Preface |
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xv | |
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PART ONE The Nature of Crime, Law, and Criminal Justice |
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1 | (164) |
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Chapter 1 Crime and Criminal Justice |
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2 | (36) |
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Is Crime a Recent Development? |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Creating Criminal Justice |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Evidence-Based Justice: A Scientific Evolution |
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7 | (1) |
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The Contemporary Criminal Justice System |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (3) |
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The Formal Criminal Justice Process |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (4) |
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The Criminal Justice Assembly Line |
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16 | (2) |
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The Informal Criminal Justice System |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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The Wedding Cake Model of Justice |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (1) |
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The Crime Control Perspective |
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21 | (1) |
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The Rehabilitation Perspective |
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22 | (1) |
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The Due Process Perspective |
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23 | (1) |
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The Nonintervention Perspective |
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23 | (3) |
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The Equal Justice Perspective |
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26 | (1) |
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The Restorative Justice Perspective |
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26 | (1) |
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Perspectives in Perspective |
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27 | (1) |
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Ethics in Criminal Justice |
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28 | (1) |
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Ethics and Law Enforcement |
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29 | (3) |
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Ethics and the Court Process |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (6) |
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Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 The Nature and Extent of Crime |
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38 | (46) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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What Are the Different Categories of Crime? |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (3) |
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50 | (1) |
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The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) |
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50 | (4) |
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National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) |
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54 | (1) |
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National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
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Evaluating Sources of Crime Data |
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57 | (3) |
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60 | (1) |
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Trends in Violent Crime and Property Crime |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (6) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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Social Class, Socioeconomic Conditions, and Crime |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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Explaining Gender Differences in the Crime Rate |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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Chronic Offending and Crime |
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73 | (11) |
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Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (7) |
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Chapter 3 The Cause of Crime |
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84 | (48) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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Situational Crime Prevention |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (3) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (2) |
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The Disorganized Neighborhood |
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102 | (3) |
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105 | (5) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Support for Critical Theory |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (2) |
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Theories of Victimization |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (1) |
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Routine Activities Theory |
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119 | (13) |
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Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (9) |
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Chapter 4 Criminal Law: Substance and Procedure |
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132 | (33) |
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134 | (1) |
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The Development of Criminal Law |
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135 | (1) |
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The History of Criminal Law |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (2) |
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Sources of the Criminal Law |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Felonies and Misdemeanors |
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140 | (1) |
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The Legal Definition of a Crime |
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141 | (3) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (3) |
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148 | (4) |
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152 | (1) |
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Reforming the Criminal Law |
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152 | (1) |
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Reducing Prison Populations |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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Minimizing Collateral Consequences |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Protecting the Environment |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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The Law of Criminal Procedure |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (5) |
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Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (2) |
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163 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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PART TWO The Police and Law Enforcement |
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165 | (176) |
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Chapter 5 Public Policing and Private Security |
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166 | (42) |
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168 | (1) |
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Private Police and Thief Takers |
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168 | (1) |
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The London Metropolitan Police |
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169 | (1) |
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Law Enforcement in Colonial America |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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The Emergence of Professionalism |
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173 | (1) |
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Policing From the 1960s to the Present |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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The Agencies of Law Enforcement |
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177 | (1) |
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The U.S. Justice Department |
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177 | (5) |
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The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) |
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182 | (1) |
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State Law Enforcement Agencies |
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183 | (2) |
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County Law Enforcement Agencies |
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185 | (1) |
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Metropolitan Law Enforcement Agencies |
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186 | |
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Understanding Crime and Victimization |
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82 | (105) |
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187 | (1) |
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Reasons for Private Policing |
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188 | (1) |
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Private and Public Police Compared |
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188 | (2) |
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Types of Private Policing |
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190 | (1) |
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Criticisms of Private Policing |
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191 | (1) |
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Technology and Law Enforcement |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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Crime Scene Investigation |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (2) |
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Biometrics and Next-Generation Identification |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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Social Media and Networking |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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Smart Sensors and Virtual Patrols |
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201 | (7) |
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Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (4) |
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Chapter 6 The Police: Organization, Role, and Function |
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208 | (40) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (6) |
