Preface |
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xiii | |
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Chapter 1 The Study of Behavioral Endocrinology |
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1 | (30) |
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1.1 Historical Roots of Behavioral Endocrinology |
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3 | (4) |
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4 | (2) |
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Box 1.1 Frank A. Beach and the Origins of the Modern Era of Behavioral Endocrinology |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (2) |
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Box 1.2 Neural Transmission versus Hormonal Communication |
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8 | (1) |
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1.3 The Study of Behavior |
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9 | (2) |
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Problems of Behavioral Research |
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9 | (1) |
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What Can Be Learned from Studying Nonhuman Animal Models |
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10 | (1) |
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1.4 How Might Hormones Affect Behavior? |
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11 | (1) |
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1.5 How Might Behavior Affect Hormones? |
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12 | (2) |
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1.6 Classes of Evidence for Determining Hormone-Behavior Interactions |
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14 | (1) |
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1.7 Common Techniques in Behavioral Endocrinology |
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14 | (17) |
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Ablation ana Replacement is Immunoassays |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Pharmacological Techniques |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (4) |
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Gene Arrays and RNA Sequencing |
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24 | (1) |
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Electrical Recording, Stimulation, and Optogenetics |
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25 | (1) |
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A Case Study: Effects of Kisspeptin on Behavior |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 The Endocrine System |
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31 | (50) |
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2.1 Chemical Communication |
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32 | (1) |
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2.2 General Features of the Endocrine System |
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33 | (3) |
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2.3 The Major Vertebrate Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones |
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36 | (32) |
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Protein and Peptide Hormones |
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37 | (15) |
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Box 2.1 The Discovery of Secretin: The Birth of Endocrinology |
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52 | (7) |
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59 | (7) |
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66 | (2) |
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68 | (1) |
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2.4 How Hormones Are Regulated |
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68 | (4) |
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Box 2.2 Discovery of Hormone Negative Feedback |
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70 | (2) |
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2.5 Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hormone Action |
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72 | (9) |
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72 | (3) |
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Transcription, Translation, and Posttranslational Events |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Sex Differences in Behavior: Sex Determination and Differentiation |
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81 | (50) |
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3.1 Sex Determination and Differentiation |
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86 | (5) |
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Ultimate Causes of Sex Differences |
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87 | (2) |
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Box 3.1 Behavioral Sex Role Reversals |
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89 | (1) |
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Proximate Causes of Sex Differences |
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90 | (1) |
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3.2 Mammalian Sexual Differentiation |
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91 | (11) |
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Atypical Mammalian Sexual Differentiation |
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96 | (6) |
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102 | (1) |
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3.3 Sexual Differentiation in Birds |
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102 | (3) |
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3.4 Environmental Sex Determination in Reptiles and Fishes |
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105 | (3) |
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3.5 Alternative Reproductive Tactics and Male Polymorphism |
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108 | (2) |
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3.6 The Effects of Hormones on Sexually Dimorphic Behaviors |
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110 | (15) |
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The Organizational/Activational Hypothesis |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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Sexual Differentiation and Behavior |
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113 | (2) |
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Early Effects of Androgens Mediated by Activational Effects of Sex Steroids |
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115 | (1) |
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Epigenetic Influences on Sexual Differentiation |
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116 | (2) |
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Environmental Influences on Mammalian Sexual Differentiation of the Nervous System |
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118 | (1) |
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Box 3.3 Epigenetic Effects on Sexual Dimorphism: Direct Maternal Provisioning of Steroids to Offspring |
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119 | (6) |
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125 | (6) |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (3) |
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4 Sex Differences in Behavior: Animal Models and Humans |
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131 | (56) |
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4.1 Why Study Sex Differences? |
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135 | (2) |
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Box 4.1 Sex Ratio of Litter Affects Adult Behavior |
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135 | (2) |
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4.2 Neural Bases of Mammalian Sex Differences |
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137 | (5) |
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4.3 Molecular Sex Differences in the Brain |
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142 | (5) |
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4.4 Animal Models for Sexually Dimorphic Behaviors |
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147 | (9) |
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Box 4.2 Urinary Posture in Canines |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (5) |
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Courtship Behavior of the Plainfin Midshipman Fish |
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153 | (1) |
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Box 4.3 The Organization of Avian Copulatory Behavior |
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153 | (2) |
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Rough-and-Tumble Play in Primates |
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155 | (1) |
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4.5 Sex Differences in Human Behavior |
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156 | (17) |
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Box 4.4 Ambiguous Genitalia: Which Course of Treatment? |
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158 | (4) |
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Box 4.5 Hormones, Sex Differences, and Art |
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162 | (2) |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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Box 4.6 The Spinal Nucleus of the Bulbocavernosus Muscle |
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168 | (3) |
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Box 4.7 Hormonal Influences on Mate Choice |
