enforcement through Gatekeepers on the Internet
33(48)
1 The "out-of-reach" problem
33(2)
2 Internet gatekeepers as facilitators of illegal activity?
35(1)
3 Online service provider liability as gatekeepers?
36(5)
4 The use of gatekeeper legislation for specific types of content
41(37)
4.1 Hosting: from notice and take down to duty of care
41(1)
4.1.1 CSEA materials
41(1)
4.1.2 Terrorism-related materials
42(7)
4.1.3 Online gambling and notice and take down
49(1)
4.1.4 Wider range of contents
50(1)
4.1.4.1 The German Netzwerkdurchsetzungsgesetz (NetzDG)
50(3)
4.1.4.2 Audiovisual Media Services Directive (EU) 2018/1808
53(3)
4.1.4.3 The UK White Paper "Online Harms" 2019
56(2)
4.1.4.4 Australia
58(1)
4.1.4.4.1 Schedules 5 and 7 Broadcasting Services Act 1992
58(1)
4.1.4.4.2 Criminal Code Amendment (Sharing of Abhorrent Violent Material) Act 2019
58(3)
4.1.5 Content regulation point two: hosting as gatekeeping
61(4)
4.2 Internet access providers as local gatekeepers---blocking
65(2)
4.2.1 Blocking of CSE A
67(1)
4.2.2 Blocking of terrorist content
67(1)
4.2.3 Pornography and the Digital Economy Act 2017
68(1)
4.2.4 Website blocking and gambling
68(1)
4.2.5 UK White Paper "Online Harms" and website blocking
69(1)
4.2.6 Australia and internet access blocking
70(1)
4.3 Payment services providers, advertisers, and search engines as gatekeepers
70(1)
4.3.1 Digital Economy Act 2017 and the White Paper "Online Harms"
71(1)
4.3.2 Payment blocking of illegal gambling payments
71(7)
5 Conclusion
78(3)
4 Criminal Jurisdiction---Concurrent Jurisdiction, Sovereignty, and the Urgent Requirement for Coordination
81(34)
Julia Hornle
Elif Mendos Kuskonmaz
1 Introduction
81(1)
2 Jurisdiction under (public) international law
82(8)
2.1 The territoriality principle and effects doctrine
83(4)
2.2 Principles of extraterritorial jurisdiction
87(1)
2.2.1 Personality principle
87(2)
2.2.2 Protective principle
89(1)
2.2.3 Universality principle
89(1)
3 Developing principles for cybercrime: territorial and extraterritorial laws
90(6)
3.1 Territoriality principle in exercising jurisdiction over cybercrimes
91(4)
3.2 Extraterritorial laws in prescribing cybercrimes
95(1)
4 Resolving jurisdiction conflicts for cybercrimes: limiting the assertion of jurisdiction and coordinating criminal enforcement
96(11)
4.1 International comity and the reasonableness principles
96(3)
4.2 EU criminal law coordination
99(8)
5 Ne bis in idem, the rule against double jeopardy
107(6)
6 Conclusion
113(2)
5 Jurisdiction of the Criminal Courts in Cybercrime Cases in Germany and England
115(30)
1 Jurisdiction under German criminal law
116(16)
1.1 Introduction
116(1)
1.2 Territoriality principle as the main basis for jurisdiction
117(5)
1.3 Protecting particular German interests, frequently combined with the active and passive personality principle for a limited number of specified offences (protective principle)
122(1)
1.3.1 National state interests
123(2)
1.3.2 German public interests
125(1)
1.3.3 Protection of individual interests
126(1)
1.4 Universality principle (Weltrechtsprinzip)
127(3)
1.5 Passive personality principle
130(1)
1.6 Active personality principle
131(1)
1.7 Representation principle
132(1)
2 Jurisdiction under English criminal law
132(11)
2.1 Prevalence of territoriality principle
132(4)
2.2 The terminatory approach or last act rule
136(1)
2.3 Substantial measure test
137(3)
2.4 Inchoate offences
140(1)
2.5 Computer misuse offences and jurisdiction
141(2)
3 Conclusion
143(2)
6 Digital Investigations in the Cloud---Criminal Enforcement Cooperation
145(88)
1 Introduction
145(6)
2 International cooperation and digital investigations
151(12)
2.1 Ad hoc cooperation and treaty-based international cooperation: MLA
151(8)
2.2 The Cybercrime Convention: multilateral cooperation
159(4)
3 Intra-EU cooperation in digital investigations
163(16)
3.1 Mutual recognition and mutual trust in the EU: how does criminal enforcement jurisdiction in the EU legal order relate to fundamental rights?
