Dedication |
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v | |
Preface |
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vii | |
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1 | (24) |
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1.1 Ancient Ports, Sea Level and Sedimentation |
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1 | (5) |
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1.2 Sediment Transport Hydraulics |
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6 | (4) |
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1.3 Driving Factors and Sediment Response |
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10 | (5) |
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15 | (3) |
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1.5 Natural Sediment: Definition of Mud |
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18 | (3) |
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1.6 Scope of Presentation |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Topics in Fluid Flow and Wave Motion |
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25 | (68) |
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25 | (1) |
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2.2 Time-Mean and Fluctuating Velocities |
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26 | (2) |
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2.3 Characteristic Numbers |
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28 | (4) |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (9) |
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2.6 Interfacial Shear Stress |
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43 | (5) |
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2.7 Mixing Length Hypothesis |
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48 | (17) |
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2.7.1 Mixing length definition |
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48 | (1) |
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2.7.2 Boundary layer velocity profile |
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49 | (4) |
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2.7.3 Viscous contribution to velocity profile |
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53 | (5) |
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2.7.4 Effect of buoyancy on velocity profile |
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58 | (4) |
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2.7.5 Spectral description of turbulence |
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62 | (3) |
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2.8 Energy Balance Equation |
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65 | (1) |
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2.9 Flow Through Porous Media |
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66 | (4) |
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70 | (18) |
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2.10.1 Wave celerity and other properties |
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70 | (10) |
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2.10.2 Shoaling and refraction |
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80 | (2) |
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2.10.3 Finite-amplitude effect |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (2) |
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2.10.5 Wind-generated waves |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (5) |
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Chapter 3 Methods of Sediment Classification |
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93 | (51) |
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93 | (1) |
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3.2 Classification by Size |
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94 | (17) |
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3.2.1 Size and sediment type |
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94 | (5) |
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3.2.2 Volume-based size distribution |
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99 | (2) |
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3.2.3 Moments of size distribution |
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101 | (3) |
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3.2.4 Size, specific surface area and cohesion |
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104 | (7) |
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3.3 Classification by Composition |
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111 | (25) |
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111 | (7) |
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3.3.2 X-ray diffraction pattern |
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118 | (7) |
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3.3.3 Clay structural units |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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3.3.3.6 Palygorskite-sepiolite |
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129 | (1) |
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3.3.4 Differential thermal analysis |
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129 | (1) |
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3.3.5 Electric charge on clay particles |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (4) |
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3.4 Classification by Plasticity |
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136 | (3) |
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139 | (5) |
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Chapter 4 Flocculation and Floc Properties |
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144 | (88) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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4.3 Cohesion and Flocculation |
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145 | (29) |
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4.3.1 Electric double layer |
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145 | (4) |
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4.3.2 Double layer thickness |
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149 | (5) |
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4.3.3 Double layer repulsion |
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154 | (2) |
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4.3.4 van der Waals attraction |
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156 | (4) |
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4.3.5 Modes of particle association |
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160 | (3) |
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4.3.6 Solution effects on flocculation |
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163 | (7) |
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170 | (4) |
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4.4 Floc Concentration Measures and Shear Strength |
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174 | (8) |
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174 | (3) |
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4.4.2 Volume-based and mass-based concentrations |
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177 | (2) |
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4.4.3 Floc shear strength |
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179 | (3) |
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4.5 Flocs as Discrete Structures |
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182 | (18) |
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4.5.1 Order of aggregation concept |
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182 | (5) |
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4.5.2 Fractal representation |
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187 | (2) |
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4.5.3 Floc shear strength and density |
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189 | (4) |
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4.5.4 Floc size and density |
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193 | (2) |
