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Introduction to Criminal Justice 17th edition [Mīkstie vāki]

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(University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Emeritus), (University of Texas at Dallas)
  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 736 pages, height x width x depth: 27x218x274 mm, weight: 1474 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 14-Apr-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0357630920
  • ISBN-13: 9780357630921
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  • Formāts: Paperback / softback, 736 pages, height x width x depth: 27x218x274 mm, weight: 1474 g
  • Izdošanas datums: 14-Apr-2021
  • Izdevniecība: Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0357630920
  • ISBN-13: 9780357630921
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Take a close look at the intriguing concepts, policies and processes at work in today's criminal justice system with Siegel/Worrall's best-selling INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE, 17E. Known for trusted, solidly researched content, this reader-friendly presentation examines the impact of recent events, such as the coronavirus pandemic, racial unrest and publicized shootings, on crime and the criminal justice system. This edition is packed with provocative, high-profile examples and the latest developments and trends -- from new crime-countering technology to efforts in criminal justice reform. Inviting narratives, vivid illustrations, fascinating cases and special topic features delve into the intricate workings of policing, courts and correctional systems. You examine issues such as stereotyping, recent scandals and the implications of court decisions. MindTap digital resources further reinforce your skills with short audiocast episodes, career decision-making scenarios and riveting examples.
Preface xv
PART ONE The Nature of Crime, Law, and Criminal Justice
1(164)
Chapter 1 Crime and Criminal Justice
2(36)
Is Crime a Recent Development?
4(1)
Crime in the Old West
5(1)
Crime in the Cities
5(1)
Creating Criminal Justice
6(1)
Federal Involvement
6(1)
Evidence-Based Justice: A Scientific Evolution
7(1)
The Contemporary Criminal Justice System
8(1)
Scope of the System
9(3)
The Formal Criminal Justice Process
12(1)
Formal Procedures
12(4)
The Criminal Justice Assembly Line
16(2)
The Informal Criminal Justice System
18(1)
The Courtroom Work Group
19(1)
The Wedding Cake Model of Justice
19(2)
Perspectives on Justice
21(1)
The Crime Control Perspective
21(1)
The Rehabilitation Perspective
22(1)
The Due Process Perspective
23(1)
The Nonintervention Perspective
23(3)
The Equal Justice Perspective
26(1)
The Restorative Justice Perspective
26(1)
Perspectives in Perspective
27(1)
Ethics in Criminal Justice
28(1)
Ethics and Law Enforcement
29(3)
Ethics and the Court Process
32(1)
Ethics and Corrections
32(6)
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice
33(1)
Summary
34(1)
Key Terms
35(1)
Critical Thinking Questions
35(1)
Notes
36(2)
Chapter 2 The Nature and Extent of Crime
38(46)
How Is Crime Defined?
40(1)
Consensus View
40(2)
Conflict View
42(1)
Interactionist View
42(1)
What Are the Different Categories of Crime?
