Preface |
|
xv | |
Table of cases |
|
xvii | |
Table of treaties |
|
xxxiii | |
Table of domestic laws |
|
xxxviii | |
Institutional Rules and Soft Law |
|
xlix | |
List of abbreviations |
|
liv | |
1 An introduction to international arbitration |
|
1 | (35) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
1.2 The theoretical foundations of arbitration |
|
|
2 | (4) |
|
1.2.1 Arbitration and party autonomy |
|
|
4 | (2) |
|
1.3 Compulsory forms of arbitration |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
|
7 | (4) |
|
1.4.1 Tiered dispute resolution |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
1.4.2 Mediation and ADR as a condition precedent to arbitration |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
1.5 The three phases of arbitration |
|
|
11 | (7) |
|
1.5.1 Phase I: the agreement to arbitrate |
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
1.5.2 Phase H: the arbitral process |
|
|
13 | (4) |
|
1.5.3 Phase HI: recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards abroad |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
1.6 Perceived advantages of arbitration |
|
|
18 | (2) |
|
1.7 Fundamental distinctions and principles |
|
|
20 | (7) |
|
1.7.1 International versus domestic arbitration |
|
|
21 | (3) |
|
1.7.2 Commercial versus non-commercial arbitration |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
1.7.3 Ad hoc versus institutional arbitration |
|
|
25 | (2) |
|
1.8 Separability and arbitrability |
|
|
27 | (6) |
|
|
27 | (2) |
|
|
29 | (4) |
|
1.9 The inter-disciplinary character of modern arbitration |
|
|
33 | (3) |
2 The laws and rules applicable to arbitration |
|
36 | (32) |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
2.2 The role of domestic law(s) |
|
|
37 | (21) |
|
2.2.1 Conflict of laws rules |
|
|
38 | (4) |
|
2.2.2 The governing law of the (main) agreement |
|
|
42 | (8) |
|
2.2.2.1 Trade usages (lex mercatoria) |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
2.2.2.2 Equity (ex aequo et bono) |
|
|
48 | (2) |
|
2.2.3 The law of the seat of arbitration (lex arbitri) |
|
|
50 | (4) |
|
2.2.3.1 The law of the European Union |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
2.2.4 The law of the arbitration clause |
|
|
54 | (2) |
|
2.2.5 The law of the country of enforcement |
|
|
56 | (2) |
|
2.3 Treaties and customary international law |
|
|
58 | (4) |
|
2.4 General principles of law |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
|
63 | (1) |
|
|
63 | (2) |
|
2.7 Soft law instruments in international arbitration |
|
|
65 | (3) |
3 The agreement to arbitrate |
|
68 | (36) |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
3.2 Pre-dispute and post-dispute agreements |
|
|
69 | (2) |
|
3.3 An agreement in writing |
|
|
71 | (8) |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
3.3.2 Incorporation by conduct or common usage |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
3.3.3 Incorporation by conduct-based estoppel |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
3.3.4 Incorporation by reference |
|
|
76 | (3) |
|
3.4 Types of instruments containing arbitration clauses |
|
|
79 | (5) |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
3.4.3 Corporate articles of agreement |
|
|
81 | (2) |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
3.5 The parties' capacity to enter into arbitration agreements |
|
|
84 | (2) |
|
3.6 The scope of agreements to arbitrate |
|
|
86 | (2) |
|
3.7 Legal effects of agreements to arbitrate |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
3.8 Problematic arbitration agreements |
|
|
88 | (4) |
|
3.8.1 Null and void arbitration agreements |
|
|
88 | (2) |
|
3.8.2 Inoperable and ineffective arbitration agreements |
|
|
90 | (2) |
|
3.9 Third parties to arbitration agreements |
|
|
92 | (4) |
|
3.10 Multi-party arbitrations |
|
|
96 | (3) |
|
|
99 | (5) |
4 The arbitral tribunal |
|
104 | (27) |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
4.2 Are arbitral tribunals courts? |
|
|
105 | (2) |
|
4.3 Powers of arbitral tribunals |
|
|
107 | (6) |
|
4.3.1 General powers of arbitral tribunals |
|
|
107 | (2) |
|
4.3.2 Kompetenz-kompetenz power of arbitral tribunals |
|
|
109 | (4) |
|
4.4 Organisation of the tribunal |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
4.5 Constitution of tribunal and appointment of arbitrators |
|
|
114 | (4) |
|
4.5.1 Duties of arbitrators |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
4.6 Relationship of arbitrators to parties |
|
|
118 | (2) |
|
4.7 Liability of arbitrators |