163(7)
3.2 Specific instruments for EU cooperation in the field of digital investigations
170(1)
3.2.1 European Investigation Order
170(5)
3.2.2 Joint investigation teams (JITs)
175(2)
3.2.3 Intra-EU institutional cooperation
177(1)
3.2.3.1 Europol and Europol's Cybercrime Centre
177(1)
3.2.3.2 Eurojust
177(2)
4 Export of data from the EU
179(18)
4.1 The EU legal framework and its workarounds
179(1)
4.1.1 Adequacy
180(2)
4.1.2 Other safeguard mechanisms
182(1)
4.1.3 Derogations
183(5)
4.2 The different permutations of the dilemma
188(3)
4.3 Safe Harbor, the Privacy shield and Schrems I and II
191(4)
4.4 US--EU Umbrella Framework Agreement
195(2)
5 Cross-border access to data for digital investigations---extending jurisdiction under international law?
197(26)
5.1 Using coercive powers under domestic criminal procedures
197(1)
5.1.1 Domestic criminal procedures achieving direct disclosure of foreign stored data by ISPs
197(1)
5.1.1.1 Domestic ISP controls data, but not data in foreign locations, US Microsoft case and the Cloud Act
198(3)
5.1.1.2 Foreign ISP controls data in foreign locations
201(2)
5.1.1.3 Guidance Note interpretation of Article 18 Production Orders
203(3)
5.1.2 Remote search and seizure and the use of OSINT authorized under domestic criminal procedures
206(1)
5.1.2.1 Remote search and seizure---hacking by law enforcement
206(3)
5.1.2.2 Access to open source materials: Article 32(a) of the Cybercrime Convention
209(2)
5.2 Extending jurisdiction through international agreement for disclosure of data
211(1)
5.2.1 The Cloud Act and executive agreements
211(4)
5.2.2 The EU E-Evidence Regulation (Proposal)
215(5)
5.3 Voluntary disclosure by ISPs
220(1)
5.3.1 Direct, "voluntary" informal cooperation with foreign service providers
220(2)
5.3.2 Access---voluntary and lawful: Article 32(b) Cybercrime Convention
222(1)
6 Data sovereignty and data localization
223(3)
7 Digital investigations, jurisdiction, and fundamental rights of citizens
226(4)
8 Conclusion
230(3)
7 Data Protection Regulation and Jurisdiction
233(31)
1 Introduction
233(2)
2 Applicable law versus jurisdiction
235(2)
3 Specific rules on the competence of the supervisory authorities in EU data protection law
237(6)
3.1 Data Protection Directive 1995/46/EC
237(3)
3.2 GDPREU/2016/679
240(1)
3.2.1 One stop shop
240(1)
3.2.2 Competence of data protection authorities---jurisdiction
241(1)
3.2.3 Cooperation obligation of the Member States, the consistency mechanism and the EDPB
242(1)
4 Rules on applicable law
243(12)
4.1 Establishment link in the Directive and the Regulation
244(1)
4.1.1 The concept of establishment in the jurisprudence of the CJEU
245(1)
4.1.2 In the context of the activities of an establishment of the controller
246(4)
4.2 Equipment as a territorial link
250(1)
4.3 Domain names as a jurisdictional link and geo-blocking
251(2)
4.4 Residency as a further requirement before EU data protection law applies
253(1)
4.5 Targeting link in the Regulation
254(1)
4.6 Application of EU law/Member States' law by virtue of public international law
255(1)
5 General principles
255(6)
5.1 The territoriality principle and the effects test
256(2)
5.2 The protective principle under international law
258(1)
5.3 The "country of origin" regulation principle