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The Investigation Function |
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220 | (2) |
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How Do Detectives Detect? |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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Evaluating Investigations |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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Implementing Community Policing |
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227 | (1) |
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The Challenges of Community Policing |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Problem-Oriented Policing (POP) |
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230 | (1) |
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Criminal Acts, Criminal Places |
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230 | (2) |
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Intelligence-Led Policing |
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232 | (2) |
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Intelligence and the Intelligence Process |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (3) |
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Improving Police Productivity |
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240 | (8) |
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Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (4) |
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Chapter 7 Issues in Policing |
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248 | (50) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (3) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (1) |
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Factors Influencing Discretion |
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260 | (4) |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (1) |
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Can Racial Profiling Be Justified? |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (3) |
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272 | (2) |
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274 | (3) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (6) |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (12) |
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Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (7) |
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Chapter 8 Police and the Rule Of Law |
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298 | (43) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (1) |
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Search Warrants and Arrest Warrants |
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304 | (3) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (2) |
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Neutral and Detached Magistrate |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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Warrantless Searches and Arrests |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (3) |
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Field Interrogation: Stop and Frisk |
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315 | (2) |
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Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | |
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248 | (73) |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (1) |
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Crimes Committed in an Officer's Presence |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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Technologies for Local Law Enforcement |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (2) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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Current Status of the Exclusionary Rule |
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332 | (1) |
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The Future of the Exclusionary Rule |
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333 | (8) |
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Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (2) |
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PART THREE Courts and Adjudication |
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341 | (146) |
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Chapter 9 Court Structure and Personnel |
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342 | (50) |
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345 | (1) |
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Courts of Limited Jurisdiction |
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345 | (1) |
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Courts of General Jurisdiction |
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346 | (3) |
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Model State Court Structure |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (4) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (2) |
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358 | (2) |
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360 | (2) |
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362 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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363 | (2) |
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365 | (2) |
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367 | (2) |
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369 | (1) |
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The Prosecutor in Society |
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369 | (3) |
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372 | (2) |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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The Role of the Criminal Defense Attorney |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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Legal Services for the Indigent |
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378 | (4) |
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382 | (1) |
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Public versus Private Attorneys |
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383 | (1) |
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Problems of the Criminal Bar |
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384 | (8) |
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Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice |
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386 | (1) |
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386 | (2) |
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388 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 Pretrial and Trial Procedures |
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392 | (48) |
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Procedures Following Arrest |
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394 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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Alternative Bail Release Mechanisms |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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397 | (4) |
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401 | (2) |
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403 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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The Indictment Process: The Grand Jury |
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404 | (1) |
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The Information Process: The Preliminary Hearing |
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405 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (2) |
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408 | (1) |
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The Nature of the Bargain |
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409 | (1) |
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Pros and Cons of Plea Bargaining |
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409 | (2) |
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The Problem of False Confessions |
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411 | (1) |
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Legal Issues in Plea Bargaining |
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412 | (1) |
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The Role of the Prosecutor in Plea Bargaining |
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412 | (1) |
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The Role of the Defense Counsel in Plea Bargaining |
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413 | (1) |
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The Role of the Judge in Plea Bargaining |
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414 | (1) |
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The Victim and Plea Bargaining |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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Legal Rights during Trial |
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417 | (6) |
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423 | (17) |
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Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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435 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (4) |
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Chapter 11 Punishment and Sentencing |
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440 | (47) |
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The History of Punishment |
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442 | (1) |
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From Exile to Fines, Torture to Forfeiture |
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442 | (1) |
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Public Work and Transportation to the Colonies |
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443 | (1) |
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444 | (1) |
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445 | (1) |
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445 | (1) |
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446 | (1) |
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446 | (1) |
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447 | (1) |
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447 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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449 | (1) |
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Concurrent versus Consecutive Sentences |
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450 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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451 | (3) |
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454 | (2) |
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456 | (2) |
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458 | (1) |
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What Factors Affect Sentencing? |
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459 | (6) |
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465 | (1) |
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Arguments for the Death Penalty |
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466 | (2) |
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Arguments against the Death Penalty |