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
4.8 Ethical rules for arbitrators |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
4.9 Impartiality and independence of arbitrators |
|
|
123 | (3) |
|
4.10 Challenges against arbitrators and their removal |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
4.11 Substitute arbitrators and truncated tribunals |
|
|
127 | (2) |
|
4.12 Fees and expenses of arbitration |
|
|
129 | (2) |
5 Arbitration and the courts |
|
131 | (29) |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
5.2 The relationship between tribunals and the courts |
|
|
132 | (3) |
|
|
134 | (1) |
|
5.3 The authority of courts prior to the tribunal's constitution |
|
|
135 | (11) |
|
5.3.1 Anti-suit applications |
|
|
135 | (3) |
|
5.3.2 Lis pendens: parallel proceedings before tribunals and courts |
|
|
138 | (9) |
|
5.3.2.1 West Tankers and jurisdictional conflicts under EU law |
|
|
140 | (3) |
|
5.3.2.2 The Recast Brussels I Regulation |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
5.3.2.3 Anti-arbitration injunctions ordered by third states |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
5.4 Arbitral tribunals and transnational courts |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
5.5 The role of courts during arbitral proceedings |
|
|
147 | (11) |
|
5.5.1 Attendance of witnesses and evidence-taking |
|
|
148 | (3) |
|
5.5.2 Documentary disclosure in the hands of third parties |
|
|
151 | (2) |
|
5.5.3 The nature of interim measures and the interplay between courts and tribunals |
|
|
153 | (3) |
|
5.5.4 Measures for the preservation of evidence, assets and the parties' status quo |
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
5.6 The role of courts after an award is rendered |
|
|
158 | (2) |
6 The conduct of arbitral proceedings |
|
160 | (25) |
|
|
160 | (1) |
|
6.2 The function of the party autonomy rule |
|
|
161 | (6) |
|
6.2.1 Limitations to party autonomy: fair trial guarantees |
|
|
162 | (3) |
|
6.2.2 Limitations to party autonomy: lex arbitri and public policy |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
6.2.3 Limitations through institutional rules |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
6.3 The phases of arbitral proceedings |
|
|
167 | (2) |
|
6.4 Language and seat of proceedings |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
|
170 | (2) |
|
6.6 Evidence: the general rule |
|
|
172 | (8) |
|
6.6.1 Admissibility, relevance and materiality |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
6.6.3 Production of evidence and document requests |
|
|
175 | (3) |
|
6.6.4 Fact witness evidence |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
6.6.6 Inspection of the subject matter of the dispute |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
|
180 | (2) |
|
6.8 Representation in arbitral proceedings |
|
|
182 | (3) |
7 Arbitral awards and challenges against awards |
|
185 | (33) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
7.2 Legal nature of awards and res judicata |
|
|
186 | (6) |
|
7.2.1 The legal nature of awards |
|
|
186 | (3) |
|
|
189 | (3) |
|
|
192 | (4) |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
7.3.2 Interim and partial awards |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
|
196 | (4) |
|
|
196 | (2) |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
7.4.3 Notification and registration of awards |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
|
200 | (3) |
|
7.6 Challenges against awards |
|
|
203 | (12) |
|
7.6.1 Internal challenges |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
7.6.2 Jurisdictional challenges |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
7.6.3 Set aside proceedings (annulment) |
|
|
206 | (7) |
|
7.6.3.1 Incapacity and invalidity of arbitration agreement |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
7.6.3.2 Lack of notice and inability to present one's case |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
7.6.3.3 Excess of arbitral power and ultra petita awards |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
7.6.3.4 Unlawful composition and procedure |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
7.6.3.5 Arbitrability and public policy |
|
|
211 | (2) |
|
7.6.4 Appeals on points of law |
|
|
213 | (2) |
|
7.7 Waivers from challenges against awards |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
7.8 Time limits for making a challenge |
|
|
216 | (2) |
8 Recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards |
|
