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Introduction to Natural Language Semantics [Hardback]

(Universiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands)
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Citas grāmatas par šo tēmu:
This introduction examines the semantics of natural languages.

This introduction is concerned with the semantics of natural languages. The text examines what issues semantics, as a theory of meaning, should address: determining what the meanings of words of the language are and how to semantically combine elements of a language to build up complex meanings. Logical languages are then developed as formal metalanguages to natural language. Subsequent chapters address propositional logic, the syntax and semantics of (first-order) predicate logic as an extension of propositional logic, and generalized quantifier theory. Going beyond extensional theory, de Swart relativizes the interpretation of expressions to times to account for verbal tense, time adverbials, and temporal connectives, and introduces possible worlds to modal intensions, modal adverbs, and modal auxiliaries.

Semantics is defined as the study of meaning expressed by elements of a language or combinations thereof. Utterances are not just noises or scribbles, they are used to convey information, and they are linked with kinds of events and with states of mind.

This text examines what issues semantics, as a theory of meaning, should address; determining what the meanings of words of the language are and how to semantically combine elements of a language to build up complex meanings. Logical languages are then developed as formal metalanguages to natural language. Subsequent chapters address propositional logic, the syntax and semantics of (first-order) predicate logic as an extension of propositional logic, and Generalized Quantifier theory. Going beyond extensional theory, Henri'tte de Swart relativizes the interpretation of expressions to times to account for verbal tense, time adverbials and temporal connectives and introduces possible worlds to model intensions, modal adverbs and modal auxiliaries.

This broad overview of natural language semantics should cover most of the points addressed in an introductory course. Numerous exercises punctuate each chapter and an example exam based on the materials presented is included, making this volume a perfect textbook and resource for any undergraduate or graduate-level introductory course in semantics.


Semantics is defined as the study of meaning expressed by elements of a language or combinations thereof. Utterances are not just noises or scribbles, they are used to convey information, and they are linked with kinds of events and with states of mind.

This text examines what issues semantics, as a theory of meaning, should address; determining what the meanings of words of the language are and how to semantically combine elements of a language to build up complex meanings. Logical languages are then developed as formal metalanguages to natural language. Subsequent chapters address propositional logic, the syntax and semantics of (first-order) predicate logic as an extension of propositional logic, and Generalized Quantifier theory. Going beyond extensional theory, Henri'tte de Swart relativizes the interpretation of expressions to times to account for verbal tense, time adverbials and temporal connectives and introduces possible worlds to model intensions, modal adverbs and modal auxiliaries.

This broad overview of natural language semantics should cover most of the points addressed in an introductory course. Numerous exercises punctuate each chapter and an example exam based on the materials presented is included, making this volume a perfect textbook and resource for any undergraduate or graduate-level introductory course in semantics.

Preface xi
1 What is meaning?
1(16)
1.1 Language and meaning
1(4)
1.2 Meaning, mind, and world
5(3)
1.3 The place of semantics in linguistic theory
8(6)
1.4 Exercises
14(3)
2 Desiderata for a theory of meaning
17(28)
2.1 A structured lexicon
17(4)
2.2 From words to sentences: a historical intermezzo
21(6)
2.3 Meaning at the sentence level
27(10)
2.3.1 Similarities between meaning at the word level and meaning at the sentence level
27(3)
2.3.2 Syntax-semantics interface
30(2)
2.3.3 Semantic inference
32(5)
2.4 Constraints on a theory of meaning
37(4)
2.4.1 Compositionality
37(2)
2.4.2 Object language and metalanguage
39(2)
2.5 Exercises
41(4)
3 Connectives, truth, and truth conditions
45(26)
3.1 Reasoning patterns
45(2)
3.2 Syntax of propositional logic: propositions and connectives
47(1)
3.3 Semantics of propositional logic: truth, and truth conditions
48(4)
3.4 Sentential connectives
52(11)
3.4.1 Negation
52(1)
3.4.2 Conjunction
53(3)
3.4.3 Disjunction
56(2)
3.4.4 Conditional and bi-conditional
58(1)
3.4.5 Complex truth tables
59(2)
3.4.6 Interdefinability and logical equivalence
61(2)
3.5 Back to inference patterns
63(2)
3.6 Summary
65(2)
3.7 Exercises
67(4)
4 Predication and quantification
71(26)
4.1 Predicates and arguments
71(11)
4.1.1 Below the propositional level
71(2)
4.1.2 The syntax of predicates and arguments
73(2)
4.1.3 The semantics of predicate-argument structures
75(4)
4.1.4 Semantic properties of relations
79(3)
4.2 Quantifiers
82(8)
4.2.1 Variable binding
83(4)
4.2.2 Semantics of quantificational structures
87(3)
4.3 Inference patterns
90(2)
4.4 Summary
92(1)
4.5 Exercises
93(4)
5 Scope and anaphora
97(24)
5.1 Quantifier scope
97(2)
5.2 Deriving scope ambiguities
99(11)
5.2.1 Quantifier raising
100(3)
5.2.2 Quantifying-in
103(5)
5.2.3 Quantifier storage
108(2)
5.3 Other scope bearing expressions
110(3)
5.3.1 Scope in questions
110(2)
5.3.2 Split constructions
112(1)
5.4 Anaphora
113(4)
5.4.1 Deictic, referential and bound variable interpretations
113(2)
5.4.2 Quantification and anaphora in complex constructions
115(2)
5.5 Exercises
117(4)
6 Discourse and donkey anaphora
121(36)
6.1 Discourse as the basic unit of interpretation
122(8)
6.1.1 Discourse anaphora
122(5)
6.1.2 Donkey anaphora
127(3)
6.2 General aims of dynamic semantics
130(1)
6.3 Anaphoric relations in sentence and discourse
131(14)
6.3.1 E-type anaphora
132(2)
6.3.2 Unselective binding
134(8)
6.3.3 Dynamic binding
142(3)
6.4 Anaphora resolution
145(7)
6.5 Exercises
152(5)
7 Limits of first-order predicate logic
157(10)
7.1 Not enough types
157(3)
7.2 Not enough quantifiers
160(3)
7.3 Compositionality
163(2)
7.4 Exercises
165(2)
8 Generalized Quantifier theory
167(30)
8.1 NPs and determiners
167(4)
8.2 Constraints on determiner denotations
174(4)
8.3 Subclasses of determiners
178(15)
8.3.1 The weak/strong distinction
178(5)
8.3.2 Partitivity
183(2)
8.3.3 Monotonicity
185(6)
8.3.4 Negative polarity
191(2)
8.4 Exercises
193(4)
9 Worlds and times
197(34)
9.1 Time and tense
197(12)
9.2 Intension and extension
209(5)
9.3 Counterfactuals
214(2)
9.4 World-creating predicates
216(1)
9.5 Modal auxiliaries and adverbs
217(6)
9.6 More about intensionality
223(1)
9.7 Exercises
224(7)
Appendix 231(6)
A.i Example of an exam 231(2)
A.ii Answers to exam questions 233(4)
References 237(12)
Subject Index 249(6)
Name Index 255