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171 | (2) |
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4.6 Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities |
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173 | (10) |
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173 | (5) |
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Lateralization of Cognitive Function |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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Mathematical Reasoning and Visuospatial Abilities |
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181 | (2) |
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183 | (4) |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Male Reproductive Behavior |
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187 | (64) |
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Box 5.1 Battle of the "Sexes" |
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189 | (2) |
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5.1 The Proximate Bases of Male Sexual Behavior |
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191 | (2) |
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5.2 Historical Origins of Research on Male Sexual Behavior |
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193 | (3) |
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Box 5.2 Josephine Ball (1898-1977) |
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195 | (1) |
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5.3 Male Sexual Behavior in Rodents |
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196 | (29) |
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Male Mating Behavior in Rats: A Description |
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196 | (2) |
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Hormonal Correlates of Male Mating Behavior in Rodents |
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198 | (1) |
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Box 5.3 Diversity of Male Mating Patterns |
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199 | (2) |
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Box 5.4 Anatomy of the Penis |
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201 | (3) |
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Brain Mechanisms of Male Rodent Mating Behavior |
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204 | (12) |
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Box 5.5 Just Say NO (Nitric Oxide) to Erectile Dysfunction with Viagra |
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216 | (3) |
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Social Influences on Male Rodent Mating Behavior |
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219 | (3) |
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Individual Differences in Male Rodent Mating Behavior |
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222 | (3) |
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5.4 Male Sexual Behavior in Primates |
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225 | (18) |
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The Strength of the Sex Drive in Human Males |
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225 | (3) |
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Human Male Sexual Behavior: A Description |
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228 | (2) |
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Nonhuman Primate Male Sexual Behavior: A Description |
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230 | (1) |
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Hormonal Correlates of Primate Male Sexual Behavior |
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231 | (4) |
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Brain Mechanisms of Primate Male Sexual Behavior |
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235 | (4) |
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Social Influences on Men's Sexual Behavior |
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239 | (1) |
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Individual Variation and Effects of Aging on Male Sexual Behavior |
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240 | (1) |
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Peptide Hormones and Male Sexual Behavior |
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241 | (1) |
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Box 5.6 Male Reproductive Behavior in Reptiles |
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241 | (2) |
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5.5 Male Reproductive Behavior in Birds |
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243 | (5) |
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248 | (3) |
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248 | (2) |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 Female Reproductive Behavior |
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251 | (58) |
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6.1 Early Discoveries about Female Sexual Behavior |
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253 | (5) |
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The Development of the Vaginal Cytological Assay |
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254 | (3) |
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Research in the Twentieth Century |
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257 | (1) |
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6.2 Mammalian Female Mating Behavior: A Description |
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258 | (4) |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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6.3 Are Females Active Participants in Sexual Behavior? |
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262 | (2) |
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6.4 Components of Female Sexual Behavior |
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264 | (15) |
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267 | (2) |
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Box 6.1 Chemo signals and Courtship in the Red-Sided Garter Snake |
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (7) |
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6.5 Female Reproductive Cycles |
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279 | (8) |
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Types of Reproductive Cycles |
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280 | (1) |
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The Ecology of Reproductive Cycles |
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280 | (3) |
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Social and Environmental Effects on Reproductive Cycles |
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283 | (2) |
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285 | (1) |
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Box 6.3 Illness Suppresses Female Sexual Behavior |
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286 | (1) |
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6.6 Experimental Analyses of Female Sexual Behavior |
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287 | (17) |
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Hormonal Correlates of Female Reproductive Cycles |
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287 | (6) |
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Mechanisms Underlying Sex Differences in Reproductive Axis Control |
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293 | (1) |
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Neural Mechanisms Mediating Female Sexual Behavior |
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294 | (5) |
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Box 6.4 Nongenomic Behavioral Effects of Steroid Hormones |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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A Neural Model of Lordosis |
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301 | (3) |
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6.7 Neural Mechanisms Underlying Primate Sexual Behaviors |
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304 | (5) |
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306 | (2) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 Parental Behavior |
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309 | (54) |
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7.1 Parental Investment Theory |
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311 | (3) |
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7.2 Sex Differences in Parental Behavior |
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314 | (1) |
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7.3 Parental Behavior in Birds |
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315 | (7) |
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Endocrine Correlates of Avian Parental Behavior |
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317 | (1) |
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Box 7.1 Daniel S. Lehrman |
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318 | (4) |
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7.4 Parental Behavior in Mammals |
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322 | (36) |
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Mammalian Maternal Behavior |
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322 | (4) |
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Mammalian Paternal Behavior |
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326 | (1) |
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Endocrine Correlates of Mammalian Parental Behavior |
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327 | (5) |
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332 | (3) |