259(1)
5.4 The "country of destination" regulation principle, consumer protection law, and the targeting principle
260(1)
6 Conclusion
261(3)
8 Civil and Commercial Cases in the EU: Jurisdiction, Recognition, and Enforcement, Applicable Law---Brussels Regulation, Rome I and II Regulations
264(25)
Julia Hornle
Ioannis Revolidis
1 Introduction
264(5)
1.1 The internet challenge and EU private international law
264(1)
1.2 Some core principles of EU private international law
265(3)
1.3 The UK's position after Brexit
268(1)
2 Scope of application and general rules of jurisdiction and law applicable
269(7)
2.1 Civil and commercial matters
269(1)
2.2 The cross-border character of a case
269(1)
2.3 Scope of application
270(1)
2.4 The contractual or non-contractual character of a case
271(1)
2.5 The relationship of EU private international law with the "principle of country of origin" established in Article 3 E-Commerce Directive
272(1)
2.6 General rule of jurisdiction under the Brussels Ibis Regulation
272(1)
2.7 Choice as a conflict of laws rule for contractual obligations under the Rome I Regulation
273(2)
2.8 General conflict of laws rule for non-contractual obligations under the Rome II Regulation
275(1)
3 Special EU rules of jurisdiction and law applicable for contractual obligations
276(8)
3.1 Overview
276(1)
3.2 Prorogation under Article 25 Brussels Ibis
276(2)
3.3 Jurisdiction---special rule of Article 7(1) Brussels Ibis
278(6)
3.4 Choice of law---Article 4 Rome I
284(1)
4 Special EU rules for jurisdiction and law Applicable for non-contractual obligations
284(2)
5 Lis pendens and related actions
286(1)
6 Recognition and enforcement
287(2)
9 Conflicts of Law and Internet Jurisdiction in the US
289(42)
1 Introduction
289(1)
2 Adjudicative jurisdiction and US principles
290(9)
2.1 The Constitutional due process clauses and long-arm statues
290(3)
2.2 "Minimum contacts" and notions of fair play and substantial justice
293(3)
2.3 Personal jurisdiction: general and specific
296(3)
3 In rem and quasi in rem jurisdiction
299(1)
4 Internet cases: jurisprudence
300(13)
4.1 Specific personal jurisdiction
300(5)
4.2 Calder v Jones and "effects doctrine"
305(4)
4.3 Stream of commerce cases
309(2)
4.4 Jurisdiction clauses in contracts
311(2)
5 Additional principles: forum non-convenience, comity, and reasonableness
313(9)
6 Procedural jurisdiction from a US perspective
322(6)
7 Conclusion
328(3)
10 Consumer Protection and Jurisdiction
331(38)
1 Introduction
331(2)
2 The approach to forum selection and consumer protection in the US
333(12)
2.1 The contractual analysis: party autonomy and mutuality in the US
333(3)
2.2 Unconscionable clauses in adhesion contracts: procedural and substantive unconscionability (incorporation and fairness)
336(1)
2.2.1 Procedural unconscionability
337(3)
2.2.2 Substantive unconscionability
340(1)
2.3 Contravening strong public policy in the forum
341(3)
2.4 Conclusion: US law
344(1)
3 EU consumer jurisdiction
345(22)
3.1 A brief history of the harmonization of the rules on private international law and special consumer protection in the EU
345(2)
3.2 Consumer protection rules in private international law in the EU
347(5)
3.3 Interpretation by the CJEU
352(1)