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468 | (7) |
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Legal Issues in Capital Punishment |
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475 | (12) |
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Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice |
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478 | (1) |
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478 | (2) |
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480 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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481 | (1) |
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481 | (6) |
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487 | (112) |
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Chapter 12 Community Sentences: Probation, Intermediate Sanctions, and Restorative Justice |
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488 | (34) |
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490 | (1) |
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491 | (1) |
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The History of Community Sentencing |
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491 | (1) |
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Contemporary Probation Services |
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492 | (1) |
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492 | (1) |
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493 | (1) |
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Administration of Probation Services |
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494 | (1) |
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Duties of Probation Officers |
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495 | (4) |
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Legal Rights of Probationers |
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499 | (3) |
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How Successful Is Probation? |
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502 | (1) |
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What Causes Probation Success and Failure? |
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502 | (1) |
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503 | (3) |
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Other Alternatives to Imprisonment |
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506 | (1) |
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Advantages of Intermediate Sanctions |
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506 | (1) |
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507 | (1) |
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508 | (1) |
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509 | (1) |
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Shock Probation and Split Sentencing |
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509 | (1) |
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Intensive Probation Supervision |
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510 | (1) |
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House Arrest/Electronic Monitoring |
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510 | (2) |
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Residential Community Corrections |
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512 | (1) |
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513 | (1) |
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The Concept of Restoration |
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513 | (1) |
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514 | (1) |
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515 | (1) |
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515 | (7) |
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Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice |
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516 | (1) |
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516 | (2) |
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518 | (1) |
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Critical Thinking Questions |
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518 | (1) |
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518 | (4) |
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Chapter 13 Corrections: History, Institutions, and Populations |
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522 | (26) |
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The History Of Correctional Institutions |
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524 | (1) |
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The Origin of Corrections in the United States |
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525 | (1) |
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Creating a Correctional System |
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525 | (1) |
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526 | (1) |
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526 | (1) |
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Creating a Prison Industry |
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527 | (1) |
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528 | (1) |
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Prisons in the Twentieth Century |
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528 | (1) |
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The Development of Parole |
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529 | (2) |
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Contemporary Correctional Institutions |
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531 | (1) |
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532 | (1) |
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Jail Populations and Trends |
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533 | (1) |
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533 | (1) |
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534 | (1) |
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535 | (1) |
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535 | (1) |
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Super-Maximum-Security Prisons |
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535 | (3) |
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538 | (1) |
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538 | (1) |
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Alternative Correctional Institutions |
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538 | (1) |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
Shock Incarceration in Boot Camps |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
Community Correctional Facilities |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
541 | (7) |
|
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice |
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
543 | (2) |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Critical Thinking Questions |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
|
545 | (3) |
|
Chapter 14 Prison Life: Living in and Leaving Prison |
|
|
548 | (51) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Adapting to the Female Institution |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
|
559 | (2) |
|
Correctional Rehabilitation |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
Individual and Group Counseling |
|
|
561 | (2) |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
Treating the AIDS-Infected Inmate |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
Educational and Vocational Programs |
|
|
564 | (3) |
|
|
567 | (3) |
|
Female Correctional Officers |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
570 | (2) |
|
|
572 | (5) |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
Is There a Legal Right to Parole? |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
The Parolee in the Community |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
The Effectiveness of Parole |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
Why Do People Fail on Parole? |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
583 | (3) |
|
|
586 | (13) |
|
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
Critical Thinking Questions |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
593 | (6) |
|
PART FIVE Contemporary Challenges in Criminal Justice |
|
|
599 | (87) |
|
Chapter 15 Juvenile Justice |
|
|
600 | (38) |
|
The History of Juvenile Justice |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
Care of Children in Early America |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
The Child-Saving Movement |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
The Reform Movement Spreads |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Establishment of the Juvenile Court |
|
|
605 | (2) |
|
|
607 | (4) |
|
Police Processing of the Juvenile Offender |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
Helping Juvenile Offenders |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
611 | (3) |
|
Legal Rights of Juveniles in Custody |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
Police Investigation in the School Setting |
|
|
614 | (2) |
|
The Juvenile Court Process |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
Should Youths Be Transferred to Adult Court? |
|
|
620 | (2) |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
Disposition and Treatment |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
Juvenile Sentencing Reform |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
The Juvenile Correctional Process |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
|
628 | (2) |
|
The Future of Juvenile Justice |
|
|
630 | (8) |
|
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
Critical Thinking Questions |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
635 | (3) |
|
Chapter 16 Crime and Justice in the New Millennium |
|
|
638 | (48) |
|
Globalization and Justice |
|
|
640 | (2) |
|
Corporate Enterprise Crime |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
The Subprime Mortgage Scandal |
|
|
643 | (4) |
|
Billion-Dollar Management Fraud |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
Strategies to Control Corporate Crime |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
Enforcement of Corporate Crime Laws |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
Enforcing Environmental Laws |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
Cybertheft: Cybercrimes for Profit |
|
|
653 | (2) |
|
Pornography and Prostitution |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
Cybervandalism: Cybercrime with Malicious Intent |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
The Extent and Costs of Cybercrime |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
Enforcing Laws against Cybercrime |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
Transnational Organized Crime |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
Transnational Crime Groups |
|
|
662 | (3) |
|
Controlling Transnational Crime |
|
|
665 | (2) |
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
|
668 | (2) |
|
The Contemporary Terrorist |
|
|
670 | (2) |
|
|
672 | (3) |
|
The Future of Criminal Justice |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
|
676 | (10) |
|
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
|
679 | (2) |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
Critical Thinking Questions |
|
|
681 | (1) |
|
|
681 | (5) |
Appendix: The Constitution of the United States |
|
686 | (10) |
Glossary |
|
696 | (10) |
Name Index |
|
706 | (16) |
Subject Index |
|
722 | (18) |
Case Index |
|
740 | |