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Box 7.3 Maternal Behavior in Sheep |
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335 | (5) |
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Box 7.4 Offspring Behavior and the Maintenance of Maternal Behavior |
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340 | (1) |
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Endocrine Correlates of Primate Parental Behavior |
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341 | (7) |
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Neural Changes Associated with Mammalian Parental Behavior |
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348 | (7) |
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Box 7.5 Nongenetic Transmission of Parenting Styles |
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355 | (3) |
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358 | (5) |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Hormones and Social Behavior |
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363 | (58) |
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365 | (1) |
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8.1 Imaging Studies of Humans |
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366 | (2) |
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8.2 Adaptive Function of Affiliation |
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368 | (1) |
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8.3 Hormones and Affiliation |
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369 | (9) |
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Box 8.1 Beneficial Effects of Social Support on Health |
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376 | (2) |
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Box 8.2 Nonapeptides and Fish Social Behavior |
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378 | (1) |
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8.4 Evolutionary Basis for Social Effects of the Nonapeptides |
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378 | (3) |
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8.5 Opioids and Affiliation |
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381 | (5) |
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382 | (4) |
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8.6 Seasonal Changes in Aggression |
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386 | (6) |
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Aggression and the Breeding Cycle: Red Deer |
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386 | (1) |
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Aggression and Winter Survival: Birds |
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387 | (1) |
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Aggression and Winter Survival: Rodents |
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388 | (4) |
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Do Seasonal Hormonal Changes in Primates Correlate with Aggression? |
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392 | (1) |
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8.7 Pubertal Changes in Aggression |
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392 | (2) |
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Social Influences on the Development of Aggressive Behavior |
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393 | (1) |
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The Timing of Puberty: Birds |
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393 | (1) |
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8.8 Sex Differences in Aggressive Behavior |
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394 | (4) |
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Box 8.3 Sex Role Reversals |
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395 | (1) |
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Organization and Activation of Aggression: Mice |
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396 | (2) |
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398 | (1) |
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8.9 Individual Differences in Aggression |
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398 | (3) |
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Box 8.4 How Much Testosterone? |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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8.10 Social Experience Feeds Back to Influence Hormone Concentrations |
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401 | (10) |
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The Challenge Hypothesis: Birds |
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402 | (4) |
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Conditioned Social Defeat |
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406 | (1) |
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Hormones, Competition, and Violent Behavior: Humans |
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407 | (4) |
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8.11 Physiological Mechanisms Mediating Hormonal Effects on Aggressive Behaviors |
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411 | (6) |
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Brain Regions Associated with Aggression |
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412 | (1) |
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Brain Steroid Hormone Receptors |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (2) |
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415 | (1) |
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Box 8.5 Optogenetic Control of Aggression in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (4) |
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417 | (2) |
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419 | (1) |
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419 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 Homeostasis and Behavior |
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421 | (56) |
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9.1 Basic Concepts in Homeostasis |
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424 | (14) |
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426 | (1) |
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Box 9.1 Vertebrate Renal Function |
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427 | (4) |
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Endocrine Regulation of Fluid Balance and Thirst |
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431 | (4) |
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435 | (2) |
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How Do Hormones Regulate Drinking Behavior? |
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437 | (1) |
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438 | (5) |
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Metabolism during the Well-Fed State |
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441 | (1) |
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Metabolism during the Fasting State |
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442 | (1) |
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9.3 Dysregulated Energy Metabolism |
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443 | (3) |
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9.4 Primary Sensory Signals and Secondary Mediators |
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446 | (1) |
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9.5 Control of Food Intake |
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446 | (21) |
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447 | (4) |
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Central Signals: The Role of the Hypothalamus |
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451 | (4) |
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455 | (1) |
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Box 9.2 Cannabinoids and the "Munchies" |
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456 | (2) |
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Central Anabolic Effectors: Peptides That Promote Food Intake |
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458 | (2) |
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Central Catabolic Effectors: Peptides That Inhibit Food Intake |
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460 | (1) |
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Protein Hormones That Stop Food Intake |
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460 | (5) |
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465 | (1) |
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Other Factors That Influence Food Intake |
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466 | (1) |
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9.6 Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Food Intake, and Body Mass |
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467 | (6) |
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467 | (3) |
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470 | (1) |
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Inhibition of Reproduction to Maintain Energy Balance |
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471 | (1) |
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472 | (1) |
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473 | (4) |
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474 | (1) |
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475 | (1) |
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475 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 Biological Rhythms |
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477 | (66) |
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478 | (3) |