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4.5.5 Floc size and shear strength |
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195 | (3) |
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198 | (2) |
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200 | (15) |
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4.6.1 Collision frequency functions |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (4) |
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206 | (3) |
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4.6.4 Differential settling |
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209 | (1) |
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4.6.5 Net collision frequency |
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210 | (1) |
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4.6.6 Collision efficiency and probability |
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210 | (2) |
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4.6.7 Flow shearing and collisional stresses on flocs |
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212 | (3) |
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215 | (6) |
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221 | (5) |
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226 | (6) |
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Chapter 5 Characterization of Mud Properties |
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232 | (85) |
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232 | (1) |
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5.2 Sediment and Fluid Characterization |
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232 | (9) |
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232 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Particle size and settling velocity |
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234 | (2) |
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5.2.3 Mineral composition and organic content |
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236 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Density and volumetric measures |
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237 | (3) |
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5.2.5 Fluid salinity and temperature |
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240 | (1) |
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5.3 Mud Deformation Behavior |
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241 | (7) |
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5.3.1 Cohesive shear strength |
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241 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Yield under normal and shear stresses |
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241 | (6) |
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5.3.3 Vane shear strength |
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247 | (1) |
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5.4 Deformation by Static and Dynamic Shear Loading |
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248 | (22) |
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248 | (2) |
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5.4.2 Shear modulus of elasticity and viscosity |
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250 | (2) |
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5.4.3 Viscoplastic behavior |
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252 | (4) |
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5.4.4 Effects of physicochemical factors on viscosity and yield strength |
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256 | (1) |
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5.4.4.1 Effects of minerals on viscosity |
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256 | (3) |
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5.4.4.2 Effects of concentration and shear on viscosity |
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259 | (5) |
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5.4.4.3 Effect of temperature on viscosity |
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264 | (3) |
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5.4.5 Effects of salinity on yield strength |
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267 | (3) |
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5.5 Viscoelastic Behavior |
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270 | (14) |
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270 | (1) |
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5.5.2 Basic mechanical analogs |
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271 | (2) |
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5.5.3 Viscoelasticity characterization |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (4) |
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277 | (7) |
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284 | (23) |
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5.6.1 Viscometer flow geometries |
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284 | (1) |
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5.6.1.1 Coaxial cylinders viscometer |
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284 | (3) |
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5.6.1.2 Capillary tube viscometer |
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287 | (2) |
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5.6.1.3 Cone-and-plate viscometer |
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289 | (1) |
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5.6.1.4 Parallel-plate viscometer |
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290 | (1) |
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5.6.1.5 Virtual gap rheometer |
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290 | (1) |
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5.6.2 Rheometry for yield stress |
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290 | (3) |
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5.6.3 Rheometry for standard linear solid |
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293 | (7) |
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5.6.4 Rheometry for empirical modeling |
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300 | (7) |
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5.7 Thixotropy and Gelation |
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307 | (4) |
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311 | (6) |
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Chapter 6 Transport Load Definitions |
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317 | (69) |
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317 | (1) |
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6.2 Bed Material Load and Wash Load |
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318 | (4) |
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6.3 Threshold of Movement |
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322 | (19) |
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6.3.1 Critical shear stress |
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322 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Deterministic formulation |
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322 | (8) |
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6.3.3 Stochastic formulation |
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330 | (6) |
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6.3.4 Threshold of suspension |
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336 | (5) |
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341 | (15) |
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6.4.1 Deterministic formulation |
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341 | (3) |
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6.4.2 Stochastic formulation |
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344 | (9) |
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6.4.3 Energy-based formulation |
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353 | (3) |
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356 | (11) |
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6.5.1 Sediment mass balance |