43(1)
Violent Crimes
43(2)
Property Crimes
45(1)
Public Order Crimes
46(1)
Economic Crimes
47(3)
Sources of Crime Data
50(1)
The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
50(4)
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
54(1)
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
54(1)
Self-Report Surveys
55(2)
Evaluating Sources of Crime Data
57(3)
Crime Trends
60(1)
Trends in Violent Crime and Property Crime
60(1)
Trends in Victimization
61(1)
What the Future Holds
61(6)
Crime Patterns
67(1)
The Ecology of Crime
67(1)
Social Class, Socioeconomic Conditions, and Crime
68(1)
Age and Crime
69(1)
Gender and Crime
70(1)
Explaining Gender Differences in the Crime Rate
70(1)
Race and Crime
71(2)
Chronic Offending and Crime
73(11)
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice
75(1)
Summary
76(1)
Key Terms
77(1)
Critical Thinking Questions
77(1)
Notes
77(7)
Chapter 3 The Cause of Crime
84(48)
Choice Theory
84(1)
Rational Crimes
85(2)
Situational Crime Prevention
87(2)
General Deterrence
89(1)
Specific Deterrence
90(2)
Trait Theories
92(1)
Biochemical Factors
93(1)
Neurological Factors
94(1)
Genetic Factors
94(3)
Psychological Theories
97(1)
Psychodynamic Theory
97(1)
Cognitive Theory
98(1)
Personality and Crime
99(1)
IQ and Crime
99(1)
Sociological Theories
100(1)
Social Structure Theory
100(2)
The Disorganized Neighborhood
102(3)
Social Process Theories
105(5)
Critical Criminology
110(1)
State-Organized Crime
110(1)
Support for Critical Theory
111(1)
Developmental Theories
112(1)
Criminal Careers
112(1)
Latent Trait Theory
113(1)
Life Course Theory
114(1)
Trajectory Theory
115(2)
Theories of Victimization
117(1)
Victim Precipitation
117(2)
Lifestyle Theory
119(1)
Routine Activities Theory
119(13)
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice
121(1)
Summary
121(1)
Key Terms
122(1)
Critical Thinking Questions
123(1)
Notes
123(9)
Chapter 4 Criminal Law: Substance and Procedure
132(33)
Foundations
134(1)
The Development of Criminal Law
135(1)
The History of Criminal Law
135(2)
The Common Law
137(2)
Sources of the Criminal Law
139(1)
Constitutional Limits
139(1)
Classifying Crimes
140(1)
Felonies and Misdemeanors
140(1)
The Legal Definition of a Crime
141(3)
Criminal Defenses
144(1)
Excuse Defenses
145(3)
Justification Defenses
148(4)
Changing Defenses
152(1)
Reforming the Criminal Law
152(1)
Reducing Prison Populations
152(2)
Expanding Voting Rights
154(1)
Minimizing Collateral Consequences
155(1)
Legalizing Marijuana
155(1)
Controlling Technology
156(1)
Protecting the Environment
157(1)
Responding to Terrorism
157(1)
The Law of Criminal Procedure
158(1)
Judicial Interpretation
158(2)
Due Process of Law
160(5)
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice
161(1)
Summary
161(2)
Key Terms
163(1)
Critical Thinking Questions
163(1)
Notes
163(2)
PART TWO The Police and Law Enforcement
165(176)
Chapter 5 Public Policing and Private Security
166(42)
The History of Police
168(1)
Private Police and Thief Takers
168(1)
The London Metropolitan Police
169(1)
Law Enforcement in Colonial America
170(1)
Early Police Agencies
171(1)
Twentieth-Century Reform
172(1)
The Emergence of Professionalism
173(1)
Policing From the 1960s to the Present
174(1)
Policing in the 1960s
174(1)
Policing in the 1970s
174(1)
Policing in the 1980s
175(1)
Policing in the 1990s
175(1)
Policing since 2000
176(1)
The Agencies of Law Enforcement
177(1)
The U.S. Justice Department
177(5)
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
182(1)
State Law Enforcement Agencies
183(2)
County Law Enforcement Agencies
185(1)
Metropolitan Law Enforcement Agencies
186
Understanding Crime and Victimization
82(105)
Private Policing
187(1)
Reasons for Private Policing
188(1)
Private and Public Police Compared
188(2)
Types of Private Policing
190(1)
Criticisms of Private Policing
191(1)
Technology and Law Enforcement
192(1)
Identifying Criminals
192(1)
Locating Criminals
193(2)
Crime Scene Investigation
195(1)
Crime Mapping
196(2)
Biometrics and Next-Generation Identification
198(1)
DNA Testing
199(1)
Social Media and Networking
200(1)
Predictive Analytics
200(1)
Smart Sensors and Virtual Patrols
201(7)
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice
201(1)
Summary
202(1)
Key Terms
203(1)
Critical Thinking Questions
204(1)
Notes
204(4)
Chapter 6 The Police: Organization, Role, and Function
208(40)
The Police Organization
210(1)
The Police Role
211(2)
The Patrol Function
213(1)
Patrol Activities
214(1)
Improving Patrol
214(6)
The Investigation Function
220(2)
How Do Detectives Detect?