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10.1 Exogenous versus Endogenous Control of Biological Clocks |
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481 | (1) |
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10.2 Types of Biological Clocks and Rhythms |
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482 | (11) |
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Examples of Biological Rhythms in Behavior |
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488 | (2) |
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Adaptive Function of Biological Clocks |
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490 | (3) |
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493 | (16) |
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Localization and Characterization of Circadian Clocks |
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493 | (1) |
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Box 10.2 Effects of Light on Gene Transcription |
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494 | (2) |
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Molecular Mechanisms of Circadian Clocks |
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496 | (2) |
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SCN as Master Circadian Clock |
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498 | (5) |
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503 | (6) |
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10.4 Circadian Rhythms, Hormones, and Behavior |
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509 | (7) |
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Effects of Hormones on the SCN |
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509 | (2) |
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Effects of the SCN on Hormones |
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511 | (3) |
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Circadian Regulation of Food Intake |
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514 | (2) |
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10.5 Circadian Rhythms in Health and Disease |
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516 | (4) |
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Box 10.3 Effects of Artificial Light on the Circadian System |
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517 | (3) |
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10.6 Circannual and Seasonal Rhythms |
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520 | (19) |
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Ultimate and Proximate Factors Underlying Seasonality |
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522 | (1) |
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Neuroendocrine Mechanisms Underlying Seasonality |
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522 | (2) |
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524 | (4) |
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Neural Mechanisms of Endogenous and Exogenous Seasonal Timekeeping |
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528 | (3) |
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Activational Aspects of Timing Mechanisms |
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531 | (8) |
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539 | (4) |
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540 | (1) |
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541 | (1) |
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541 | (2) |
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543 | (42) |
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11.1 Stress and Its Consequences |
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544 | (2) |
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546 | (5) |
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549 | (1) |
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549 | (2) |
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11.3 Physiological Effects of the Stress Response |
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551 | (4) |
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11.4 Pathological Effects of the Stress Response |
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555 | (5) |
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11.5 Factors That Affect Stress Responsiveness |
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560 | (9) |
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560 | (4) |
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Box 11.2 Gut Check: Regulation of Stress by the Microbiome |
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564 | (2) |
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566 | (3) |
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11.6 Stress Effects on Reproductive Function |
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569 | (5) |
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569 | (3) |
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572 | (1) |
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573 | (1) |
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573 | (1) |
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11.7 Stress and Social Behavior |
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574 | (4) |
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574 | (3) |
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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder |
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577 | (1) |
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11.8 Psychological Factors in Stress and Coping |
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578 | (7) |
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579 | (1) |
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580 | (1) |
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580 | (1) |
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581 | (1) |
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581 | (1) |
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582 | (1) |
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583 | (2) |
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Chapter 12 Learning and Memory |
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585 | |
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12.1 Components of Learning and Memory |
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587 | (6) |
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587 | (1) |
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588 | (3) |
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591 | (2) |
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12.2 The Effects of Hormones on Learning and Memory |
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593 | (15) |
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593 | (6) |
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599 | (3) |
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602 | (6) |
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12.3 Sex Differences in Learning and Memory |
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608 | (9) |
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Sex Differences and Stress |
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609 | (3) |
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Box 12.1 Rapid Effects of Estradiol on Spatial Memory |
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612 | (1) |
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612 | (4) |
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616 | (1) |
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12.4 Seasonal Fluctuations in Learning and Memory |
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617 | (12) |
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618 | (2) |
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620 | (3) |
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623 | (1) |
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624 | (1) |
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625 | (1) |
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626 | (1) |
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Hormones and Affective Disorders |
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627 | (2) |
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13.1 Androgens and Affective Disorders |
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629 | (8) |
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Box 13.1 Anabolic Steroids: An Edge That Cuts Two Ways |
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629 | (8) |
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13.2 Hormones and Eating Disorders |
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637 | (4) |
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638 | (2) |
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640 | (1) |
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13.3 Postpartum Depression |
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641 | (5) |
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13.4 Hormones and Depression |
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646 | (6) |
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646 | (1) |
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Growth Hormone and Prolactin |
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|
647 | (1) |
|
|
647 | (3) |
|
|
650 | (2) |
|
13.5 Perimenstrual Syndrome |
|
|
652 | (11) |
|
The Social Context of PMS |
|
|
652 | (2) |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Box 13.2 The DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder |
|
|
655 | (2) |
|
Hormonal Correlates of PMS |
|
|
657 | (4) |
|
Cognitive Features of PMS |
|
|
661 | (2) |
|
13.6 Seasonal Affective Disorder |
|
|
663 | |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
|
672 | |
Appendix |
|
1 | (1) |
Glossary |
|
1 | (1) |
References |
|
1 | (1) |
Index |
|
1 | |