Preface |
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xi | |
1 The Importance of Astrophysical Distance Measurements |
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1 | (30) |
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1.1 The Distance to the Galactic Centre |
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2 | (9) |
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1.1.1 Early Determinations of R0 |
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3 | (3) |
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6 | (5) |
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1.2 The Distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud |
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11 | (4) |
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1.3 Benchmarks Beyond the Magellanic Clouds: the 3D Universe on Large(r) Scales |
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15 | (7) |
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22 | (9) |
2 The Solar Neighbourhood |
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31 | (32) |
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2.1 Geometric Parallax Measurements |
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31 | (11) |
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2.1.1 Trigonometric Parallax |
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31 | (2) |
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2.1.2 Astrometric Advances: Space-Based Missions and Interferometry |
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33 | (6) |
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2.1.3 Secular and Statistical Parallaxes: Moving Groups Method |
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39 | (3) |
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42 | (8) |
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2.2.1 MassLuminosity Relations |
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46 | (4) |
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2.3 Spectroscopic and Photometric Parallaxes |
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50 | (5) |
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55 | (8) |
3 From the Milky Way to the Local Group |
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63 | (72) |
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3.1 Basic Stellar Physics as the Key to Understanding Distance Measurements to Local Group Galaxies |
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63 | (7) |
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3.1.1 Stellar Evolution Through the HertzsprungRussell Diagram |
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63 | (5) |
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3.1.2 From Two to Multiple Stellar Populations |
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68 | (2) |
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3.2 Open and Globular Cluster HertzsprungRussell Diagrams |
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70 | (6) |
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3.2.1 Main-Sequence and Subdwarf Fitting |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (2) |
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3.2.3 The (Zero-Age) Horizontal Branch Level |
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74 | (2) |
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3.3 Giants and Supergiants as Standard Candles |
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76 | (7) |
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3.3.1 The Tip of the Red Giant Branch |
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76 | (2) |
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3.3.2 The Red Giant Branch Bump |
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78 | (2) |
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3.3.3 Supergiants as Standard Candles |
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80 | (3) |
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3.4 White Dwarf Sequences |
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83 | (1) |
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3.5 PeriodDensity Relations |
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84 | (14) |
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3.5.1 The BaadeWesselink Method |
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85 | (2) |
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3.5.2 Classical Cepheid Variables |
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87 | (3) |
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90 | (3) |
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3.5.4 W Virginis and Other 'Population II' Cepheids |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (2) |
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3.5.6 Dwarf and Anomalous Cepheids |
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97 | (1) |
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3.6 Novae as Standard Candles |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (10) |
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3.7.1 Planetary Nebula Expansion Parallaxes |
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101 | (1) |
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3.7.2 Supernova Light Echoes |
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102 | (4) |
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3.7.3 Eclipsing Binary Stars |
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106 | (2) |
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3.7.4 Maser-Based Distance Determinations |
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108 | (2) |
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3.8 Pulsars: Distance Measurements Outside the 'Classical' Wavelength Range |
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110 | (4) |
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114 | (21) |
4 Reaching Virgo Cluster Distances and Beyond |
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135 | (40) |
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4.1 The Hubble Space Telescope Key Project |
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135 | (1) |
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4.2 Surface Brightness Fluctuations |
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136 | (4) |
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4.3 The Globular Cluster Luminosity Function |
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140 | (8) |
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4.3.1 Elliptical Versus Spiral Galaxy GCLFs |
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141 | (3) |
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4.3.2 The Stellar Population Mix |
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144 | (1) |
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4.3.3 GCLF and GCMF Universality Through Dynamical Evolution |
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144 | (4) |
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4.4 The Planetary Nebulae Luminosity Function |
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148 | (3) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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4.5 The Tully-Fisher Relation |
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151 | (5) |
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4.5.1 Wavelength Dependence |
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152 | (2) |
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4.5.2 The Scatter in the Tully-Fisher Relation |
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154 | (2) |
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4.6 Distance Indicators Specific to Elliptical Galaxies |
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156 | (5) |
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4.7 The Colour-Magnitude Relation |
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161 | (3) |
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4.8 HII Regions as Distance Indicators? |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (10) |
5 From Nearby Galaxy Clusters to Cosmological Distances |
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175 | (68) |
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5.1 Cosmological Redshifts |
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175 | (11) |
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5.1.1 Determination of the Current Expansion Rate of the Universe |
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175 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Redshift Surveys and Peculiar Velocities |
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176 | (3) |
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5.1.3 The Prevailing Cosmological Model |
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179 | (7) |
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5.2 Supernovae as Beacons |
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186 | (24) |
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188 | (9) |
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5.2.2 Type II-P Supernovae |
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197 | (10) |
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5.2.3 A Link to Gamma-Ray Bursts as Standard Candles? |
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207 | (3) |
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5.3 Indirect Techniques to Measure Ho |
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210 | (17) |
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5.3.1 Gravitational Lensing: Time Delays |
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210 | (5) |
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5.3.2 The Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect |
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215 | (7) |
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5.3.3 Anisotropies in the Cosmic Microwave Background |
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222 | (3) |
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5.3.4 The Drive for Improved Accuracy |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (16) |
6 Systematic Uncertainties and Common Pitfalls |
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243 | (24) |
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244 | (11) |
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6.1.1 Extinction: Spatial Distribution and Wavelength Dependence |
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244 | (2) |
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6.1.2 Parallaxes: LutzKelker Bias |
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246 | (5) |
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251 | (4) |
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6.2 High Versus Low Values of the Hubble Constant: Science or Philosophy? |
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255 | (4) |
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259 | (8) |
7 Promises and Prospects |
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267 | (26) |
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7.1 The Way Forward: Where Are Significant Gains Achievable? |
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267 | (3) |
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7.2 The Pleiades Distance Controversy |
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270 | (3) |
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7.3 X-Ray Scattering Haloes |
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273 | (3) |
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7.4 Standard Sirens: Listening to Gravitational Waves |
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276 | (4) |
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7.5 Three-Dimensional Mapping of Redshifted Neutral Hydrogen |
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280 | (3) |
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7.6 The Present-Day Distance Ladder |
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283 | (2) |
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285 | (8) |
Glossary |
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293 | (12) |
Figure Credits |
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305 | (4) |
Index |
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309 | |