222(1)
Sting Operations
223(1)
Undercover Work
223(1)
Evaluating Investigations
224(1)
Improving Investigations
224(1)
Using Technology
225(1)
Community Policing
226(1)
Implementing Community Policing
227(1)
The Challenges of Community Policing
228(1)
Overcoming Obstacles
229(1)
Problem-Oriented Policing (POP)
230(1)
Criminal Acts, Criminal Places
230(2)
Intelligence-Led Policing
232(2)
Intelligence and the Intelligence Process
234(1)
Fusion Centers
234(2)
Evidence-Based Policing
236(1)
Police Support Functions
237(3)
Improving Police Productivity
240(8)
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice
242(1)
Summary
242(1)
Key Terms
243(1)
Critical Thinking Questions
244(1)
Notes
244(4)
Chapter 7 Issues in Policing
248(50)
Who Are the Police?
250(1)
Police and Education
251(1)
Minorities in Policing
251(2)
Women in Policing
253(3)
The Police Profession
256(1)
Police Culture
256(1)
Police Personality
257(1)
Police Style
258(2)
Police Discretion
260(1)
Factors Influencing Discretion
260(4)
Racial Profiling
264(2)
Skeptical Accounts
266(1)
Can Racial Profiling Be Justified?
267(1)
Problems of Policing
268(1)
Job Stress
268(1)
Fatigue
269(3)
Violence and Brutality
272(2)
Corruption
274(3)
Use of Force
277(1)
Race and Force
278(1)
Deadly Force
278(6)
Nondeadly Force
284(2)
Police as Victims
286(12)
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice
289(1)
Summary
289(1)
Key Terms
290(1)
Critical Thinking Questions
291(1)
Notes
291(7)
Chapter 8 Police and the Rule Of Law
298(43)
Police and the Courts
300(1)
Search and Seizure
301(1)
Defining a Search
301(2)
Defining An Arrest
303(1)
Search Warrants and Arrest Warrants
304(3)
Warrant Requirements
307(1)
Probable Cause
307(2)
Neutral and Detached Magistrate
309(1)
Particularity
309(1)
Serving the Warrant
310(1)
Warrantless Searches and Arrests
311(1)
Exigent Circumstances
312(3)
Field Interrogation: Stop and Frisk
315(2)
Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest
317(1)
Automobile Searches
318
Issues in Policing
248(73)
Consent Searches
321(2)
Plain View
323(1)
Crimes Committed in an Officer's Presence
324(1)
Electronic Surveillance
325(1)
Surveillance Law
326(1)
Technologies for Local Law Enforcement
327(1)
Interrogation
327(1)
The Miranda Warning
328(1)
The Miranda Rule Today
329(1)
The Impact of Miranda
329(2)
Pretrial Identification
331(1)
The Exclusionary Rule
331(1)
Current Status of the Exclusionary Rule
332(1)
The Future of the Exclusionary Rule
333(8)
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice
336(1)
Summary
337(1)
Key Terms
338(1)
Critical Thinking Questions
338(1)
Notes
339(2)
PART THREE Courts and Adjudication
341(146)
Chapter 9 Court Structure and Personnel
342(50)
State Court Systems
345(1)
Courts of Limited Jurisdiction
345(1)
Courts of General Jurisdiction
346(3)
Model State Court Structure
349(1)
Federal Courts
349(4)
District Courts
353(1)
Federal Appeals Courts
354(1)
The U.S. Supreme Court
355(1)
Court Congestion
356(2)
The Judiciary
358(2)
Other Judicial Functions
360(2)
Judicial Qualifications
362(1)
Selecting Judges
362(1)
Judicial Alternatives
363(2)
Judicial Decision Making
365(2)
The Prosecutor
367(2)
Types of Prosecutors
