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Introducing Metamorphism New edition [Mīkstie vāki]

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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 157 pages, height x width: 217x217 mm, colour illustrations throughout
  • Sērija : Introducing Earth and Environmental Sciences
  • Izdošanas datums: 06-Sep-2018
  • Izdevniecība: Liverpool University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1780460643
  • ISBN-13: 9781780460642
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Introducing Metamorphism New editionPalielināt
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 157 pages, height x width: 217x217 mm, colour illustrations throughout
  • Sērija : Introducing Earth and Environmental Sciences
  • Izdošanas datums: 06-Sep-2018
  • Izdevniecība: Liverpool University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1780460643
  • ISBN-13: 9781780460642
Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.lv/db/9781780460642.html
Keywords:
Metamorphic rocks are one of the three main types of rock. Originally comprising either igneous or sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks are the products of change by heat and pressure, often at great depths in the earths crust, into a completely new form. One of the classic examples of the result of a metamorphic process is the transformation of sedimentary mudstone into slate.Introducing Metamorphism provides a succinct introduction to metamorphism. Ian Sanders explains how and why rocks change during metamorphic processes. He discusses the role of water in metamorphism and describes the different types of metamorphic processes including contact, shock and high pressure metamorphism and metamorphism in an orogenic belt.Copiously illustrated and written for those who wish to gain a clear understanding of metamorphic processes, Introducing Metamorphism is designed to make the processes that led to the formation of these rocks intelligible to its readers. Technical terms are kept to a minimum and are explained in a glossary.

Recenzijas

In summary, the author has succeeding in producing a text that provides a comprehensive description of metamorphism ranging from the simple fundamental definitions to complex metamorphic processes.It is superbly illustrated with, in particular, excellent photographs and microphotographs illustrating mineral textures, the relationship of minerals to structures and the relative development of minerals. In addition, there are many very clear and useful diagrams covering mineral types, their stability fields and their development under evolving metamorphic conditions, simplified facies maps, the relationship of minerals within triangular chemical diagrams, etc.This is a well-produced book and a comprehensive modern account of metamorphism.Each chapter contains a wealth of detail. It covers items of interest to the novice and those with experience in metamorphic rocks. Because of the depth of information, the relative novice might find a straight read rather overwhelming and might find it better to skim the essence of each section and then go back and study the detail as desired. Either way, all users will enjoy and gain from this book. Edinburgh Geologist

'Ian Sanders has produced an excellent introductory text into perhaps one of the more abstract and technical areas of the Earth Sciences. Despite the fact that metamorphic rocks make up the bulk of the Earths crust, there is a glaring gap in the market for a succinct publication that examines the wide variety of processes that generate metamorphic rocks and minerals. Perhaps the paucity of publications in this field relates to the rather unglamorous perception of this key area of geology or the necessity for at least a basic grounding in the chemical and physical sciences to understanding key metamorphic concepts. However, this book clearly shows the importance of understanding metamorphic processes in Earth Systems Science without losing the reader in the detailed kinematics of the subject. The joy of Ian Sanders textbook is that it makes the processes responsible for the formation of metamorphic rocks intelligible to its readers but does not shy away from key theories and concepts. The lack of unnecessary terminology (which is included as a glossary in the appendix) and incorporation of numerous illustrations makes this textbook an enthralling and informative read. Buy it, sit back, relax, read and enjoy!' Teaching Earth Sciences