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356 | (5) |
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6.5.2 Concentration profile |
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361 | (5) |
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6.5.3 Reference concentration |
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366 | (1) |
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6.6 Two-Phase Flow Equations |
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367 | (3) |
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6.7 Concentration Determining Processes |
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370 | (11) |
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6.7.1 Layered concentration structure |
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370 | (7) |
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6.7.2 Transport processes |
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377 | (4) |
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381 | (5) |
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Chapter 7 Settling and Deposition |
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386 | (91) |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (57) |
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387 | (1) |
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7.2.1.1 Settling at low particle Reynolds number |
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387 | (6) |
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7.2.1.2 Effect of higher Reynolds number |
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393 | (4) |
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7.2.1.3 Settling velocity distribution |
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397 | (1) |
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7.2.1.4 Free settling of non-cohesive particles |
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398 | (7) |
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7.2.2 Effect of aggregation processes |
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405 | (3) |
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408 | (13) |
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7.2.4 Empirical settling velocity and flux equations |
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421 | (7) |
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428 | (1) |
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7.2.6 Effect of temperature |
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429 | (2) |
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7.2.7 Effect of shear rate |
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431 | (7) |
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7.2.8 Effect of organic matter |
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438 | (3) |
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7.2.9 Effect of oscillating flow |
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441 | (3) |
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7.3 Settling and Deposition in Flow |
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444 | (26) |
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7.3.1 Quiescent settling and flow effect |
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444 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Settling and deposition of uniform sediment |
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445 | (5) |
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7.3.3 Deposition of non-uniform sediment |
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450 | (1) |
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7.3.3.1 Rate of deposition and steady-state concentration |
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450 | (7) |
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7.3.3.2 Extension of deposition rate equation |
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457 | (4) |
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7.3.4 Significance of bed sediment exchange |
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461 | (1) |
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7.3.4.1 Exclusive versus simultaneous bed exchange |
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461 | (2) |
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7.3.4.2 Experiment with tagged particles |
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463 | (2) |
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7.3.4.3 Bed exchange paradigms |
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465 | (3) |
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7.3.5 Shear stress distribution |
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468 | (2) |
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470 | (7) |
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Chapter 8 Sedimentation and Bed Formation |
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477 | (59) |
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477 | (1) |
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8.2 Effective Stresses and Flow in Porous Beds |
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478 | (3) |
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478 | (1) |
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479 | (2) |
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8.3 Sedimentation and Related Processes |
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481 | (25) |
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8.3.1 General description of settling and consolidation |
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481 | (5) |
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8.3.2 Non-homogeneity due to drainage channels and layering |
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486 | (2) |
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8.3.3 Sedimentation and use of tracers |
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488 | (3) |
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8.3.4 Empirical treatment of sedimentation |
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491 | (3) |
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8.3.5 Sedimentation by seepage flow |
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494 | (2) |
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8.3.6 Sedimentation from continuity |
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496 | (7) |
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8.3.7 Hindered settling analogy with consolidation |
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503 | (3) |
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506 | (19) |
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8.4.1 Consolidation and related processes |
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506 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Consolidation by overburden |
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507 | (4) |
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511 | (2) |
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8.4.4 Linearized solutions for void ratio |
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513 | (4) |
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8.4.5 Consolidation tests |
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517 | (4) |
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8.4.6 Bed density profile: empirical representation |
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521 | (4) |
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525 | (1) |
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525 | (11) |
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Chapter 9 Erosion and Entrainment |
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536 | (117) |
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536 | (1) |
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536 | (3) |
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539 | (21) |
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9.3.1 Erosion formulation |
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539 | (2) |
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9.3.2 Erosion as a stochastic process |
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541 | (1) |