369(1)
The Prosecutor in Society
369(3)
Prosecutorial Discretion
372(2)
Overzealous Prosecution
374(1)
The Defense Attorney
375(1)
The Role of the Criminal Defense Attorney
376(1)
Ethical Issues
376(1)
Defending the Accused
377(1)
Legal Services for the Indigent
378(4)
The Private Bar
382(1)
Public versus Private Attorneys
383(1)
Problems of the Criminal Bar
384(8)
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice
386(1)
Summary
386(2)
Key Terms
388(1)
Critical Thinking Questions
388(1)
Notes
389(3)
Chapter 10 Pretrial and Trial Procedures
392(48)
Procedures Following Arrest
394(1)
Bail
395(1)
The Legal Right to Bail
395(1)
Making Bail
396(1)
Alternative Bail Release Mechanisms
396(1)
Types of Bail
397(1)
Pretrial Detention
397(4)
Bail Reform
401(2)
Pretrial Services
403(1)
Charging the Defendant
403(1)
The Indictment Process: The Grand Jury
404(1)
The Information Process: The Preliminary Hearing
405(1)
Arraignment
406(1)
The Plea
406(2)
Plea Bargaining
408(1)
The Nature of the Bargain
409(1)
Pros and Cons of Plea Bargaining
409(2)
The Problem of False Confessions
411(1)
Legal Issues in Plea Bargaining
412(1)
The Role of the Prosecutor in Plea Bargaining
412(1)
The Role of the Defense Counsel in Plea Bargaining
413(1)
The Role of the Judge in Plea Bargaining
414(1)
The Victim and Plea Bargaining
414(1)
Plea-Bargaining Reform
414(1)
Pretrial Diversion
415(1)
The Trial
416(1)
Legal Rights during Trial
417(6)
The Trial Process
423(17)
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice
433(1)
Summary
434(1)
Key Terms
435(1)
Critical Thinking Questions
436(1)
Notes
436(4)
Chapter 11 Punishment and Sentencing
440(47)
The History of Punishment
442(1)
From Exile to Fines, Torture to Forfeiture
442(1)
Public Work and Transportation to the Colonies
443(1)
The Rise of the Prison
444(1)
The Goals of Punishment
445(1)
General Deterrence
445(1)
Incapacitation
446(1)
Specific Deterrence
446(1)
Retribution/Just Desert
447(1)
Rehabilitation
447(1)
Diversion
448(1)
Equity/Restitution
448(1)
Restoration
448(1)
Imposing the Sentence
449(1)
Concurrent versus Consecutive Sentences
450(1)
The Effect of Good Time
450(1)
Sentencing Models
450(1)
Indeterminate Sentences
451(1)
Determinate Sentences
451(3)
Mandatory Sentences
454(2)
Truth in Sentencing
456(2)
How People Are Sentenced
458(1)
What Factors Affect Sentencing?
459(6)
Capital Punishment
465(1)
Arguments for the Death Penalty
466(2)
Arguments against the Death Penalty
468(7)
Legal Issues in Capital Punishment
475(12)
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice
478(1)
Summary
478(2)
Key Terms
480(1)
Critical Thinking Questions
481(1)
Notes
481(6)
PART FOUR Corrections
487(112)
Chapter 12 Community Sentences: Probation, Intermediate Sanctions, and Restorative Justice
488(34)
The Concept of Probation
490(1)
Community Sentencing
491(1)
The History of Community Sentencing
491(1)
Contemporary Probation Services
492(1)
Conditions of Probation
492(1)
Awarding Probation
493(1)
Administration of Probation Services
494(1)
Duties of Probation Officers
495(4)
Legal Rights of Probationers
499(3)
How Successful Is Probation?
502(1)
What Causes Probation Success and Failure?