Preface ix
Acknowledgements x
1 Introduction
1(10)
1.1 What is metamorphism?
1(2)
1.1.1 Protoliths
1(1)
1.1.2 Changes to the minerals
1(2)
1.1.3 Changes to the texture
3(1)
1.1.4 Naming metamorphic rocks
3(1)
1.2 Metamorphic rocks -- made under mountains
3(3)
1.2.1 Mountain building
3(1)
1.2.2 Directed stress, pressure and temperature in a mountain's roots
4(2)
1.2.3 Exhumation of a mountain's roots
6(1)
1.3 Metamorphism in local settings
6(5)
1.3.1 Contact metamorphism
7(1)
1.3.2 Hydrothermal metamorphism
7(2)
1.3.3 Dynamic metamorphism
9(1)
1.3.4 Shock metamorphism
9(2)
2 The petrography of metamorphic rocks
11(41)
2.1 Quartzite and metapsammite
11(2)
2.1.1 Quartzite
11(2)
2.1.2 Metapsammite
13(1)
2.2 Metapelite
13(11)
2.2.1 Slate
14(2)
2.2.2 Phyllite and low-grade schist
16(1)
2.2.3 Minerals and textures of medium-grade schist
17(3)
2.2.4 The regional distribution of minerals in low- and medium-grade schist
20(2)
2.2.5 Pelitic gneiss and migmatite
22(1)
2.2.6 Metapelite in a contact aureole
23(1)
2.2.7 The significance of Al2SiO5 for inferring metamorphic conditions
23(1)
2.3 Marble
24(6)
2.3.1 Pure calcite marble
24(2)
2.3.2 Impure marble
26(3)
2.3.3 Metasediments with mixed compositions
29(1)
2.4 Metabasite
30(11)
2.4.1 Six kinds of metabasite from regional metamorphic belts
31(5)
2.4.2 The ACF triangle for minerals in metabasites
36(2)
2.4.3 P-T stability of metabasites, and metamorphic facies
38(2)
2.4.4 A metabasite made by contact metamorphism
40(1)
2.5 Metagranite
41(3)
2.5.1 Granitic gneiss and orthogneiss
41(1)
2.5.2 Dynamic metamorphism of granite
41(3)
2.6 Metaperidotite
44(5)
2.6.1 Peridotite as a protolith
44(1)
2.6.2 Anhydrous metaperidotite
44(2)
2.6.3 Hydrous metaperidotite
46(2)
2.6.4 Carbonate-bearing metaperidotite
48(1)
2.7 Summary of metamorphic minerals and protoliths
49(3)
2.7.1 Minerals and protoliths on an ACF triangle
49(1)
2.7.2 Where do the six protoliths come from?
50(2)
3 Interpreting mineral changes and textures
52(17)
3.1 Mineral stability, fluids, and partial melting
52(10)
3.1.1 What is the meaning of stability?
52(1)
3.1.2 How was the AL,SiO5 diagram obtained?
53(1)
3.1.3 What kinds of metamorphic reaction produce water?
54(1)
3.1.4 How much water is tied up in metamorphic minerals?
55(1)
3.1.5 How does the water content in metapelites change with grade?
55(1)
3.1.6 How are stable mineral assemblages in metapelites preserved?
56(1)
3.1.7 Retrograde alteration and complete re-equilibration
57(1)
3.1.8 Water in metabasites and metaperidotites
57(2)
3.1.9 Fluids other than H2O
59(1)
3.1.10 Partial melting and the origin of migmatite
59(3)
3.2 Understanding metamorphic textures
62(7)
3.2.1 A review of textures as a record of grain growth, strain, and multistage history
62(1)
3.2.2 What makes grains grow?
63(1)
3.2.3 Is time, like temperature, a factor in grain growth?
64(1)
3.2.4 Does fluid have a role in grain growth?
65(1)
3.2.5 What determines the shape of a grain?
65(1)
3.2.6 Why do some minerals occur as porphyroblasts?
66(1)
3.2.7 How does directed stress cause a foliated texture?
67(1)
3.2.8 How does mylonite differ from cataclasite?
67(2)
4 Aureoles, orogenies and impacts
69(20)
4.1 Contact metamorphism
69(5)
4.1.1 The pyroxene hornfels facies
69(1)
4.1.2 Marbles in contact aureoles
70(2)
4.1.3 Metapelites in contact aureoles
72(2)
4.2 Metamorphism in orogenic belts and subduction zones
74(10)
4.2.1 Low-, normal-, and high-pressure metamorphic bells
75(2)
4.2.2 Subsurface temperatures and P-T-t paths
77(2)
4.2.3 Measuring little `t' in a P-T-t path
79(2)
4.2.4 High-pressure metamorphism and its geological consequences
81(1)
4.2.5 Ultra-high-pressure (UHP) metamorphism
82(2)
4.3 Shock metamorphism
84(5)
4.3.1 The discovery of shock metamorphism
84(1)
4.3.2 Products of giant impacts
84(2)
4.3.3 Extra-terrestrial shock metamorphism
86(3)
5 Case studies in geothermobarometry
89(14)
5.1 Granulite-facies rocks at Slishwood
89(7)
5.1.1 Geological setting
90(1)
5.1.2 Kyanite
90(1)
5.1.3 Perthitic feldspar
91(1)
5.1.4 Garnet-clinopyroxene-plagioclase metabasites
92(1)
5.1.5 Fe/Mg in garnet and in coexisting clinopyroxene
93(2)
5.1.6 Pressure and temperature trajectory
95(1)
5.2 Eclogite-facies rocks at Glenelg
96(7)
5.2.1 Geological setting
97(1)
5.2.2 The calcite-dolomite solvus geothermometer
98(1)
5.2.3 The clinopyroxene-albite-quartz geobarometer
99(1)
5.2.4 The garnet-clinopyroxene Fe-Mg exchange thermometer
100(3)
5.2.5 Dating the eclogite
103(1)
Appendix 1 The Earth's interior
103(6)
A1.1 The continental crust, the oceanic crust, and the mantle
103(1)
A1.2 Plate tectonics
104(5)
A1.2.1 What happens where plates move apart?
106(1)
A1.2.2 What happens where plates converge?
107(1)
A1.2.3 Subsidence within plates
108(1)
Appendix 2 The chemical formulae of minerals
109(9)
A2.1 How are chemical formulae of minerals written?
109(1)
A2.2 Minerals whose composition can vary
110(2)
A2.3 How are atoms (ions) stacked together?
112(1)
A2.4 Classification and properties of silicates
112(3)
A2.4.1 Silicates with independent tetrahedra
112(1)
A2.4.2 Single chain silicates
113(1)
A2.4.3 Double chain silicates
114(1)
A2.4.4 Sheet silicates
114(1)
A2.4.5 Framework silicates
115(1)
A2.5 Minerals in metamorphic rocks
115(3)
A2.5.1 Mist of common minerals
115(2)
A2.5.2 Accessory minerals and minerals in unusual kinds of rock
117(1)
Appendix 3 Minerals under the microscope
118(12)
A3.1 Thin sections
118(2)
A3.2 The polarizing microscope
120(4)
A3.3 Identifying minerals
124(6)
Appendix 4 Microbeam and X-ray methods
130(6)
A4.1 The scanning electron microscope (SEM)
130(3)
A4.1.1 Kinds of image produced by the SEM
130(1)
A4.1.2 How does an SEM work?
130(3)
A4.1.3 Electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA)
133(1)
A4.2 X-ray powder diffraction (XRD)
133(3)
Appendix 5 The principles of isotopic dating (geochronology)
136(3)
A5.1 Uranium-lead dating of zircon crystals
136(1)
A5.2 Potassium-argon dating of biotite
137(2)
Glossary 139(9)
Further reading 148
Ian Sanders is a fellow emeritus of Trinity College Dublin where he taught for many years. He has a long interest in the formation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks. Ian Sanders is co-editor of the second edition of the authoritative Geology of Ireland.