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E-grāmata: Introduction to Geophysical Formation Evaluation

  • Formāts: 192 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 21-Apr-2023
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000944235
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  • Formāts: 192 pages
  • Izdošanas datums: 21-Apr-2023
  • Izdevniecība: CRC Press Inc
  • Valoda: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781000944235
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These three works cover the entire field of formation evaluation, from basic concepts and theories, through standard methods used by the petroleum industry, on to new and exciting applications in environmental science and engineering, hydrogeology, and other fields. Designed to be used individually or as a set, these volumes represent the first comprehensive assessment of all exploration methodologies. No other books offer the breadth of information and range of applications available in this set. The first volume, Introduction to Geophysical Formation Evaluation, is the perfect introductory reference for environmental professionals without previous training in the field. It explains the fundamentals of geophysical exploration and analysis, illuminates the underlying theories, and offers practical guidance on how to use the available methodologies. General information on material behavior, porosity, tortuosity, permeability, cores, resistivity, radioactivity, and more provides a solid foundation for more advanced studies. The second volume, Standard Methods of Geophysical Formation Evaluation builds on the basic precepts presented in the first work but can be used alone as a self-contained reference. It covers all the petroleum-oriented standard methods which, until recently, have comprised the majority of applications of geophysical formation evaluation. It also points out non-hydrocarbon uses of petroleum methods. This volume provides complete practical information and instructions on using the standard exploration and evaluation methods. It presents comprehensive, painstakingly detailed instructions for resistivity, radiation, and acoustic methods. The third volume, Non-Hydrocarbon Methods of Geophysical Formation Evaluation, discusses uses of formation evaluation in environmental science and engineering, hydrogeology, and other fields outside the petroleum industry, and demonstrates how the standard methods can be adapted to these non-hydrocarbon purposes. It presents step-by-step instructions for photon, magnetic, nuclear, and acoustic methods of exploration, and gives special attention to the analytical techniques used in non-hydrocarbon exploration. Individually, each book is a complete, stand-alone reference on an important area of this changing field. Together, the three volumes provide the most complete practical compendium available on all aspects of formation evaluation.
Preface vii
1. Introduction
1(16)
1.1 Formation Evaluation
1(1)
1.2 Operation
2(2)
1.3 Methods of Gathering Information
4(8)
1.4 The Borehole Environment
12(1)
1.5 Data Reduction
12(2)
1.6 Reserve Calculations
14(3)
2. History
17(8)
2.1 General
17(8)
3. Formation Materials Characteristics
25(34)
3.1 Petrophysics
25(3)
3.2 Rock Types -- Sandstones
28(5)
3.2.1 Carbonates
29(2)
3.2.2 Clay Minerals
31(1)
3.2.2.1 Clays
31(1)
3.2.2.2 Shales
31(1)
3.2.3 Other Sedimentary Materials
32(1)
3.2.4 Hard-Rock Environments
33(1)
3.3 General Considerations
33(2)
3.3.1 Compaction and Overpressure
34(1)
3.4 Fluids
35(24)
3.4.1 Water Characteristics
35(4)
3.4.2 Ionic Conduction in Water
39(3)
3.4.3 Hydrocarbons and Gases
42(17)
4. Porosity, Permeability, Tortuosity, and Saturation
59(24)
4.1 General
59(1)
4.2 Porosity
59(2)
4.3 Tortuosity
61(4)
4.4 Permeability
65(6)
4.5 Saturation
71(2)
4.6 Overpressure
73(1)
4.7 Saturation Evaluation
74(3)
4.8 Demonstration
77(3)
4.9 Water Cut
80(3)
4.9.1 Water-Cut Determinations
80(3)
5. Borehole, Mud, and Formation Effects
83(20)
5.1 Borehole Effects
83(3)
5.2 Mud Logging
86(2)
5.2.1 Lag
87(1)
5.3 Hydrocarbon Logging
88(2)
5.3.1 Sources of Gas
89(1)
5.3.2 Gas Deflection
90(1)
5.4 Analysis of the Drilling Data
90(3)
5.4.1 Shale Factor
92(1)
5.5 Invasion
93(3)
5.6 Hole Considerations
96(2)
5.7 Logging Tool Position
98(1)
5.8 Cased Holes
99(4)
6. Cores, Core Analysis, and Cuttings
103(20)
6.1 Introduction
103(1)
6.2 Uses of Coring
103(6)
6.3 Core Quality
109(2)
6.4 Core Analysis
111(1)
6.5 Core Information
111(1)
6.6 Laboratory Measurements on Cores
112(4)
6.6.1 Extractors
112(2)
6.6.2 Retorting
114(1)
6.6.3 Bulk Volume
115(1)
6.6.4 Pore Volume -- Boyle's Law Method
115(1)
6.6.5 Pore Volume -- Washburn-Bunting Method
115(1)
6.6.6 Grain Density
115(1)
6.6.7 Usual Practice, Pore Volume
116(1)
6.7 Core-Derived Permeability
116(3)
6.7.1 Laboratory Measurements
117(2)
6.8 Problems Associated with Core-Derived Data
119(1)
6.9 Cuttings Samples
119(1)
6.10 Sidewall Coring
120(1)
6.11 Fluid Sampling
120(3)
7. Introduction to Electric Resistance and Resistivity
123(20)
7.1 Resistance and Resistivity
123(1)
7.2 Definitions
123(5)
7.2.1 Resistance
124(1)
7.2.2 Resistivity
125(3)
7.2.3 Units
128(1)
7.3 Formation Resistivity
128(3)
7.4 Cementation Exponent
131(4)
7.5 Rock Texture, Sandstone
135(1)
7.6 Rock Texture, Carbonates
135(1)
7.7 Salinity
136(2)
7.8 R(T) vs XXX Crossplot -- The Pickett Plot
138(1)
7.9 The Non-Linear -- (Hingle) Crossplot
139(4)
8. Introduction to Radioactivity
143(26)
8.1 Definitions and Terms
143(4)
8.2 Particle Description
147(19)
8.2.1 Electrons, Beta Particles, and Positrons
147(2)
8.2.2 Neutrons
149(3)
8.2.3 Protons and Similar Particles
152(1)
8.2.4 Alpha Particles
152(1)
8.2.5 Atoms
153(1)
8.2.6 Photons
154(12)
8.2.6.1 Gamma-Photon Scattering Interactions
155(4)
8.2.6.2 Sources and the Scattering Process
159(3)
8.2.6.3 Compton Interactions
162(4)
8.3 Geophysical Logging Considerations
166(1)
8.4 Health Physics
167(2)
Glossary 169(4)
Bibliography 173(4)
Index 177
Hallenburg\, James K.