502(1)
The Future of Probation
503(3)
Other Alternatives to Imprisonment
506(1)
Advantages of Intermediate Sanctions
506(1)
Fines
507(1)
Forfeiture
508(1)
Restitution
509(1)
Shock Probation and Split Sentencing
509(1)
Intensive Probation Supervision
510(1)
House Arrest/Electronic Monitoring
510(2)
Residential Community Corrections
512(1)
Restorative Justice
513(1)
The Concept of Restoration
513(1)
Restoration Programs
514(1)
Restoration in Practice
515(1)
Court-Based Programs
515(7)
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice
516(1)
Summary
516(2)
Key Terms
518(1)
Critical Thinking Questions
518(1)
Notes
518(4)
Chapter 13 Corrections: History, Institutions, and Populations
522(26)
The History Of Correctional Institutions
524(1)
The Origin of Corrections in the United States
525(1)
Creating a Correctional System
525(1)
The Pennsylvania System
526(1)
The Auburn System
526(1)
Creating a Prison Industry
527(1)
Prison Reform Efforts
528(1)
Prisons in the Twentieth Century
528(1)
The Development of Parole
529(2)
Contemporary Correctional Institutions
531(1)
Jails
532(1)
Jail Populations and Trends
533(1)
Jail Conditions
533(1)
New-Generation Jails
534(1)
Prisons
535(1)
Maximum-Security Prisons
535(1)
Super-Maximum-Security Prisons
535(3)
Medium-Security Prisons
538(1)
Minimum-Security Prisons
538(1)
Alternative Correctional Institutions
538(1)
Prison Farms and Camps
538(1)
Shock Incarceration in Boot Camps
539(1)
Community Correctional Facilities
539(1)
Private Prisons
540(1)
Inmate Populations
540(1)
Population Trends
541(7)
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice
542(1)
Summary
543(2)
Key Terms
545(1)
Critical Thinking Questions
545(1)
Notes
545(3)
Chapter 14 Prison Life: Living in and Leaving Prison
548(51)
Men Imprisoned
551(1)
Living in Prison
551(1)
Adjusting to Prison
552(1)
The Inmate Social Code
553(1)
The New Inmate Culture
554(1)
Women Imprisoned
555(1)
Female Institutions
555(1)
Female Inmates
555(1)
Adapting to the Female Institution
556(1)
Prison Violence
557(1)
Individual Violence
557(1)
Collective Violence
558(1)
Sexual Violence
559(2)
Correctional Rehabilitation
561(1)
Individual and Group Counseling
561(2)
Faith-Based Programs
563(1)
Drug Treatment Programs
563(1)
Treating the AIDS-Infected Inmate
564(1)
Educational and Vocational Programs
564(3)
Can Rehabilitation Work?
567(3)
Female Correctional Officers
570(1)
Prisoners' Rights
570(2)
Substantive Rights
572(5)
Overcrowding
577(1)
Leaving Prison
578(1)
The Parole Board
579(1)
Parole Hearings
579(1)
Is There a Legal Right to Parole?
580(1)
The Parolee in the Community
581(1)
The Effectiveness of Parole
582(1)
Why Do People Fail on Parole?
582(1)
The Problem of Reentry
583(3)
The Risks of Reentry
586(13)
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice
591(1)
Summary
591(1)
Key Terms
592(1)
Critical Thinking Questions
593(1)
Notes
593(6)
PART FIVE Contemporary Challenges in Criminal Justice
599(87)
Chapter 15 Juvenile Justice
600(38)
The History of Juvenile Justice
602(1)
Care of Children in Early America
603(1)
The Child-Saving Movement
603(1)
The Reform Movement Spreads
604(1)
Establishment of the Juvenile Court
605(2)
Juvenile Justice Today
607(4)
Police Processing of the Juvenile Offender
611(1)
Helping Juvenile Offenders
611(1)
Use of Discretion
611(3)
Legal Rights of Juveniles in Custody
614(1)
Police Investigation in the School Setting
614(2)
The Juvenile Court Process
616(1)
The Intake Process
616(1)
The Detention Process
617(1)
Bail
618(1)
Plea Bargaining
618(1)
Waiver of Jurisdiction
619(1)
Should Youths Be Transferred to Adult Court?