3.3.1 Who is a consumer and when is a contract concluded?
353(4)
3.3.2 Closely linked contracts
357(2)
3.3.3 Interaction of the consumer jurisdiction rules and the national civil procedure rules in determining the venue
359(2)
3.3.4 The directing/targeting rule and e-commerce
361(6)
4 Conclusion
367(2)
11 Conflicts of Law in Privacy, Data Protection, and Defamation Disputes: German and English Law
369(37)
1 Introduction
369(1)
2 Jurisdiction
370(23)
2.1 Harmonized rules on jurisdiction in the Brussels (Recast) Regulation
370(8)
2.2 Jurisdictional rules in the General Data Protection Regulation
378(2)
2.3 Jurisdiction under German law
380(6)
2.4 Rules of jurisdiction under English common law
386(6)
2.5 Conclusion: jurisdiction
392(1)
3 Applicable law
393(10)
3.1 Applicable law under the Rome II Regulation on the Law Applicable to Non-Contractual Obligations
393(1)
3.2 Applicable law under German law
394(2)
3.3 Applicable law under English law
396(1)
3.3.1 Applicable law to personality rights infringements other than defamation
397(2)
3.3.2 Applicable law to defamation
399(3)
3.3.3 Conclusion: applicable law
402(1)
4 Conclusion
403(3)
12 Intellectual Property---Internet Jurisdiction and Applicable Law
406(30)
1 Intellectual property and territoriality
406(2)
2 Domain names and in rem jurisdiction
408(3)
3 Jurisdiction in the EU and UK
411(18)
3.1 Harmonized EU jurisdiction rules and IP
412(1)
3.1.1 Personal jurisdiction---special tort rule in IP infringement cases
413(5)
3.1.2 In rem, subject-matter jurisdiction and its interplay with personal jurisdiction
418(2)
3.2 English jurisdiction rules
420(1)
3.3 Recent developments, unregistered rights, and subject-matter jurisdiction
420(3)
3.4 The EU Trademark Regulation, Community Design Regulation and European patent
423(1)
3.4.1 The EU Trademark Regulation and Community Design Regulation
423(5)
3.4.2 European patents
428(1)
4 Applicable law in the EU and UK
429(5)
4.1 Rome Regulation
429(2)
4.2 Copyright: Berne Convention
431(2)
4.3 Caselaw of the English courts
433(1)
5 Conclusion
434(2)
13 Conclusion
436(17)
1 Jurisdiction and disruptive technologies---the jurisdictional challenge
436(1)
2 Globalization and identity
437(1)
3 Connecting factors and territoriality
437(3)
4 Worldwide remedies or localized remedies?
440(1)
5 Enforcement: the role of private gatekeepers
441(1)
6 Changing the territoriality principle: closed systems and their interfaces
442(1)
7 Rule-level changes
443(3)
7.1 Targeting and directing
443(3)
7.2 Jurisdictional restraint: comity, extraterritoriality, and reasonableness
446(1)
8 Systemic changes
446(5)
8.1 Coordination, coordination, coordination
447(1)
8.2 Geo-location and geo-blocking
448(2)
8.3 Private law systems: depleting sovereignty and states within states
450(1)
9 The relationship between jurisdiction, the rule of law, and fundamental rights
451(2)
Index 453
Julia Hörnle is Professor of Internet Law at the Centre for Commercial Law Studies at Queen Mary University of London. She has taught and researched internet law and cybercrime law since 2001, after having worked as a solicitor. Her research interests focus on the issues of cross-border regulation and dispute resolution on the internet. She has published over 60 articles and three books. She has taught internationally at Beijing, Shanghai, Vienna, and Singapore. She has also been a research scholar at Georgetown University in Washington DC. She is also the Managing Editor of the International Journal of Law and Information Technology (Oxford University Press). She has acted as expert on issues related to international internet dispute resolution for the UK government, the European Commission and the Council of Europe.
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