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9.3.2.1 Model of Partheniades |
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541 | (6) |
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9.3.2.2 Reinterpretation of Partheniades model |
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547 | (4) |
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9.3.3 Erosion as a rate process |
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551 | (3) |
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9.3.4 Semi-empirical erosion flux equations |
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554 | (1) |
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554 | (4) |
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558 | (2) |
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9.4 Factors Influencing Bed Shear Strength |
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560 | (32) |
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9.4.1 Bed shear strength and density |
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560 | (1) |
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560 | (1) |
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9.4.1.2 Plastic yield stress and density |
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561 | (5) |
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9.4.1.3 Vane shear strength and density |
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566 | (2) |
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9.4.1.4 Fracture toughness and penetrometer resistance |
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568 | (1) |
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9.4.1.5 Erosion shear strength and density |
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568 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Shear strength from yield stress |
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569 | (5) |
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9.4.3 Shear strength and consolidation |
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574 | (1) |
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9.4.3.1 Shear strength variation and mud scale |
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574 | (1) |
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9.4.3.2 Measurement of soft-bed erosion shear strength |
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575 | (10) |
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9.4.4 Shear strength and salinity |
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585 | (1) |
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9.4.5 Shear strength and natural organic matter |
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586 | (6) |
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592 | (7) |
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592 | (1) |
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593 | (3) |
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9.5.3 Effect of flow acceleration |
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596 | (3) |
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9.6 Fluid Mud Entrainment |
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599 | (9) |
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9.6.1 Moving and stationary fluid mud |
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599 | (3) |
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9.6.2 Entrainment of stationary fluid mud |
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602 | (5) |
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9.6.3 Entrainment of flowing fluid mud |
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607 | (1) |
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9.7 Modeling Erosion with Deposition |
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608 | (13) |
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608 | (5) |
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9.7.2 Effects of simultaneous exchange |
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613 | (4) |
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9.7.3 Effects of probabilistic representation |
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617 | (2) |
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9.7.4 Chesapeake Bay data |
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619 | (2) |
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9.8 Erosion Behavior of Sand-Mud (Clay) Mixtures |
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621 | (11) |
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621 | (3) |
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9.8.2 Effect of clay on sand |
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624 | (8) |
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632 | (17) |
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9.9.1 Critical shear stress |
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632 | (11) |
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9.9.2 Channel cross-section |
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643 | (3) |
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9.9.3 Channel distribution |
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646 | (3) |
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649 | (4) |
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Chapter 10 Fluid Mud Properties and Behavior |
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653 | (84) |
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653 | (1) |
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10.2 Nature and Significance of Fluid Mud |
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653 | (4) |
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10.3 Estimation of Fluid Mud Thickness |
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657 | (10) |
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10.4 Fluid Mud by Liquefaction |
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667 | (26) |
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10.4.1 Bed failure by waves: drained and undrained conditions |
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667 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Fluid mud thickness |
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668 | (7) |
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10.4.3 Effect of liquefaction on shear modulus |
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675 | (3) |
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10.4.4 Criterion for liquefaction: elastic bed |
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678 | (5) |
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10.4.5 Criterion for liquefaction: viscoelastic bed |
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683 | (7) |
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10.4.6 Dynamic thickness of fluid mud |
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690 | (3) |
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693 | (30) |
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693 | (3) |
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10.5.2 Generation of unstable interface |
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696 | (4) |
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10.5.3 Observations of interfacial disturbance |
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700 | (1) |
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10.5.3.1 Laboratory setting |
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700 | (3) |
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703 | (3) |
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10.5.4 Effect of stratification on mass diffusion |
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706 | (6) |
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712 | (2) |
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10.5.6 Saturation concentration |
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714 | (4) |
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10.5.7 Effect of suspension on mixing length |
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718 | (5) |
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10.6 Observations of Dense Suspension Behavior and Effects |