620(2)
Adjudication
622(1)
Disposition and Treatment
622(1)
Juvenile Sentencing Reform
623(1)
The Juvenile Correctional Process
624(1)
Probation
624(1)
Intensive Supervision
625(1)
Institutionalization
625(1)
Deinstitutionalization
625(1)
Aftercare
626(2)
Preventing Delinquency
628(2)
The Future of Juvenile Justice
630(8)
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice
632(1)
Summary
633(1)
Key Terms
634(1)
Critical Thinking Questions
634(1)
Notes
635(3)
Chapter 16 Crime and Justice in the New Millennium
638(48)
Globalization and Justice
640(2)
Corporate Enterprise Crime
642(1)
Fraud on Wall Street
642(1)
The Subprime Mortgage Scandal
643(4)
Billion-Dollar Management Fraud
647(1)
Strategies to Control Corporate Crime
648(1)
Enforcement of Corporate Crime Laws
648(1)
Green Crime
649(1)
Forms of Green Crime
650(1)
Enforcing Environmental Laws
651(1)
Cybercrime
652(1)
Cybertheft: Cybercrimes for Profit
653(2)
Pornography and Prostitution
655(1)
Cybervandalism: Cybercrime with Malicious Intent
656(1)
Cyberbullying
657(1)
Cyberwarfare
658(1)
The Extent and Costs of Cybercrime
658(1)
Controlling Cybercrime
659(1)
Enforcing Laws against Cybercrime
660(1)
Transnational Organized Crime
661(1)
Transnational Crime Groups
662(3)
Controlling Transnational Crime
665(2)
Terrorism
667(1)
Defining Terrorism
667(1)
Who Is the Terrorist?
668(2)
The Contemporary Terrorist
670(2)
Terrorism in the Courts
672(3)
The Future of Criminal Justice
675(1)
Predicting the Future
676(10)
Ethical Challenges In Criminal Justice
678(1)
Summary
679(2)
Key Terms
681(1)
Critical Thinking Questions
681(1)
Notes
681(5)
Appendix: The Constitution of the United States 686(10)
Glossary 696(10)
Name Index 706(16)
Subject Index 722(18)
Case Index 740
Larry J. Siegel, Ph.D., was born in the Bronx, New York. While living on Jerome Avenue and attending City College (CCNY) in the 1960s, he was swept up in the social and political currents of the time. He became intrigued with the influence that contemporary culture had on individual behavior. For example, did people shape society or did society shape people? He applied his interest in social forces and human behavior to the study of crime and justice. After graduating from CCNY, he attended the newly opened program in criminal justice at the State University of New York at Albany, where he earned both master's and doctoral degrees. Dr. Siegel began his teaching career at Northeastern University, where he was a faculty member for nine years. He has also held teaching positions at the University of Nebraska at Omaha and Saint Anselm College in New Hampshire. He then taught for 27 years at the School of Criminology and Justice Studies at the University of Massachusetts Lowell, where he is now a professor emeritus. Dr. Siegel has written extensively in the areas of crime and justice, including books on juvenile law, delinquency, criminology, criminal justice, courts, corrections, criminal procedure and policing. Larry, his wife Therese and their dog Sophie now live in Naples, Florida, where he continues to write on various topics and issues in crime and justice. JOHN L. WORRALL is Professor of Criminology at the University of Texas at Dallas. A Seattle native, he received a BA, double majoring in psychology and law and justice, from Central Washington University in 1994. Both his MA (criminal justice) and PhD (political science) were received from Washington State University, where he graduated in 1999. From 1999 to 2006, he was a member of the criminal justice faculty at California State University, San Bernardino. He joined UTD in Fall 2006. Dr. Worrall has published articles and book chapters on topics ranging from legal issues in policing to crime measurement. He is the author of Crime Control in America: What Works? (3rd ed., Pearson) and Criminal Procedure: From First Contact to Appeal (5th ed., Pearson); coauthor of several texts, including most recently, with Jennifer L. Moore, Criminal Law and Procedure (Pearson, 2014); and editor of the journal Police Quarterly.