218 | (34) |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
8.2 Pre finality challenges and enforcement of awards |
|
|
219 | (3) |
|
8.3 The difference between recognition and enforcement |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
8.4 Enforcement under the 1958 New York Convention |
|
|
223 | (23) |
|
8.4.1 Formalities and limitations under the 1958 New York Convention |
|
|
228 | (2) |
|
8.4.2 Challenges against enforcement |
|
|
230 | (27) |
|
8.4.2.1 Incapacity and invalidity of arbitration agreement |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
8.4.2.2 Proper notice and due process irregularities |
|
|
233 | (2) |
|
8.4.2.3 Excess of competence or jurisdiction |
|
|
235 | (2) |
|
8.4.2.4 Improper tribunal composition and proceedings |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
8.4.2.5 Awards set aside by the courts of the seat or not yet binding |
|
|
238 | (3) |
|
8.4.2.6 Objective arbitrability |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
242 | (4) |
|
|
246 | (2) |
|
8.6 The defence of sovereign immunity in enforcement proceedings |
|
|
248 | (4) |
9 Consumer and online arbitration |
|
252 | (21) |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
9.2 The nature of consumer disputes |
|
|
253 | (2) |
|
9.3 The international dimension of consumer arbitration |
|
|
255 | (2) |
|
9.4 Pre-dispute arbitration clauses |
|
|
257 | (5) |
|
9.4.1 Pre-dispute B2C arbitration clauses in European law |
|
|
257 | (3) |
|
9.4.2 Pre-dispute B2C arbitration clauses in US law |
|
|
260 | (2) |
|
9.5 Collective or class arbitration |
|
|
262 | (3) |
|
|
265 | (8) |
|
9.6.1 How online dispute resolution works in practice |
|
|
265 | (2) |
|
9.6.2 The regulation of online arbitration |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
9.6.3 The seat in online arbitration |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
|
269 | (2) |
|
9.6.5 The nature of online arbitration awards and problems with enforcement |
|
|
271 | (2) |
10 Investment arbitration |
|
273 | (48) |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
10.2 The range of investment disputes |
|
|
275 | (7) |
|
10.2.1 State versus state investment disputes |
|
|
275 | (3) |
|
10.2.2 State versus international organisation investment disputes |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
10.2.3 Investor-state disputes |
|
|
279 | (3) |
|
10.3 Jurisdiction in investment arbitration |
|
|
282 | (11) |
|
10.3.1 Cause of action under an applicable agreement |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
10.3.2 The existence of an investment dispute |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
10.3.3 Protected investment |
|
|
285 | (3) |
|
10.3.4 The directness of the dispute to the investment |
|
|
288 | (2) |
|
10.3.5 The parties to investment disputes |
|
|
290 | (3) |
|
10.3.5.1 The host state as a party |
|
|
290 | (2) |
|
10.3.5.2 The foreign investor as a party |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
10.4 Nationality of claims and claimant |
|
|
293 | (5) |
|
10.4.1 Nationality of natural persons |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
10.4.2 Nationality of corporations |
|
|
294 | (3) |
|
10.4.3 Nationality of shareholders |
|
|
297 | (1) |
|
10.5 Consent to investment arbitration |
|
|
298 | (8) |
|
10.5.1 Consent by contract |
|
|
298 | (2) |
|
10.5.2 Consent through the host state's legislation |
|
|
300 | (2) |
|
10.5.3 Consent through BITs and IIAs: exhaustion of local remedies and fork-in-the-road issues |
|
|
302 | (4) |
|
|
306 | (2) |
|
10.7 Standards of treatment and guarantees afforded to investors under international law |
|
|
308 | (9) |
|
10.7.1 Fair and equitable treatment and the international minimum standard |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
10.7.2 Full protection and security |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
10.7.3 National treatment |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
10.7.4 Most favoured nation (MFN) treatment |
|
|
312 | (2) |
|
10.7.5 Protection against expropriation |
|
|
314 | (3) |
|
10.8 Some procedural aspects of investor-state arbitration |
|
|
317 | (4) |
|
10.8.1 No lex arbitri in investment proceedings |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
10.8.2 Procedural rules in investment proceedings |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
10.8.3 Public interest and transparency in investment proceedings |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
10.8.4 Remedies against awards |
|
|
320 | (1) |
Index |
|
321 | |