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723 | (8) |
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723 | (2) |
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725 | (5) |
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10.6.3 Rate of fluid mud formation |
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730 | (1) |
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731 | (6) |
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Chapter 11 Wave-Mud Processes |
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737 | (97) |
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737 | (1) |
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11.2 Wave-Mud Processes and Imprint |
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738 | (4) |
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742 | (2) |
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11.4 Wave in Viscous Fluid above Rigid Bed |
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744 | (5) |
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11.5 Shallow-Water Wave in Inviscid Fluid above Viscous Fluid |
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749 | (15) |
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11.6 Wave in Inviscid Fluid above Viscous Fluid in Non-Shallow Water |
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764 | (5) |
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11.7 Energy Loss and Rheology |
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769 | (26) |
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11.7.1 Percolation, bed friction and breaking wave |
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769 | (1) |
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11.7.1.1 Zones of applicability |
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769 | (2) |
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771 | (3) |
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11.7.1.3 Bed friction in turbulent flow |
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774 | (1) |
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774 | (2) |
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776 | (1) |
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776 | (4) |
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11.7.2.2 Quasi-static bed response |
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780 | (1) |
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11.7.2.3 Dynamic bed response |
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781 | (1) |
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782 | (2) |
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784 | (1) |
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11.7.4.1 Two-layer wave-mud system |
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784 | (4) |
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788 | (3) |
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11.7.5 Parameters influencing wave damping coefficient |
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791 | (1) |
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11.7.5.1 Wave damping coefficients from analytic models |
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791 | (2) |
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11.7.5.2 Parametric effects on wave damping |
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793 | (2) |
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11.8 Fluid Mud: Semi-Analytic Solutions |
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795 | (13) |
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11.8.1 Method of analysis |
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795 | (5) |
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800 | (3) |
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11.8.3 Comparison of wave damping coefficient estimates |
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803 | (2) |
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11.8.4 Mud mass transport |
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805 | (3) |
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11.9 Applicability of Energy Loss Mechanisms |
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808 | (3) |
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11.10 Long-Wave in Fluid Mud |
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811 | (3) |
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11.11 Local Wave Erosion Processes |
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814 | (12) |
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11.11.1 Bed state and behavior |
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814 | (1) |
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11.11.2 Erosion by non-breaking waves |
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815 | (3) |
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11.11.3 Erosion by breaking waves |
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818 | (3) |
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821 | (2) |
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11.11.5 Fluid mud entrainment |
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823 | (3) |
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11.12 Suspended Sediment Concentration due to Oscillating Flow |
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|
826 | (1) |
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827 | (7) |
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Chapter 12 Sedimentation Phenomena |
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|
834 | (117) |
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|
834 | (1) |
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835 | (51) |
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12.2.1 Non-cohesive beach profiles |
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|
835 | (3) |
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838 | (3) |
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12.2.3 Cohesive mud shore profiles |
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841 | (1) |
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12.2.3.1 Profile features and nomenclature |
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841 | (3) |
|
12.2.3.2 Waves and mud shores |
|
|
844 | (8) |
|
|
852 | (3) |
|
|
855 | (1) |
|
12.2.3.5 Wave effect on profile shape |
|
|
856 | (7) |
|
|
863 | (2) |
|
|
865 | (9) |
|
12.2.3.8 Mudbank profiles |
|
|
874 | (3) |
|
12.2.3.9 Variability in particle size and turbidity |
|
|
877 | (4) |
|
12.2.3.10 Shore profile stability index |
|
|
881 | (5) |
|
12.3 Nearshore Sediment Transport |
|
|
886 | (15) |
|
12.3.1 Longshore sediment discharge |
|
|
886 | (2) |
|
12.3.2 Cross-shore suspension concentration variation |
|
|
888 | (1) |
|
12.3.2.1 General equation for concentration |
|
|
888 | (1) |
|
12.3.2.2 Surf zone concentration |
|
|
889 | (1) |
|
12.3.2.3 Offshore zone concentration |
|
|
889 | (3) |
|
12.3.3 Longshore sediment discharge estimation |
|
|
892 | (6) |
|
12.3.4 Bottom changes in the natural environment |
|
|
898 | (3) |
|
12.4 Turbid Gravity Current |
|
|
901 | (6) |
|
12.5 Sedimentation in Channels and Small Basins |
|
|
907 | (29) |
|
12.5.1 Channel and basin geometry |
|
|
907 | (1) |
|
12.5.2 Offshore entrance channel |
|
|
907 | (2) |
|
12.5.3 Deposition pattern near entrances |
|
|
909 | (10) |
|
12.5.4 Basin with through-flow |
|
|
919 | (4) |
|
12.5.5 Basin with one entrance |
|
|
923 | (5) |
|
|
928 | (7) |
|
12.5.7 Sedimentation trap |
|
|
935 | (1) |
|
12.6 Fluid Mud, Depth Definitions and Navigability |
|
|
936 | (5) |
|
|
941 | (10) |
|
Appendix A Atomic Weights and Physicochemical Constants |
|
|
951 | (2) |
|
Appendix B Equations of Flow Continuity and Fluid Motion |
|
|
953 | (7) |
|
B.1 Equation of Continuity |
|
|
953 | (1) |
|
B.2 Equation of Motion in Rectangular Coordinates |
|
|
954 | (2) |
|
B.3 Equation of Motion in Cylindrical Coordinates |
|
|
956 | (1) |
|
B.4 Equation of Motion in Spherical Coordinates |
|
|
957 | (3) |
|
Appendix C Particle Minerals, Miller Indices and Settling Time |
|
|
960 | (9) |
|
Appendix D Normal Probability Integral Values |
|
|
969 | (2) |
|
Appendix E Vertical Diffusion |
|
|
971 | (2) |
|
Appendix F Wind Scales and Sea Description |
|
|
973 | (2) |
Bibliography |
|
975 | (52) |
Index |
|
1027 | |